Tulostoma

Tulostoma brumale, Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon pediculatum Bull., Tulostoma lacerum Pers., Tulostoma mammosum P. Micheli ex Fr., Tulostoma pedunculatum (L.) Czern.,Family: AgaricaceaeEN: Winter Stalkball, DE: Winter-Stielbovist, Zitzen-Stielbovist, Zitzenstielbovist, Zipfel-StielbovistSlo.: zimski puharDat.: Nov. 9. 2022Lat.: 45.31861 Long.: 13.62120Code: Bot_1497/2022_DSC01744Habitat: small patches of grassland among bushes in garrigue, covered by mosses (about 30% coverage); sandy, skeletal, calcareous ground; dry, sunny place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, elevation 70 m (230 feet), Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy, calcareous soil.Place: 2 km north from village Tar, next to a dead-end dirt road leading toward Mirna river, Istria, Croatia EC.Comments (pertain to pictures in the Flicks album Tulostoma brumale): Taxa of the genus Tulostoma are easy to recognize. The habit of stalked puffballs is so characteristic. However, determinations on species level are many times a completely different story. How many species are in the genus and their taxonomy depend on whom you are willing to listen. The number of taxa varies enormously from a few tens to well over hundred approaching two hundred. Index-Fungorum cites over 180 taxon names in the genus, MycoBank over 250. Every larger new molecular study changes the situation and usually creates new species. Some experts state that only a few of all these taxa can be reliably determined on the basis of morphology only. Microscopy is inevitable. Some professionals even state that reliable determination on basis of a single or a few specimens is not possible and that one has to study populations.Anyway, this find seems to be Tulostoma brumale. This species is also one of the most common. Many morphological and microscopic traits of this find correspond well to descriptions in the literature and yet I am not completely sure that the determination is correct. Probably too dark stripe and too scaly, questionable exoperidium nature, quite 'feeble' reddish-brown halo around peristome and quite often not distinctly tubular peristome projections make me worried. Description: Average peridium diameter (dry state): 8.3 mm, height 6.5 mm (Q=1.3, n= 5); exoperidium seems to be composed from white hypha layer, often interwoven with ground debris, which remains at the bottom of the spore-ball after the stalk grows; membranous endoperidium ocher-brown, like thin parchment; peridium apex generally with projecting peristome, but some fruit bodies almost without projections; brown collar around peristome many times poorly visible; gleba dark ocher-brown with reddish tint; capillitium flexible, thick walled, with strongly and abruptly widening of the capillitial septa, septa without clamps, capillitium here and there covered with fine grains (crystals ?); stalk cylindrical, in most cases quite dark brown coarsely scaly and longitudinally furrowed when dry; average height 23 mm, average stalk diameter 2.1 mm; stalk slightly but consistently tapering toward the base (on exsiccata); Spores globose to sub-globose, coarsely warty. Dimensions: (4.1) 4.4 5.1 (5.4) (3.9) 4.1 4.8 (5.1) m, Q = 1 1.2 (1.,3); N = 40; Me = 4.7 4.4 m; Qe = 1.1. Oympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (hypha); in 5% KOH, dry material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland (peristome, gleba, septa, stalk surface). Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www. gobenabovskem.si (2) K. Rusevska, F. de Diego Calonge, , M. Karadelev, M. P. Martn, Fungal DNA barcode (ITS nrDNA) reveals more diversity than expected in Tulostoma from Macedonia, Turk J Bot, (2019), 43: 102-115. (3) www.first-nature.com/fungi/tulostoma-brumale.php (accessed Nov 30. 2022)(4) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1244. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 180. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 396. (7) Jeppson, M., Alts, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, RH., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A., Larsson, E. Unexpected high species, diversity among European stalked puffballs a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys (2017) 21: 3388. doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176

Tulostoma brumale, Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon pediculatum Bull., Tulostoma lacerum Pers., Tulostoma mammosum P. Micheli ex Fr., Tulostoma pedunculatum (L.) Czern.,Family: AgaricaceaeEN: Winter Stalkball, DE: Winter-Stielbovist, Zitzen-Stielbovist, Zitzenstielbovist, Zipfel-StielbovistSlo.: zimski puharDat.: Nov. 9. 2022Lat.: 45.31861 Long.: 13.62120Code: Bot_1497/2022_DSC01744Habitat: small patches of grassland among bushes in garrigue, covered by mosses (about 30% coverage); sandy, skeletal, calcareous ground; dry, sunny place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, elevation 70 m (230 feet), Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy, calcareous soil.Place: 2 km north from village Tar, next to a dead-end dirt road leading toward Mirna river, Istria, Croatia EC.Comments (pertain to pictures in the Flicks album Tulostoma brumale): Taxa of the genus Tulostoma are easy to recognize. The habit of stalked puffballs is so characteristic. However, determinations on species level are many times a completely different story. How many species are in the genus and their taxonomy depend on whom you are willing to listen. The number of taxa varies enormously from a few tens to well over hundred approaching two hundred. Index-Fungorum cites over 180 taxon names in the genus, MycoBank over 250. Every larger new molecular study changes the situation and usually creates new species. Some experts state that only a few of all these taxa can be reliably determined on the basis of morphology only. Microscopy is inevitable. Some professionals even state that reliable determination on basis of a single or a few specimens is not possible and that one has to study populations.Anyway, this find seems to be Tulostoma brumale. This species is also one of the most common. Many morphological and microscopic traits of this find correspond well to descriptions in the literature and yet I am not completely sure that the determination is correct. Probably too dark stripe and too scaly, questionable exoperidium nature, quite 'feeble' reddish-brown halo around peristome and quite often not distinctly tubular peristome projections make me worried. Description: Average peridium diameter (dry state): 8.3 mm, height 6.5 mm (Q=1.3, n= 5); exoperidium seems to be composed from white hypha layer, often interwoven with ground debris, which remains at the bottom of the spore-ball after the stalk grows; membranous endoperidium ocher-brown, like thin parchment; peridium apex generally with projecting peristome, but some fruit bodies almost without projections; brown collar around peristome many times poorly visible; gleba dark ocher-brown with reddish tint; capillitium flexible, thick walled, with strongly and abruptly widening of the capillitial septa, septa without clamps, capillitium here and there covered with fine grains (crystals ?); stalk cylindrical, in most cases quite dark brown coarsely scaly and longitudinally furrowed when dry; average height 23 mm, average stalk diameter 2.1 mm; stalk slightly but consistently tapering toward the base (on exsiccata); Spores globose to sub-globose, coarsely warty. Dimensions: (4.1) 4.4 5.1 (5.4) (3.9) 4.1 4.8 (5.1) m, Q = 1 1.2 (1.,3); N = 40; Me = 4.7 4.4 m; Qe = 1.1. Oympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (hypha); in 5% KOH, dry material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland (peristome, gleba, septa, stalk surface). Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www. gobenabovskem.si (2) K. Rusevska, F. de Diego Calonge, , M. Karadelev, M. P. Martn, Fungal DNA barcode (ITS nrDNA) reveals more diversity than expected in Tulostoma from Macedonia, Turk J Bot, (2019), 43: 102-115. (3) www.first-nature.com/fungi/tulostoma-brumale.php (accessed Nov 30. 2022)(4) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1244. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 180. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 396. (7) Jeppson, M., Alts, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, RH., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A., Larsson, E. Unexpected high species, diversity among European stalked puffballs a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys (2017) 21: 3388. doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176

