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Biology

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Fungi are an enormous group of organisms that are so distinctive from both plants and animals that they are placed in their own kingdom. The main body of the fungus is composed of a multitude of microscopic threads (known as 'hyphae') which are located within the substrate (6). The fruiting body (such as the more familiar mushroom or toadstool) is produced to release spores and thus allows reproduction to occur. Fungi feed by absorbing nutrients from their surroundings. The blue, mushroom-like fruiting bodies of Bloxam's entoloma are produced between August and November (2).
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Conservation

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It is recommended that the continuation of traditional grassland management, without the use of fertilisers or the disturbance of soil, will help to secure the future of this rare fungus (2). In addition, Bloxam's entoloma is a candidate species for listing in Appendix I of the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, otherwise known as the Bern Convention (4)(5).
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Description

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Bloxam's entoloma produces a striking, blue, mushroom-shaped fruiting body (2). The smooth cap has a broad swelling in the centre (known as an 'umbo'), which has a more violet tinge (3). The tightly packed, white gills on the underside of the cap contrast well with the blue colour of the fungus; they develop a more salmon-pink colour as they age (2). The solid stem (or 'stipe') of the mushroom is also blue in colour with a whitish base (2). WARNING: many species of fungus are poisonous or contain chemicals that can cause sickness. Never pick and eat any species of fungus that you cannot positively recognise or are unsure about. Some species are deadly poisonous and can cause death within a few hours if swallowed.
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Habitat

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Bloxam's entoloma inhabits unimproved grasslands such as old meadows and hayfields (2). It is usually associated with calcareous soils although it may also be found in more acidic areas (3).
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Range

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This fungus is widely distributed in Europe, although it is rare throughout its range, which also extends into Asia and North America (2).
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Status

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Short-listed for inclusion in the Bern Convention by the European Council for Conservation of Fungi (ECCF), and included on the Red Lists of 15 European countries (4).
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Threats

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Bloxam's entoloma is threatened by the disturbance of its habitat caused by agricultural improvement (2).
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123pilze.com ( German )

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Guidance for identification

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Entoloma bloxamii

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Entoloma bloxamii is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Entolomataceae. It has been given the recommended English name of big blue pinkgill.[3] The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland.[1] Entoloma bloxamii has been reported from North America, but at least some of these reports represent a distinct species, Entoloma medianox.[4] Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Big Blue Pinkgill being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]

Taxonomy

The species was originally described from England in 1854 and named Agaricus Bloxami (sic) by Miles Joseph Berkeley and Christopher Edmund Broome, in honour of its collector, the naturalist and clergyman Andrew Bloxam. It was transferred to the genus Entoloma by the Italian mycologist Pier Andrea Saccardo in 1887.

Recent molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, has shown that Entoloma bloxamii sensu lato comprises a number of distinct blue taxa in Europe,[5] including Entoloma bloxamii sensu stricto, Entoloma madidum (previously considered a synonym), E. atromadidum, E. ochreoprunuloides f. hyacinthinum, and an additional as yet unnamed species.[6] Collections from the west coast of North America, formerly referred to E. bloxamii or E. madidum, are also distinct[5] and are now referred to Entoloma medianox.[4]

Description

Basidiocarps are agaricoid, up to 45 mm (1.75 in) tall, the cap conical becoming convex to conical, up to 50 mm (2 in) across. The cap surface is smooth, pale greyish blue at first becoming greyish brown. The lamellae (gills) are white becoming pink from the spores. The stipe (stem) is smooth, finely fibrillose, white with greyish blue streaks, often yellowish at the base, lacking a ring. The spore print is pink, the spores (under a microscope) multi-angled, inamyloid, measuring about 7.5 to 9.5 by 7 to 9.5 μm.[5]

Similar species

Entoloma madidum is a deeper, slightly violet blue and retains some of its colour when old. Microscopically it has smaller spores (6 to 7.5 μm).[5] Entoloma atromadidum is similar but a darker, indigo blue and E. ochreoprunuloides f. hyacinthinum is dark brown with violaceous tints.[6]

Distribution and habitat

The Big Blue Pinkgill is rare but widespread in Europe.[1] Like many other European pinkgills, it occurs in old, agriculturally unimproved, short-sward grassland (pastures and lawns). It is usually associated with calcareous soils although it may also be found in more acidic areas.[7]

Conservation

Entoloma bloxamii is typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, the species is of global conservation concern and is listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.[1]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Jordal J. (2019). "Entoloma bloxamii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2019: e.T147245319A147869057. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T147245319A147869057.en.
  2. ^ "Entoloma bloxamii". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
  3. ^ Holden L. (July 2014). "English names for fungi 2014". British Mycological Society. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  4. ^ a b Schwartz C (2015). "Entoloma medianox, a new name for a common species on the Pacific coast of North America" (PDF).
  5. ^ a b c d Morgado LN, Noordeloos ME, Lamoureux Y, Geml J (2013). "Multi-gene phylogenetic analyses reveal species limits, phylogeographic patterns, and evolutionary histories of key morphological traits in Entoloma (Agaricales, Basidiomycota)". Persoonia. 31: 159–178. doi:10.3767/003158513X673521. PMC 3904048. PMID 24761041.
  6. ^ a b Ainsworth AM, Douglas B, Suz LM (2018). "Big Blue Pinkgills formerly known as Entoloma bloxamii in Britain: E. bloxamii s. str., E. madidum, E. ochreoprunuloides forma hyacinthinum and E. atromadidum sp. nov". Field Mycology. 19 (1): 5–14. doi:10.1016/j.fldmyc.2018.01.004.
  7. ^ Courtecuisse, R. & Duhem, B. (1995) Mushrooms and toadstools of Britain and Europe. Harper Collins, London.
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Entoloma bloxamii: Brief Summary

