Fmicb-08-01337-g001

Description:

Description: English: Schematic representation of baculovirus structure and infection cycle. (A) Nucleopolyhedrovirus occlusion bodies (OBs) are polyhedral proteinaceous bodies, mainly comprised of crystalline polyhedrin that surrounds occlusion derived virions (ODVs). The ODVs contain either a single nucleocapsid (single type) or between one and several nucleocapsids (multiple type) in each ODV. For granuloviruses the OB is granule-shaped and contains a single ODV with a single nucleocapsid surrounded by the crystalline protein granulin. In all cases each nucleocapsid contains a single viral genome. (B) Sequential steps of nucleopolyhedrovirus transmission and replication. During primary infection, (A) OBs are ingested during feeding on contaminated foliage. (B) OBs are solubilized in the insect midgut and release ODVs that pass through the peritrophic membrane (C) and fuse with the microvilli of midgut epithelial cells (D). Nucleocapsids travel to the nucleus where they release the viral genome to initiate replication. (E) Virus replication occurs in virogenic stroma. Progeny nucleocapsids assemble and bud through the basal membrane (F) during which they acquire an envelope containing GP64 or F fusion protein present in the virus-modified cell membrane. During the secondary phase of infection these budded virions (BVs) disperse in the hemolymph or along the cells of the insect traqueal system (traqueoblasts) to spread the infection to the cells of other tissues in the insect. (G) BVs enter cells by endocytosis and replicate in the nucleus. Newly assembled nucleocapsids (H) may bud out of the cell or may be enveloped to form ODVs that are occluded into OBs (I). At the end of the infectious cycle OBs accumulate in the nucleus (J). Upon death the larvae typically hang from the uppermost leaves of the host plant (K), the larval tegument ruptures and releases OBs that contaminate foliage for further cycles of horizontal transmission. Date: 17 July 2017. Source: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2017.01337/full. Author: Trevor Williams, Cristina Virto, Rosa Murillo, and Primitivo Caballero.