Tulostoma brumale, Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon pediculatum Bull., Tulostoma lacerum Pers., Tulostoma mammosum P. Micheli ex Fr., Tulostoma pedunculatum (L.) Czern.,Family: AgaricaceaeEN: Winter Stalkball, DE: Winter-Stielbovist, Zitzen-Stielbovist, Zitzenstielbovist, Zipfel-StielbovistSlo.: zimski puharDat.: Nov. 9. 2022Lat.: 45.31861 Long.: 13.62120Code: Bot_1497/2022_DSC01744Habitat: small patches of grassland among bushes in garrigue, covered by mosses (about 30% coverage); sandy, skeletal, calcareous ground; dry, sunny place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, elevation 70 m (230 feet), Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy, calcareous soil.Place: 2 km north from village Tar, next to a dead-end dirt road leading toward Mirna river, Istria, Croatia EC.Comments (pertain to pictures in the Flicks album Tulostoma brumale): Taxa of the genus Tulostoma are easy to recognize. The habit of stalked puffballs is so characteristic. However, determinations on species level are many times a completely different story. How many species are in the genus and their taxonomy depend on whom you are willing to listen. The number of taxa varies enormously from a few tens to well over hundred approaching two hundred. Index-Fungorum cites over 180 taxon names in the genus, MycoBank over 250. Every larger new molecular study changes the situation and usually creates new species. Some experts state that only a few of all these taxa can be reliably determined on the basis of morphology only. Microscopy is inevitable. Some professionals even state that reliable determination on basis of a single or a few specimens is not possible and that one has to study populations.Anyway, this find seems to be Tulostoma brumale. This species is also one of the most common. Many morphological and microscopic traits of this find correspond well to descriptions in the literature and yet I am not completely sure that the determination is correct. Probably too dark stripe and too scaly, questionable exoperidium nature, quite 'feeble' reddish-brown halo around peristome and quite often not distinctly tubular peristome projections make me worried. Description: Average peridium diameter (dry state): 8.3 mm, height 6.5 mm (Q=1.3, n= 5); exoperidium seems to be composed from white hypha layer, often interwoven with ground debris, which remains at the bottom of the spore-ball after the stalk grows; membranous endoperidium ocher-brown, like thin parchment; peridium apex generally with projecting peristome, but some fruit bodies almost without projections; brown collar around peristome many times poorly visible; gleba dark ocher-brown with reddish tint; capillitium flexible, thick walled, with strongly and abruptly widening of the capillitial septa, septa without clamps, capillitium here and there covered with fine grains (crystals ?); stalk cylindrical, in most cases quite dark brown coarsely scaly and longitudinally furrowed when dry; average height 23 mm, average stalk diameter 2.1 mm; stalk slightly but consistently tapering toward the base (on exsiccata); Spores globose to sub-globose, coarsely warty. Dimensions: (4.1) 4.4 5.1 (5.4) (3.9) 4.1 4.8 (5.1) m, Q = 1 1.2 (1.,3); N = 40; Me = 4.7 4.4 m; Qe = 1.1. Oympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (hypha); in 5% KOH, dry material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland (peristome, gleba, septa, stalk surface). Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www. gobenabovskem.si (2) K. Rusevska, F. de Diego Calonge, , M. Karadelev, M. P. Martn, Fungal DNA barcode (ITS nrDNA) reveals more diversity than expected in Tulostoma from Macedonia, Turk J Bot, (2019), 43: 102-115. (3) www.first-nature.com/fungi/tulostoma-brumale.php (accessed Nov 30. 2022)(4) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1244. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 180. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 396. (7) Jeppson, M., Alts, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, RH., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A., Larsson, E. Unexpected high species, diversity among European stalked puffballs a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys (2017) 21: 3388. doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176

Borssele, Zeeland, Netherlands

Tulostoma brumale, Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon pediculatum Bull., Tulostoma lacerum Pers., Tulostoma mammosum P. Micheli ex Fr., Tulostoma pedunculatum (L.) Czern.,Family: AgaricaceaeEN: Winter Stalkball, DE: Winter-Stielbovist, Zitzen-Stielbovist, Zitzenstielbovist, Zipfel-StielbovistSlo.: zimski puharDat.: Nov. 9. 2022Lat.: 45.31861 Long.: 13.62120Code: Bot_1497/2022_DSC01744Habitat: small patches of grassland among bushes in garrigue, covered by mosses (about 30% coverage); sandy, skeletal, calcareous ground; dry, sunny place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, elevation 70 m (230 feet), Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy, calcareous soil.Place: 2 km north from village Tar, next to a dead-end dirt road leading toward Mirna river, Istria, Croatia EC.Comments (pertain to pictures in the Flicks album Tulostoma brumale): Taxa of the genus Tulostoma are easy to recognize. The habit of stalked puffballs is so characteristic. However, determinations on species level are many times a completely different story. How many species are in the genus and their taxonomy depend on whom you are willing to listen. The number of taxa varies enormously from a few tens to well over hundred approaching two hundred. Index-Fungorum cites over 180 taxon names in the genus, MycoBank over 250. Every larger new molecular study changes the situation and usually creates new species. Some experts state that only a few of all these taxa can be reliably determined on the basis of morphology only. Microscopy is inevitable. Some professionals even state that reliable determination on basis of a single or a few specimens is not possible and that one has to study populations.Anyway, this find seems to be Tulostoma brumale. This species is also one of the most common. Many morphological and microscopic traits of this find correspond well to descriptions in the literature and yet I am not completely sure that the determination is correct. Probably too dark stripe and too scaly, questionable exoperidium nature, quite 'feeble' reddish-brown halo around peristome and quite often not distinctly tubular peristome projections make me worried. Description: Average peridium diameter (dry state): 8.3 mm, height 6.5 mm (Q=1.3, n= 5); exoperidium seems to be composed from white hypha layer, often interwoven with ground debris, which remains at the bottom of the spore-ball after the stalk grows; membranous endoperidium ocher-brown, like thin parchment; peridium apex generally with projecting peristome, but some fruit bodies almost without projections; brown collar around peristome many times poorly visible; gleba dark ocher-brown with reddish tint; capillitium flexible, thick walled, with strongly and abruptly widening of the capillitial septa, septa without clamps, capillitium here and there covered with fine grains (crystals ?); stalk cylindrical, in most cases quite dark brown coarsely scaly and longitudinally furrowed when dry; average height 23 mm, average stalk diameter 2.1 mm; stalk slightly but consistently tapering toward the base (on exsiccata); Spores globose to sub-globose, coarsely warty. Dimensions: (4.1) 4.4 5.1 (5.4) (3.9) 4.1 4.8 (5.1) m, Q = 1 1.2 (1.,3); N = 40; Me = 4.7 4.4 m; Qe = 1.1. Oympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (hypha); in 5% KOH, dry material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland (peristome, gleba, septa, stalk surface). Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www. gobenabovskem.si (2) K. Rusevska, F. de Diego Calonge, , M. Karadelev, M. P. Martn, Fungal DNA barcode (ITS nrDNA) reveals more diversity than expected in Tulostoma from Macedonia, Turk J Bot, (2019), 43: 102-115. (3) www.first-nature.com/fungi/tulostoma-brumale.php (accessed Nov 30. 2022)(4) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1244. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 180. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 396. (7) Jeppson, M., Alts, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, RH., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A., Larsson, E. Unexpected high species, diversity among European stalked puffballs a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys (2017) 21: 3388. doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176