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Entoloma bloxamii is a species of agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Entolomataceae. It has been given the recommended English name of big blue pinkgill. The species has a European distribution, occurring mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland. Entoloma bloxamii has been reported from North America, but at least some of these reports represent a distinct species, Entoloma medianox. Threats to its habitat have resulted in the Big Blue Pinkgill being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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Bloxami punalehik ( Estonian )

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Bloxami punalehik (Entoloma bloxamii) on punalehikuliste sugukonda punalehiku perekonda kuuluv seeneliik.

Ta on Eestis arvatud II kaitsekategooriasse (seisuga 2012).

Eestis võib teda loodudelt ja looniitudelt[1].

Viited

  1. Bloxami punalehik andmebaasis eElurikkus Muuda Vikiandmetes (vaadatud 24.08.2012)

Välislingid

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Bloxami punalehik: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Bloxami punalehik (Entoloma bloxamii) on punalehikuliste sugukonda punalehiku perekonda kuuluv seeneliik.

Ta on Eestis arvatud II kaitsekategooriasse (seisuga 2012).

Eestis võib teda loodudelt ja looniitudelt.

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Entoloma bloxamii ( Pms )

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Drapò piemontèis.png Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.

Capel fin a 7 cm, da gris bleu a bleu, peui un pòch viòla o brunastr a la pupa. Lamele s-ciasse, bianche. Gamba àuta fin a 7 cm e larga fin a 3 cm, da gris bleu a bleu o viòla, peui lavà d'òcra giaunastr, fibrilosa. Carn gris bleu an surfassa. Odor e savor farinos.

Ambient

A chërs ant ij pra naturaj.

Comestibilità

WHMIS Class D-1.svg A venta mai mangé un bolè trovà se un a l'é nen un bon conossidor dij bolè!
A ven dàit për comestìbil.

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

  • Entoloma bloxamii (Berk. & Br.) Saccardo
  • [= E. madidum (Fries) Gillet]
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Entoloma bloxamii: Brief Summary ( Pms )

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Capel fin a 7 cm, da gris bleu a bleu, peui un pòch viòla o brunastr a la pupa. Lamele s-ciasse, bianche. Gamba àuta fin a 7 cm e larga fin a 3 cm, da gris bleu a bleu o viòla, peui lavà d'òcra giaunastr, fibrilosa. Carn gris bleu an surfassa. Odor e savor farinos.

Ambient

A chërs ant ij pra naturaj.

Comestibilità

WHMIS Class D-1.svg A venta mai mangé un bolè trovà se un a l'é nen un bon conossidor dij bolè!
A ven dàit për comestìbil.

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Dzwonkówka szarofioletowa ( Polish )

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2010-12-04 Entoloma bloxamii 2 60253.jpg

Dzwonkówka szarofioletowa (Entoloma bloxamii (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny dzwonkówkowatych (Entolomataceae)[1].

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Entoloma, Entolomataceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi[1].

Po raz pierwszy takson ten zdiagnozowali w 1854 r. M.J. Berkeley i Ch.E. Broome nadając mu nazwę Agaricus bloxamii. Obecną, uznaną przez Index Fungorum nazwę nadał mu w 1887 r. P.A. Saccardo, przenosząc go do rodzaju Entoloma[1].

Synonimy[2]:

  • Agaricus bloxamii Berk. & Broome 1854
  • Entoloma bloxamii (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. 1887 f. bloxamii
  • Entoloma bloxamii (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. 1887 var. bloxamii
  • Entoloma bloxamii var. triste Boud. 1906
  • Entoloma madidum var. bloxamii (Berk. & Broome) Largent 1974

Nazwę polską zaproponował Władysław Wojewoda w 2003, wcześniej używał nazwy wieruszka niebieskotrzonowa[3].

Morfologia

Owocnik

Swoim wyglądem bardziej przypomina gąskę czy gołąbka, niż dzwonkówkę. Wytwarza mięsiste i duże, jak na dzwonkówkę owocniki. Kapelusz wypukły, o średnicy do 8 cm. Powierzchnia początkowo gładka, z czasem włóknista. Trzon o wysokości do 7 cm i grubości do 3,5 cm. Młode owocniki o barwie niebieskofioletowej, starsze stają się brązowe i trudniejsze do identyfikacji. Blaszki u młodych owocników białe, podczas zarodnikowania zmieniają kolor na łososiowy. Trzon może mieć grubość do 3,5 cm i jest również niebieski. Ma Mniej lub bardziej zjełczały zapach[4]

Cechy mikroskopowe

Zarodniki 6-11 x 6-10 μm, izodiametryczne; 5- lub 6-kątne, gładkie, hialinowe w KOH. Cystyd brak. Strzępki skórki o szerokości 2,5-7 μm, z licznymi sprzążkami, nie inkrustowane[5].

