Zoanthids

Århus, Jylland, Danmark

Phylogenetic tree of the Hawaiian gold coral (Ku. haumeaae) and related zoanthids.Bayesian tree based on concatenated 18S, COI and 16S genes. Values at the nodes represent posterior probabilities and bootstrap values respectively. “S” indicate the ability to secrete a skeleton. Values below posterior probabilities of 0.5 or 50% bootstrap were considered as unresolved. Hawaiian zoanthids described here are indicated in bold. Epizoanthidae are used as outgroup. Vertical bars indicate the species belonging to Epizoanthidae and Parazoanthidae respectively.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052607.g004From Sinniger F, Ocaña OV, Baco AR (2013) Diversity of Zoanthids (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) on Hawaiian Seamounts: Description of the Hawaiian Gold Coral and Additional Zoanthids. PLoS ONE 8(1): e52607. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052607 Retrieved from: http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0052607

Kulamanamana haumeaaeKulamanamana haumeaae on Hawaiian sea mountThis work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License. Attribution: Sinniger F, Ocaña OV, Baco AR (2013), Diversity of Zoanthids (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) on Hawaiian Seamounts: Description of the Hawaiian Gold Coral and Additional Zoanthids. PLoS ONE 8(1): e52607. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052607

Zoanthus socialis (Cuvier).

Figure 2.Longitudinal section of Neozoanthus caleyi sp. n. specimen HI225 showing endodermal sphincter muscle (=sm). A Light microscope B scanning electron microscope. Both scales =200 µm.

Figure 3.Neozoanthus caleyi sp. n. in situ around Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. A Specimen HI214 at Sykes Reef, depth=9 m, November 23, 2009 B Close-up of a single polyp showing yellow coloration at base of tentacles; specimen HI145 at Sykes Reef, depth=18 m, November 18, 2009 C Specimen HI231 at Heron Channel, depth=23 m, November 24, 2009 D Uncollected specimen at Heron Channel, depth=approximately 20 m, November 2011. Scales approximately 1 cm. A, B taken by JD Reimer, C, D taken by Gary Cranitch.

Århus, Jylland, Danmark

Figure 5.Cnidae of Neozoanthus caleyi sp. n. and Neozoanthus uchina sp. n. from the tentacles, pharynx, and filaments showing their relative size. Type abbreviations: Sp=spirocysts, H=holotrichs, LH=large holotrichs, SH=small holotrichs, B=basitrichs, SH?=potential small holotrichs, pM=p-mastigophores. Size and frequency data are given in Table S1.

Figure 1.Internal structure of Neozoanthus uchina sp. n. showing encrustation in outer mesoglea and ectoderm, characteristic of Neozoanthus spp., with irregularly-sized encrustation A light microscope histological cross-section, and B scanning electron microscope image. Both images of specimen RMNH Coel 40098 (Table 2). Abbreviations: cm=complete mesenteries, e= sand/detritus encrustation (in B) or where encrustation existed before decalcification (in A), im=incomplete mesenteries, ec=ectoderm, en=endoderm, m=mesoglea, ss=encrusted sponge spicules. Scales: A=100 µm, B=200 µm.

Figure 4.Neozoanthus uchina sp. n. in situ. A Partially closed polyps showing lack of encrustation at oral end B Colonies of two different color morphotypes C Close-up of polyps of the same color morphotype as on the left in B) D Polyps showing variation in oral disk color where the dorsal directive is located. Scales approximately 1 cm. A to D images taken by Masaru Mizuyama, September 20, 2010, in the lower intertidal zone at Kamomine, Tokunoshima, Kagoshima, Japan, specimens uncollected E Colony MISE MO-100 in situ on March 16, 2011 at Tebiro Beach, Amami-oshima, Kagoshima, Japan. Image taken by Masami Obuchi.

Figure 5.Cnidae of Neozoanthus caleyi sp. n. and Neozoanthus uchina sp. n. from the tentacles, pharynx, and filaments showing their relative size. Type abbreviations: Sp=spirocysts, H=holotrichs, LH=large holotrichs, SH=small holotrichs, B=basitrichs, SH?=potential small holotrichs, pM=p-mastigophores. Size and frequency data are given in Table S1.

Epizoanthus species

Protopalythoa species

Protopalythoa species

Protopalythoa species

Protopalythoa species

Protopalythoa species close up from Koh Phangan

Sea mat Zoanthid, Palythoa tuberculosa

Sea mat Zoanthid, Palythoa tuberculosa

Zoantharian Colony from Koh Phangan

Zoantharian Colony from Koh Phangan

Zoantharian Colony from Koh Phangan

Zoantharian Colony from Koh Phangan

Zoanthids March 2012