Barisciano, Abruzzi, Italy

Borssele, Zeeland, Netherlands

Borssele, Zeeland, Netherlands

Tulostoma brumale, Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon pediculatum Bull., Tulostoma lacerum Pers., Tulostoma mammosum P. Micheli ex Fr., Tulostoma pedunculatum (L.) Czern.,Family: AgaricaceaeEN: Winter Stalkball, DE: Winter-Stielbovist, Zitzen-Stielbovist, Zitzenstielbovist, Zipfel-StielbovistSlo.: zimski puharDat.: Nov. 9. 2022Lat.: 45.31861 Long.: 13.62120Code: Bot_1497/2022_DSC01744Habitat: small patches of grassland among bushes in garrigue, covered by mosses (about 30% coverage); sandy, skeletal, calcareous ground; dry, sunny place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, elevation 70 m (230 feet), Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy, calcareous soil.Place: 2 km north from village Tar, next to a dead-end dirt road leading toward Mirna river, Istria, Croatia EC.Comments (pertain to pictures in the Flicks album Tulostoma brumale): Taxa of the genus Tulostoma are easy to recognize. The habit of stalked puffballs is so characteristic. However, determinations on species level are many times a completely different story. How many species are in the genus and their taxonomy depend on whom you are willing to listen. The number of taxa varies enormously from a few tens to well over hundred approaching two hundred. Index-Fungorum cites over 180 taxon names in the genus, MycoBank over 250. Every larger new molecular study changes the situation and usually creates new species. Some experts state that only a few of all these taxa can be reliably determined on the basis of morphology only. Microscopy is inevitable. Some professionals even state that reliable determination on basis of a single or a few specimens is not possible and that one has to study populations.Anyway, this find seems to be Tulostoma brumale. This species is also one of the most common. Many morphological and microscopic traits of this find correspond well to descriptions in the literature and yet I am not completely sure that the determination is correct. Probably too dark stripe and too scaly, questionable exoperidium nature, quite 'feeble' reddish-brown halo around peristome and quite often not distinctly tubular peristome projections make me worried. Description: Average peridium diameter (dry state): 8.3 mm, height 6.5 mm (Q=1.3, n= 5); exoperidium seems to be composed from white hypha layer, often interwoven with ground debris, which remains at the bottom of the spore-ball after the stalk grows; membranous endoperidium ocher-brown, like thin parchment; peridium apex generally with projecting peristome, but some fruit bodies almost without projections; brown collar around peristome many times poorly visible; gleba dark ocher-brown with reddish tint; capillitium flexible, thick walled, with strongly and abruptly widening of the capillitial septa, septa without clamps, capillitium here and there covered with fine grains (crystals ?); stalk cylindrical, in most cases quite dark brown coarsely scaly and longitudinally furrowed when dry; average height 23 mm, average stalk diameter 2.1 mm; stalk slightly but consistently tapering toward the base (on exsiccata); Spores globose to sub-globose, coarsely warty. Dimensions: (4.1) 4.4 5.1 (5.4) (3.9) 4.1 4.8 (5.1) m, Q = 1 1.2 (1.,3); N = 40; Me = 4.7 4.4 m; Qe = 1.1. Oympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (hypha); in 5% KOH, dry material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland (peristome, gleba, septa, stalk surface). Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www. gobenabovskem.si (2) K. Rusevska, F. de Diego Calonge, , M. Karadelev, M. P. Martn, Fungal DNA barcode (ITS nrDNA) reveals more diversity than expected in Tulostoma from Macedonia, Turk J Bot, (2019), 43: 102-115. (3) www.first-nature.com/fungi/tulostoma-brumale.php (accessed Nov 30. 2022)(4) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1244. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 180. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 396. (7) Jeppson, M., Alts, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, RH., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A., Larsson, E. Unexpected high species, diversity among European stalked puffballs a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys (2017) 21: 3388. doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176

Tulostoma brumale, Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon pediculatum Bull., Tulostoma lacerum Pers., Tulostoma mammosum P. Micheli ex Fr., Tulostoma pedunculatum (L.) Czern.,Family: AgaricaceaeEN: Winter Stalkball, DE: Winter-Stielbovist, Zitzen-Stielbovist, Zitzenstielbovist, Zipfel-StielbovistSlo.: zimski puharDat.: Nov. 9. 2022Lat.: 45.31861 Long.: 13.62120Code: Bot_1497/2022_DSC01744Habitat: small patches of grassland among bushes in garrigue, covered by mosses (about 30% coverage); sandy, skeletal, calcareous ground; dry, sunny place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, elevation 70 m (230 feet), Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy, calcareous soil.Place: 2 km north from village Tar, next to a dead-end dirt road leading toward Mirna river, Istria, Croatia EC.Comments (pertain to pictures in the Flicks album Tulostoma brumale): Taxa of the genus Tulostoma are easy to recognize. The habit of stalked puffballs is so characteristic. However, determinations on species level are many times a completely different story. How many species are in the genus and their taxonomy depend on whom you are willing to listen. The number of taxa varies enormously from a few tens to well over hundred approaching two hundred. Index-Fungorum cites over 180 taxon names in the genus, MycoBank over 250. Every larger new molecular study changes the situation and usually creates new species. Some experts state that only a few of all these taxa can be reliably determined on the basis of morphology only. Microscopy is inevitable. Some professionals even state that reliable determination on basis of a single or a few specimens is not possible and that one has to study populations.Anyway, this find seems to be Tulostoma brumale. This species is also one of the most common. Many morphological and microscopic traits of this find correspond well to descriptions in the literature and yet I am not completely sure that the determination is correct. Probably too dark stripe and too scaly, questionable exoperidium nature, quite 'feeble' reddish-brown halo around peristome and quite often not distinctly tubular peristome projections make me worried. Description: Average peridium diameter (dry state): 8.3 mm, height 6.5 mm (Q=1.3, n= 5); exoperidium seems to be composed from white hypha layer, often interwoven with ground debris, which remains at the bottom of the spore-ball after the stalk grows; membranous endoperidium ocher-brown, like thin parchment; peridium apex generally with projecting peristome, but some fruit bodies almost without projections; brown collar around peristome many times poorly visible; gleba dark ocher-brown with reddish tint; capillitium flexible, thick walled, with strongly and abruptly widening of the capillitial septa, septa without clamps, capillitium here and there covered with fine grains (crystals ?); stalk cylindrical, in most cases quite dark brown coarsely scaly and longitudinally furrowed when dry; average height 23 mm, average stalk diameter 2.1 mm; stalk slightly but consistently tapering toward the base (on exsiccata); Spores globose to sub-globose, coarsely warty. Dimensions: (4.1) 4.4 5.1 (5.4) (3.9) 4.1 4.8 (5.1) m, Q = 1 1.2 (1.,3); N = 40; Me = 4.7 4.4 m; Qe = 1.1. Oympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (hypha); in 5% KOH, dry material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland (peristome, gleba, septa, stalk surface). Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www. gobenabovskem.si (2) K. Rusevska, F. de Diego Calonge, , M. Karadelev, M. P. Martn, Fungal DNA barcode (ITS nrDNA) reveals more diversity than expected in Tulostoma from Macedonia, Turk J Bot, (2019), 43: 102-115. (3) www.first-nature.com/fungi/tulostoma-brumale.php (accessed Nov 30. 2022)(4) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1244. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 180. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 396. (7) Jeppson, M., Alts, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, RH., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A., Larsson, E. Unexpected high species, diversity among European stalked puffballs a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys (2017) 21: 3388. doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176