Występowanie i siedlisko

Występuje w zachodniej części Ameryki Północnej i na rozproszonych stanowiskach w Europie[6]. Jest rzadki[4]. W piśmiennictwie naukowym do 2003 r. na terenie Polski podano tylko jedno stanowisko, i to już historyczne (Elbląg, 1917 r.)[3]. Znajduje się na Czerwonej liście roślin i grzybów Polski. Ma status E – gatunek zagrożony wymarciem, którego przeżycie jest mało prawdopodobne, jeśli nadal będą działać czynniki zagrożenia[7]. Znajduje się na listach gatunków zagrożonych także w Szwajcarii, Niemczech, Danii, Anglii, Litwie, Norwegii, Słowacji[3]. W Polsce podlega częściowej ochronie gatunkowej[8].

Saprotrof rosnący samotnie, w rozproszeniu lub gromadnie pod drzewami liściastymi lub w mieszanym lesie. Preferuje gleby wapienne[4].

Przypisy

  1. a b c Index Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2018-12-07].
  2. Species Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2018-12-07].
  3. a b c Władysław Wojewoda: Checklist of Polish Larger Basidiomycetes. Krytyczna lista wielkoowocnikowych grzybów podstawkowych Polski. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2003. ISBN 83-89648-09-1.
  4. a b c Entoloma bloxamii – the big blue pinkgill. [dostęp 2018-01-11].
  5. Mushroom Expert. Entoloma bloxamii. [dostęp 2018-01-11].
  6. Discover Life Maps. [dostęp 2018-12-07].
  7. Zbigniew Mirek: Red list of plants and fungi in Poland = Czerwona lista roślin i grzybów Polski. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany. Polish Academy of Sciences, 2006. ISBN 83-89648-38-5.
  8. Dz.U. z 2014 r. nr 0, poz. 1409 – Rozporządzenie Ministra Środowiska z dnia 9 października 2014 r. w sprawie ochrony gatunkowej grzybów
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Dzwonkówka szarofioletowa: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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2010-12-04 Entoloma bloxamii 2 60253.jpg

Dzwonkówka szarofioletowa (Entoloma bloxamii (Berk. & Broome) Sacc.) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny dzwonkówkowatych (Entolomataceae).

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Entoloma bloxamii ( Russian )

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Царство: Грибы
Подцарство: Высшие грибы
Подотдел: Agaricomycotina
Порядок: Агариковые
Семейство: Энтоломовые
Вид: Entoloma bloxamii
Международное научное название

Entoloma bloxamii (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. 1887

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NCBI 181135EOL 188162MB 221900

Entolóma bloxámiiвид грибов семейства Энтоломовые (Entolomataceae).

Синонимы:

  • Agaricus bloxamii Berk. & Broome 1854
  • Entoloma madidum var. bloxamii (Berk. & Broome) Largent 1974

Биологическое описание

  • Шляпка 3—7 см в диаметре, выпуклой формы, негигрофанная, в молодом возрасте сине-серого цвета, затем приобретает сиреневатый оттенок, в центре с возрастом коричневеющая, гладкая, сухая или влажноватая, волокнистая. Край шляпки слабо подвёрнут.
  • Мякоть белого цвета, со слабым мучнистым запахом и вкусом.
  • Гименофор пластинчатый, пластинки частые, почти свободные от ножки, сначала белого или желтоватого цвета, с возрастом розовеющие.
  • Ножка 3,5—7 см длиной и 0,6—2,1 см толщиной, серо-синяя или серо-фиолетовая в верхней части, ниже светло-синего, беловатого или желтоватого цвета. Кольцо отсутствует.
  • Споровый порошок розового цвета. Споры 7—9×6,5—8 мкм, угловатые. Базидии четырёхспоровые, с пряжками, 22—39×6,5—12 мкм. Цистиды отсутствуют.

Считается съедобным грибом, не рекомендуемым к употреблению из-за возможности спутать с родственными ядовитыми видами.

Ареал и экология

Встречается очень редко, обычно небольшими группами, на кислотных и богатых известью почвах, на лугах. Широко распространена в Европе, также известна из Северной Америки.

Сходные виды

Литература

  • Bas, C.; Kuyper, T.W.; Noordeloos, M.E.; Vellinga, E.C.; Crevel, R. van; Arnolds, E.J.M. Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. — 1988. — Т. 1. — С. 96.
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Entoloma bloxamii: Brief Summary ( Russian )

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Entolóma bloxámii — вид грибов семейства Энтоломовые (Entolomataceae).

Синонимы:

Agaricus bloxamii Berk. & Broome 1854 Entoloma madidum var. bloxamii (Berk. & Broome) Largent 1974
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