Tulostoma brumale, Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon pediculatum Bull., Tulostoma lacerum Pers., Tulostoma mammosum P. Micheli ex Fr., Tulostoma pedunculatum (L.) Czern.,Family: AgaricaceaeEN: Winter Stalkball, DE: Winter-Stielbovist, Zitzen-Stielbovist, Zitzenstielbovist, Zipfel-StielbovistSlo.: zimski puharDat.: Nov. 9. 2022Lat.: 45.31861 Long.: 13.62120Code: Bot_1497/2022_DSC01744Habitat: small patches of grassland among bushes in garrigue, covered by mosses (about 30% coverage); sandy, skeletal, calcareous ground; dry, sunny place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, elevation 70 m (230 feet), Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy, calcareous soil.Place: 2 km north from village Tar, next to a dead-end dirt road leading toward Mirna river, Istria, Croatia EC.Comments (pertain to pictures in the Flicks album Tulostoma brumale): Taxa of the genus Tulostoma are easy to recognize. The habit of stalked puffballs is so characteristic. However, determinations on species level are many times a completely different story. How many species are in the genus and their taxonomy depend on whom you are willing to listen. The number of taxa varies enormously from a few tens to well over hundred approaching two hundred. Index-Fungorum cites over 180 taxon names in the genus, MycoBank over 250. Every larger new molecular study changes the situation and usually creates new species. Some experts state that only a few of all these taxa can be reliably determined on the basis of morphology only. Microscopy is inevitable. Some professionals even state that reliable determination on basis of a single or a few specimens is not possible and that one has to study populations.Anyway, this find seems to be Tulostoma brumale. This species is also one of the most common. Many morphological and microscopic traits of this find correspond well to descriptions in the literature and yet I am not completely sure that the determination is correct. Probably too dark stripe and too scaly, questionable exoperidium nature, quite 'feeble' reddish-brown halo around peristome and quite often not distinctly tubular peristome projections make me worried. Description: Average peridium diameter (dry state): 8.3 mm, height 6.5 mm (Q=1.3, n= 5); exoperidium seems to be composed from white hypha layer, often interwoven with ground debris, which remains at the bottom of the spore-ball after the stalk grows; membranous endoperidium ocher-brown, like thin parchment; peridium apex generally with projecting peristome, but some fruit bodies almost without projections; brown collar around peristome many times poorly visible; gleba dark ocher-brown with reddish tint; capillitium flexible, thick walled, with strongly and abruptly widening of the capillitial septa, septa without clamps, capillitium here and there covered with fine grains (crystals ?); stalk cylindrical, in most cases quite dark brown coarsely scaly and longitudinally furrowed when dry; average height 23 mm, average stalk diameter 2.1 mm; stalk slightly but consistently tapering toward the base (on exsiccata); Spores globose to sub-globose, coarsely warty. Dimensions: (4.1) 4.4 5.1 (5.4) (3.9) 4.1 4.8 (5.1) m, Q = 1 1.2 (1.,3); N = 40; Me = 4.7 4.4 m; Qe = 1.1. Oympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (hypha); in 5% KOH, dry material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland (peristome, gleba, septa, stalk surface). Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www. gobenabovskem.si (2) K. Rusevska, F. de Diego Calonge, , M. Karadelev, M. P. Martn, Fungal DNA barcode (ITS nrDNA) reveals more diversity than expected in Tulostoma from Macedonia, Turk J Bot, (2019), 43: 102-115. (3) www.first-nature.com/fungi/tulostoma-brumale.php (accessed Nov 30. 2022)(4) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1244. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 180. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 396. (7) Jeppson, M., Alts, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, RH., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A., Larsson, E. Unexpected high species, diversity among European stalked puffballs a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys (2017) 21: 3388. doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176

Tulostoma brumale, Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon pediculatum Bull., Tulostoma lacerum Pers., Tulostoma mammosum P. Micheli ex Fr., Tulostoma pedunculatum (L.) Czern.,Family: AgaricaceaeEN: Winter Stalkball, DE: Winter-Stielbovist, Zitzen-Stielbovist, Zitzenstielbovist, Zipfel-StielbovistSlo.: zimski puharDat.: Nov. 9. 2022Lat.: 45.31861 Long.: 13.62120Code: Bot_1497/2022_DSC01744Habitat: small patches of grassland among bushes in garrigue, covered by mosses (about 30% coverage); sandy, skeletal, calcareous ground; dry, sunny place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, elevation 70 m (230 feet), Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy, calcareous soil.Place: 2 km north from village Tar, next to a dead-end dirt road leading toward Mirna river, Istria, Croatia EC.Comments (pertain to pictures in the Flicks album Tulostoma brumale): Taxa of the genus Tulostoma are easy to recognize. The habit of stalked puffballs is so characteristic. However, determinations on species level are many times a completely different story. How many species are in the genus and their taxonomy depend on whom you are willing to listen. The number of taxa varies enormously from a few tens to well over hundred approaching two hundred. Index-Fungorum cites over 180 taxon names in the genus, MycoBank over 250. Every larger new molecular study changes the situation and usually creates new species. Some experts state that only a few of all these taxa can be reliably determined on the basis of morphology only. Microscopy is inevitable. Some professionals even state that reliable determination on basis of a single or a few specimens is not possible and that one has to study populations.Anyway, this find seems to be Tulostoma brumale. This species is also one of the most common. Many morphological and microscopic traits of this find correspond well to descriptions in the literature and yet I am not completely sure that the determination is correct. Probably too dark stripe and too scaly, questionable exoperidium nature, quite 'feeble' reddish-brown halo around peristome and quite often not distinctly tubular peristome projections make me worried. Description: Average peridium diameter (dry state): 8.3 mm, height 6.5 mm (Q=1.3, n= 5); exoperidium seems to be composed from white hypha layer, often interwoven with ground debris, which remains at the bottom of the spore-ball after the stalk grows; membranous endoperidium ocher-brown, like thin parchment; peridium apex generally with projecting peristome, but some fruit bodies almost without projections; brown collar around peristome many times poorly visible; gleba dark ocher-brown with reddish tint; capillitium flexible, thick walled, with strongly and abruptly widening of the capillitial septa, septa without clamps, capillitium here and there covered with fine grains (crystals ?); stalk cylindrical, in most cases quite dark brown coarsely scaly and longitudinally furrowed when dry; average height 23 mm, average stalk diameter 2.1 mm; stalk slightly but consistently tapering toward the base (on exsiccata); Spores globose to sub-globose, coarsely warty. Dimensions: (4.1) 4.4 5.1 (5.4) (3.9) 4.1 4.8 (5.1) m, Q = 1 1.2 (1.,3); N = 40; Me = 4.7 4.4 m; Qe = 1.1. Oympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (hypha); in 5% KOH, dry material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland (peristome, gleba, septa, stalk surface). Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www. gobenabovskem.si (2) K. Rusevska, F. de Diego Calonge, , M. Karadelev, M. P. Martn, Fungal DNA barcode (ITS nrDNA) reveals more diversity than expected in Tulostoma from Macedonia, Turk J Bot, (2019), 43: 102-115. (3) www.first-nature.com/fungi/tulostoma-brumale.php (accessed Nov 30. 2022)(4) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1244. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 180. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 396. (7) Jeppson, M., Alts, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, RH., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A., Larsson, E. Unexpected high species, diversity among European stalked puffballs a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys (2017) 21: 3388. doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176

Tulostoma brumale, Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon pediculatum Bull., Tulostoma lacerum Pers., Tulostoma mammosum P. Micheli ex Fr., Tulostoma pedunculatum (L.) Czern.,Family: AgaricaceaeEN: Winter Stalkball, DE: Winter-Stielbovist, Zitzen-Stielbovist, Zitzenstielbovist, Zipfel-StielbovistSlo.: zimski puharDat.: Nov. 9. 2022Lat.: 45.31861 Long.: 13.62120Code: Bot_1497/2022_DSC01744Habitat: small patches of grassland among bushes in garrigue, covered by mosses (about 30% coverage); sandy, skeletal, calcareous ground; dry, sunny place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, elevation 70 m (230 feet), Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy, calcareous soil.Place: 2 km north from village Tar, next to a dead-end dirt road leading toward Mirna river, Istria, Croatia EC.Comments (pertain to pictures in the Flicks album Tulostoma brumale): Taxa of the genus Tulostoma are easy to recognize. The habit of stalked puffballs is so characteristic. However, determinations on species level are many times a completely different story. How many species are in the genus and their taxonomy depend on whom you are willing to listen. The number of taxa varies enormously from a few tens to well over hundred approaching two hundred. Index-Fungorum cites over 180 taxon names in the genus, MycoBank over 250. Every larger new molecular study changes the situation and usually creates new species. Some experts state that only a few of all these taxa can be reliably determined on the basis of morphology only. Microscopy is inevitable. Some professionals even state that reliable determination on basis of a single or a few specimens is not possible and that one has to study populations.Anyway, this find seems to be Tulostoma brumale. This species is also one of the most common. Many morphological and microscopic traits of this find correspond well to descriptions in the literature and yet I am not completely sure that the determination is correct. Probably too dark stripe and too scaly, questionable exoperidium nature, quite 'feeble' reddish-brown halo around peristome and quite often not distinctly tubular peristome projections make me worried. Description: Average peridium diameter (dry state): 8.3 mm, height 6.5 mm (Q=1.3, n= 5); exoperidium seems to be composed from white hypha layer, often interwoven with ground debris, which remains at the bottom of the spore-ball after the stalk grows; membranous endoperidium ocher-brown, like thin parchment; peridium apex generally with projecting peristome, but some fruit bodies almost without projections; brown collar around peristome many times poorly visible; gleba dark ocher-brown with reddish tint; capillitium flexible, thick walled, with strongly and abruptly widening of the capillitial septa, septa without clamps, capillitium here and there covered with fine grains (crystals ?); stalk cylindrical, in most cases quite dark brown coarsely scaly and longitudinally furrowed when dry; average height 23 mm, average stalk diameter 2.1 mm; stalk slightly but consistently tapering toward the base (on exsiccata); Spores globose to sub-globose, coarsely warty. Dimensions: (4.1) 4.4 5.1 (5.4) (3.9) 4.1 4.8 (5.1) m, Q = 1 1.2 (1.,3); N = 40; Me = 4.7 4.4 m; Qe = 1.1. Oympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (hypha); in 5% KOH, dry material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland (peristome, gleba, septa, stalk surface). Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www. gobenabovskem.si (2) K. Rusevska, F. de Diego Calonge, , M. Karadelev, M. P. Martn, Fungal DNA barcode (ITS nrDNA) reveals more diversity than expected in Tulostoma from Macedonia, Turk J Bot, (2019), 43: 102-115. (3) www.first-nature.com/fungi/tulostoma-brumale.php (accessed Nov 30. 2022)(4) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1244. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 180. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 396. (7) Jeppson, M., Alts, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, RH., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A., Larsson, E. Unexpected high species, diversity among European stalked puffballs a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys (2017) 21: 3388. doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176

Tulostoma brumale, Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon pediculatum Bull., Tulostoma lacerum Pers., Tulostoma mammosum P. Micheli ex Fr., Tulostoma pedunculatum (L.) Czern.,Family: AgaricaceaeEN: Winter Stalkball, DE: Winter-Stielbovist, Zitzen-Stielbovist, Zitzenstielbovist, Zipfel-StielbovistSlo.: zimski puharDat.: Nov. 9. 2022Lat.: 45.31861 Long.: 13.62120Code: Bot_1497/2022_DSC01744Habitat: small patches of grassland among bushes in garrigue, covered by mosses (about 30% coverage); sandy, skeletal, calcareous ground; dry, sunny place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, elevation 70 m (230 feet), Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy, calcareous soil.Place: 2 km north from village Tar, next to a dead-end dirt road leading toward Mirna river, Istria, Croatia EC.Comments (pertain to pictures in the Flicks album Tulostoma brumale): Taxa of the genus Tulostoma are easy to recognize. The habit of stalked puffballs is so characteristic. However, determinations on species level are many times a completely different story. How many species are in the genus and their taxonomy depend on whom you are willing to listen. The number of taxa varies enormously from a few tens to well over hundred approaching two hundred. Index-Fungorum cites over 180 taxon names in the genus, MycoBank over 250. Every larger new molecular study changes the situation and usually creates new species. Some experts state that only a few of all these taxa can be reliably determined on the basis of morphology only. Microscopy is inevitable. Some professionals even state that reliable determination on basis of a single or a few specimens is not possible and that one has to study populations.Anyway, this find seems to be Tulostoma brumale. This species is also one of the most common. Many morphological and microscopic traits of this find correspond well to descriptions in the literature and yet I am not completely sure that the determination is correct. Probably too dark stripe and too scaly, questionable exoperidium nature, quite 'feeble' reddish-brown halo around peristome and quite often not distinctly tubular peristome projections make me worried. Description: Average peridium diameter (dry state): 8.3 mm, height 6.5 mm (Q=1.3, n= 5); exoperidium seems to be composed from white hypha layer, often interwoven with ground debris, which remains at the bottom of the spore-ball after the stalk grows; membranous endoperidium ocher-brown, like thin parchment; peridium apex generally with projecting peristome, but some fruit bodies almost without projections; brown collar around peristome many times poorly visible; gleba dark ocher-brown with reddish tint; capillitium flexible, thick walled, with strongly and abruptly widening of the capillitial septa, septa without clamps, capillitium here and there covered with fine grains (crystals ?); stalk cylindrical, in most cases quite dark brown coarsely scaly and longitudinally furrowed when dry; average height 23 mm, average stalk diameter 2.1 mm; stalk slightly but consistently tapering toward the base (on exsiccata); Spores globose to sub-globose, coarsely warty. Dimensions: (4.1) 4.4 5.1 (5.4) (3.9) 4.1 4.8 (5.1) m, Q = 1 1.2 (1.,3); N = 40; Me = 4.7 4.4 m; Qe = 1.1. Oympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (hypha); in 5% KOH, dry material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland (peristome, gleba, septa, stalk surface). Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www. gobenabovskem.si (2) K. Rusevska, F. de Diego Calonge, , M. Karadelev, M. P. Martn, Fungal DNA barcode (ITS nrDNA) reveals more diversity than expected in Tulostoma from Macedonia, Turk J Bot, (2019), 43: 102-115. (3) www.first-nature.com/fungi/tulostoma-brumale.php (accessed Nov 30. 2022)(4) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1244. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 180. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 396. (7) Jeppson, M., Alts, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, RH., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A., Larsson, E. Unexpected high species, diversity among European stalked puffballs a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys (2017) 21: 3388. doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176

Tulostoma brumale, Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon pediculatum Bull., Tulostoma lacerum Pers., Tulostoma mammosum P. Micheli ex Fr., Tulostoma pedunculatum (L.) Czern.,Family: AgaricaceaeEN: Winter Stalkball, DE: Winter-Stielbovist, Zitzen-Stielbovist, Zitzenstielbovist, Zipfel-StielbovistSlo.: zimski puharDat.: Nov. 9. 2022Lat.: 45.31861 Long.: 13.62120Code: Bot_1497/2022_DSC01744Habitat: small patches of grassland among bushes in garrigue, covered by mosses (about 30% coverage); sandy, skeletal, calcareous ground; dry, sunny place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, elevation 70 m (230 feet), Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy, calcareous soil.Place: 2 km north from village Tar, next to a dead-end dirt road leading toward Mirna river, Istria, Croatia EC.Comments (pertain to pictures in the Flicks album Tulostoma brumale): Taxa of the genus Tulostoma are easy to recognize. The habit of stalked puffballs is so characteristic. However, determinations on species level are many times a completely different story. How many species are in the genus and their taxonomy depend on whom you are willing to listen. The number of taxa varies enormously from a few tens to well over hundred approaching two hundred. Index-Fungorum cites over 180 taxon names in the genus, MycoBank over 250. Every larger new molecular study changes the situation and usually creates new species. Some experts state that only a few of all these taxa can be reliably determined on the basis of morphology only. Microscopy is inevitable. Some professionals even state that reliable determination on basis of a single or a few specimens is not possible and that one has to study populations.Anyway, this find seems to be Tulostoma brumale. This species is also one of the most common. Many morphological and microscopic traits of this find correspond well to descriptions in the literature and yet I am not completely sure that the determination is correct. Probably too dark stripe and too scaly, questionable exoperidium nature, quite 'feeble' reddish-brown halo around peristome and quite often not distinctly tubular peristome projections make me worried. Description: Average peridium diameter (dry state): 8.3 mm, height 6.5 mm (Q=1.3, n= 5); exoperidium seems to be composed from white hypha layer, often interwoven with ground debris, which remains at the bottom of the spore-ball after the stalk grows; membranous endoperidium ocher-brown, like thin parchment; peridium apex generally with projecting peristome, but some fruit bodies almost without projections; brown collar around peristome many times poorly visible; gleba dark ocher-brown with reddish tint; capillitium flexible, thick walled, with strongly and abruptly widening of the capillitial septa, septa without clamps, capillitium here and there covered with fine grains (crystals ?); stalk cylindrical, in most cases quite dark brown coarsely scaly and longitudinally furrowed when dry; average height 23 mm, average stalk diameter 2.1 mm; stalk slightly but consistently tapering toward the base (on exsiccata); Spores globose to sub-globose, coarsely warty. Dimensions: (4.1) 4.4 5.1 (5.4) (3.9) 4.1 4.8 (5.1) m, Q = 1 1.2 (1.,3); N = 40; Me = 4.7 4.4 m; Qe = 1.1. Oympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (hypha); in 5% KOH, dry material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland (peristome, gleba, septa, stalk surface). Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www. gobenabovskem.si (2) K. Rusevska, F. de Diego Calonge, , M. Karadelev, M. P. Martn, Fungal DNA barcode (ITS nrDNA) reveals more diversity than expected in Tulostoma from Macedonia, Turk J Bot, (2019), 43: 102-115. (3) www.first-nature.com/fungi/tulostoma-brumale.php (accessed Nov 30. 2022)(4) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1244. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 180. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 396. (7) Jeppson, M., Alts, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, RH., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A., Larsson, E. Unexpected high species, diversity among European stalked puffballs a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys (2017) 21: 3388. doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176

Borssele, Zeeland, Netherlands

Tulostoma brumale, Pers., syn.: Lycoperdon pediculatum Bull., Tulostoma lacerum Pers., Tulostoma mammosum P. Micheli ex Fr., Tulostoma pedunculatum (L.) Czern.,Family: AgaricaceaeEN: Winter Stalkball, DE: Winter-Stielbovist, Zitzen-Stielbovist, Zitzenstielbovist, Zipfel-StielbovistSlo.: zimski puharDat.: Nov. 9. 2022Lat.: 45.31861 Long.: 13.62120Code: Bot_1497/2022_DSC01744Habitat: small patches of grassland among bushes in garrigue, covered by mosses (about 30% coverage); sandy, skeletal, calcareous ground; dry, sunny place; exposed to direct rain, average precipitations ~ 1.000 mm/year, average temperature 10-12 deg C, elevation 70 m (230 feet), Sub-Mediterranean phytogeographical region. Substratum: sandy, calcareous soil.Place: 2 km north from village Tar, next to a dead-end dirt road leading toward Mirna river, Istria, Croatia EC.Comments (pertain to pictures in the Flicks album Tulostoma brumale): Taxa of the genus Tulostoma are easy to recognize. The habit of stalked puffballs is so characteristic. However, determinations on species level are many times a completely different story. How many species are in the genus and their taxonomy depend on whom you are willing to listen. The number of taxa varies enormously from a few tens to well over hundred approaching two hundred. Index-Fungorum cites over 180 taxon names in the genus, MycoBank over 250. Every larger new molecular study changes the situation and usually creates new species. Some experts state that only a few of all these taxa can be reliably determined on the basis of morphology only. Microscopy is inevitable. Some professionals even state that reliable determination on basis of a single or a few specimens is not possible and that one has to study populations.Anyway, this find seems to be Tulostoma brumale. This species is also one of the most common. Many morphological and microscopic traits of this find correspond well to descriptions in the literature and yet I am not completely sure that the determination is correct. Probably too dark stripe and too scaly, questionable exoperidium nature, quite 'feeble' reddish-brown halo around peristome and quite often not distinctly tubular peristome projections make me worried. Description: Average peridium diameter (dry state): 8.3 mm, height 6.5 mm (Q=1.3, n= 5); exoperidium seems to be composed from white hypha layer, often interwoven with ground debris, which remains at the bottom of the spore-ball after the stalk grows; membranous endoperidium ocher-brown, like thin parchment; peridium apex generally with projecting peristome, but some fruit bodies almost without projections; brown collar around peristome many times poorly visible; gleba dark ocher-brown with reddish tint; capillitium flexible, thick walled, with strongly and abruptly widening of the capillitial septa, septa without clamps, capillitium here and there covered with fine grains (crystals ?); stalk cylindrical, in most cases quite dark brown coarsely scaly and longitudinally furrowed when dry; average height 23 mm, average stalk diameter 2.1 mm; stalk slightly but consistently tapering toward the base (on exsiccata); Spores globose to sub-globose, coarsely warty. Dimensions: (4.1) 4.4 5.1 (5.4) (3.9) 4.1 4.8 (5.1) m, Q = 1 1.2 (1.,3); N = 40; Me = 4.7 4.4 m; Qe = 1.1. Oympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), NEA 10x/0.25, magnification 100x (hypha); in 5% KOH, dry material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. Novex, Zoom Stereo RZ_Range, Holland (peristome, gleba, septa, stalk surface). Ref.: (1) Personal communication with Mr. Bojan Rot, www. gobenabovskem.si (2) K. Rusevska, F. de Diego Calonge, , M. Karadelev, M. P. Martn, Fungal DNA barcode (ITS nrDNA) reveals more diversity than expected in Tulostoma from Macedonia, Turk J Bot, (2019), 43: 102-115. (3) www.first-nature.com/fungi/tulostoma-brumale.php (accessed Nov 30. 2022)(4) T. Lsse, J.H. Petersen, Fungi of temperate Europe, Vol. 2., Princeton University Press (2019), p 1244. (5) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 180. (6) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 396. (7) Jeppson, M., Alts, A., Moreno, G., Nilsson, RH., Loarce, Y., de Bustos, A., Larsson, E. Unexpected high species, diversity among European stalked puffballs a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales). MycoKeys (2017) 21: 3388. doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.21.12176

Tulostoma fimbriatum Fr., syn.: Tulostoma granulosum LeveilleFringed Stalkball, DE: Gewimperte StielbovistSlo.: resasti puharDat.: Sept. 25. 2015Lat.: 46.36021 Long.: 13.70228Code: Bot_914/2015_DSC9243Habitat: growing from crevices among limestone rocks of a dry wall forming border of a pasture; mosses, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Geranium macrorrhizum, Geranium robertianum, Sedum album also growing on the wall; about 1 m above ground level; half sunny, dry place, south aspect; partly under a large Tilia cordata canopy; partly protected from direct rain by it; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7 - 9 deg C, elevation 600 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical regionSubstratum: small amount of mixture of sandy soil and raw humus plus mosses among limestone rocks.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa between villages Soa and Trenta, 'Na melu' place near cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Spore sac subglobose, diameter 11 mm, height 9.5 mm; peridium quite firm, with granular surface (adhering grains) particularly at the bottom of it; much of spore material has already gone (seems an older sporocarp); peridium hole almost without projecting peristome, irregular, with fibrous edge, no darker hallo around it; stalk 55 mm long, spindle shaped, diameter 3.5 mm at the apex and 5 mm max at about 1/3 of its height, tough and hard, not pliant, very coarsely fibrous; fruitbody no smell, taste not tested; volva almost absent; capillitium hypha abundant, long, firm, elastic, thick walled, branched, rough on several places, septa rare, no clamps observed, hypha not much inflated at the septa; crystals very rare (if at all present); spore on mass and SP rusty-brown, oac684. Fruitbody was growing solitary.There are two species of genus Tulostoma listed in Slovenian check list of fungi - Tulostoma brumale and Tulostoma fimbriatum. The most common species of this genus is Tulostoma brumale, but observed traits apparently do not fit to it. This observation has very indistinctive volva (just a few brown scales), fruitbody has almost no projecting peristome and brownish hallo around it, crystals have been barely seen (if at all?), spores are too large and hypha at the septa is not or only slightly inflated (not strongly as for Tulostoma brumale according to Ref.:3 and others). Apparently macro- and microscopic traits fit well to Tulostoma fimbriatum. Habitat seems at first a bit strange (usually found on sandy soil and dunes) but Ref.:1. explicitly states also ' ... solitary also on old walls made of calcareous rocks...'. The only thing, which puzzles me, is spore surface. Shape and size if the spores agree with expectations reasonably well, however, all sources agree that their surface should be (minutely?) warty. My observations barely show 'warts'. Actually spores look like slightly polygonal, some warts can be seen here and there, but some spores seem also completely smooth (not in focus?). This could be due to my poor equipment and experience or the warts are very low, or they can be seen only if colored, or the spores are not yet mature (doesn't seem the case according to the condition of the fruitbody), or possibly this is not Tulostoma fimbriatum. Spores subglobose and variably shaped. Dimensions: 4.5 [5.2 ; 5.5] 6.2 x 4 [4.6 ; 4.8] 5.4 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.4; N = 40 ; C = 95%; Me = 5.4 x 4.7 microns; Qe = 1.2. Hypha diameter: 2.9 [4 ; 4.5] 5.6 microns; N = 29 ; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 microns (Ref.:2. 3 - 6 microns). Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores, septa); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1096. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 396.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 181. (4) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3. Auflage (1994), p 511.(5) M.Bon, Parey'sBuch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 300. (6) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 444.

Tulostoma fimbriatum Fr., syn.: Tulostoma granulosum LeveilleFringed Stalkball, DE: Gewimperte StielbovistSlo.: resasti puharDat.: Sept. 25. 2015Lat.: 46.36021 Long.: 13.70228Code: Bot_914/2015_DSC9243Habitat: growing from crevices among limestone rocks of a dry wall forming border of a pasture; mosses, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Geranium macrorrhizum, Geranium robertianum, Sedum album also growing on the wall; about 1 m above ground level; half sunny, dry place, south aspect; partly under a large Tilia cordata canopy; partly protected from direct rain by it; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7 - 9 deg C, elevation 600 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical regionSubstratum: small amount of mixture of sandy soil and raw humus plus mosses among limestone rocks.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa between villages Soa and Trenta, 'Na melu' place near cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Spore sac subglobose, diameter 11 mm, height 9.5 mm; peridium quite firm, with granular surface (adhering grains) particularly at the bottom of it; much of spore material has already gone (seems an older sporocarp); peridium hole almost without projecting peristome, irregular, with fibrous edge, no darker hallo around it; stalk 55 mm long, spindle shaped, diameter 3.5 mm at the apex and 5 mm max at about 1/3 of its height, tough and hard, not pliant, very coarsely fibrous; fruitbody no smell, taste not tested; volva almost absent; capillitium hypha abundant, long, firm, elastic, thick walled, branched, rough on several places, septa rare, no clamps observed, hypha not much inflated at the septa; crystals very rare (if at all present); spore on mass and SP rusty-brown, oac684. Fruitbody was growing solitary.There are two species of genus Tulostoma listed in Slovenian check list of fungi - Tulostoma brumale and Tulostoma fimbriatum. The most common species of this genus is Tulostoma brumale, but observed traits apparently do not fit to it. This observation has very indistinctive volva (just a few brown scales), fruitbody has almost no projecting peristome and brownish hallo around it, crystals have been barely seen (if at all?), spores are too large and hypha at the septa is not or only slightly inflated (not strongly as for Tulostoma brumale according to Ref.:3 and others). Apparently macro- and microscopic traits fit well to Tulostoma fimbriatum. Habitat seems at first a bit strange (usually found on sandy soil and dunes) but Ref.:1. explicitly states also ' ... solitary also on old walls made of calcareous rocks...'. The only thing, which puzzles me, is spore surface. Shape and size if the spores agree with expectations reasonably well, however, all sources agree that their surface should be (minutely?) warty. My observations barely show 'warts'. Actually spores look like slightly polygonal, some warts can be seen here and there, but some spores seem also completely smooth (not in focus?). This could be due to my poor equipment and experience or the warts are very low, or they can be seen only if colored, or the spores are not yet mature (doesn't seem the case according to the condition of the fruitbody), or possibly this is not Tulostoma fimbriatum. Spores subglobose and variably shaped. Dimensions: 4.5 [5.2 ; 5.5] 6.2 x 4 [4.6 ; 4.8] 5.4 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.4; N = 40 ; C = 95%; Me = 5.4 x 4.7 microns; Qe = 1.2. Hypha diameter: 2.9 [4 ; 4.5] 5.6 microns; N = 29 ; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 microns (Ref.:2. 3 - 6 microns). Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores, septa); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1096. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 396.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 181. (4) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3. Auflage (1994), p 511.(5) M.Bon, Parey'sBuch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 300. (6) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 444.

Tulostoma fimbriatum Fr., syn.: Tulostoma granulosum LeveilleFringed Stalkball, DE: Gewimperte StielbovistSlo.: resasti puharDat.: Sept. 25. 2015Lat.: 46.36021 Long.: 13.70228Code: Bot_914/2015_DSC9243Habitat: growing from crevices among limestone rocks of a dry wall forming border of a pasture; mosses, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Geranium macrorrhizum, Geranium robertianum, Sedum album also growing on the wall; about 1 m above ground level; half sunny, dry place, south aspect; partly under a large Tilia cordata canopy; partly protected from direct rain by it; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7 - 9 deg C, elevation 600 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical regionSubstratum: small amount of mixture of sandy soil and raw humus plus mosses among limestone rocks.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa between villages Soa and Trenta, 'Na melu' place near cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Spore sac subglobose, diameter 11 mm, height 9.5 mm; peridium quite firm, with granular surface (adhering grains) particularly at the bottom of it; much of spore material has already gone (seems an older sporocarp); peridium hole almost without projecting peristome, irregular, with fibrous edge, no darker hallo around it; stalk 55 mm long, spindle shaped, diameter 3.5 mm at the apex and 5 mm max at about 1/3 of its height, tough and hard, not pliant, very coarsely fibrous; fruitbody no smell, taste not tested; volva almost absent; capillitium hypha abundant, long, firm, elastic, thick walled, branched, rough on several places, septa rare, no clamps observed, hypha not much inflated at the septa; crystals very rare (if at all present); spore on mass and SP rusty-brown, oac684. Fruitbody was growing solitary.There are two species of genus Tulostoma listed in Slovenian check list of fungi - Tulostoma brumale and Tulostoma fimbriatum. The most common species of this genus is Tulostoma brumale, but observed traits apparently do not fit to it. This observation has very indistinctive volva (just a few brown scales), fruitbody has almost no projecting peristome and brownish hallo around it, crystals have been barely seen (if at all?), spores are too large and hypha at the septa is not or only slightly inflated (not strongly as for Tulostoma brumale according to Ref.:3 and others). Apparently macro- and microscopic traits fit well to Tulostoma fimbriatum. Habitat seems at first a bit strange (usually found on sandy soil and dunes) but Ref.:1. explicitly states also ' ... solitary also on old walls made of calcareous rocks...'. The only thing, which puzzles me, is spore surface. Shape and size if the spores agree with expectations reasonably well, however, all sources agree that their surface should be (minutely?) warty. My observations barely show 'warts'. Actually spores look like slightly polygonal, some warts can be seen here and there, but some spores seem also completely smooth (not in focus?). This could be due to my poor equipment and experience or the warts are very low, or they can be seen only if colored, or the spores are not yet mature (doesn't seem the case according to the condition of the fruitbody), or possibly this is not Tulostoma fimbriatum. Spores subglobose and variably shaped. Dimensions: 4.5 [5.2 ; 5.5] 6.2 x 4 [4.6 ; 4.8] 5.4 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.4; N = 40 ; C = 95%; Me = 5.4 x 4.7 microns; Qe = 1.2. Hypha diameter: 2.9 [4 ; 4.5] 5.6 microns; N = 29 ; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 microns (Ref.:2. 3 - 6 microns). Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores, septa); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1096. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 396.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 181. (4) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3. Auflage (1994), p 511.(5) M.Bon, Parey'sBuch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 300. (6) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 444.

Tulostoma fimbriatum Fr., syn.: Tulostoma granulosum LeveilleFringed Stalkball, DE: Gewimperte StielbovistSlo.: resasti puharDat.: Sept. 25. 2015Lat.: 46.36021 Long.: 13.70228Code: Bot_914/2015_DSC9243Habitat: growing from crevices among limestone rocks of a dry wall forming border of a pasture; mosses, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Geranium macrorrhizum, Geranium robertianum, Sedum album also growing on the wall; about 1 m above ground level; half sunny, dry place, south aspect; partly under a large Tilia cordata canopy; partly protected from direct rain by it; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7 - 9 deg C, elevation 600 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical regionSubstratum: small amount of mixture of sandy soil and raw humus plus mosses among limestone rocks.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa between villages Soa and Trenta, 'Na melu' place near cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Spore sac subglobose, diameter 11 mm, height 9.5 mm; peridium quite firm, with granular surface (adhering grains) particularly at the bottom of it; much of spore material has already gone (seems an older sporocarp); peridium hole almost without projecting peristome, irregular, with fibrous edge, no darker hallo around it; stalk 55 mm long, spindle shaped, diameter 3.5 mm at the apex and 5 mm max at about 1/3 of its height, tough and hard, not pliant, very coarsely fibrous; fruitbody no smell, taste not tested; volva almost absent; capillitium hypha abundant, long, firm, elastic, thick walled, branched, rough on several places, septa rare, no clamps observed, hypha not much inflated at the septa; crystals very rare (if at all present); spore on mass and SP rusty-brown, oac684. Fruitbody was growing solitary.There are two species of genus Tulostoma listed in Slovenian check list of fungi - Tulostoma brumale and Tulostoma fimbriatum. The most common species of this genus is Tulostoma brumale, but observed traits apparently do not fit to it. This observation has very indistinctive volva (just a few brown scales), fruitbody has almost no projecting peristome and brownish hallo around it, crystals have been barely seen (if at all?), spores are too large and hypha at the septa is not or only slightly inflated (not strongly as for Tulostoma brumale according to Ref.:3 and others). Apparently macro- and microscopic traits fit well to Tulostoma fimbriatum. Habitat seems at first a bit strange (usually found on sandy soil and dunes) but Ref.:1. explicitly states also ' ... solitary also on old walls made of calcareous rocks...'. The only thing, which puzzles me, is spore surface. Shape and size if the spores agree with expectations reasonably well, however, all sources agree that their surface should be (minutely?) warty. My observations barely show 'warts'. Actually spores look like slightly polygonal, some warts can be seen here and there, but some spores seem also completely smooth (not in focus?). This could be due to my poor equipment and experience or the warts are very low, or they can be seen only if colored, or the spores are not yet mature (doesn't seem the case according to the condition of the fruitbody), or possibly this is not Tulostoma fimbriatum. Spores subglobose and variably shaped. Dimensions: 4.5 [5.2 ; 5.5] 6.2 x 4 [4.6 ; 4.8] 5.4 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.4; N = 40 ; C = 95%; Me = 5.4 x 4.7 microns; Qe = 1.2. Hypha diameter: 2.9 [4 ; 4.5] 5.6 microns; N = 29 ; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 microns (Ref.:2. 3 - 6 microns). Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores, septa); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1096. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 396.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 181. (4) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3. Auflage (1994), p 511.(5) M.Bon, Parey'sBuch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 300. (6) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 444.

Tulostoma fimbriatum Fr., syn.: Tulostoma granulosum LeveilleFringed Stalkball, DE: Gewimperte StielbovistSlo.: resasti puharDat.: Sept. 25. 2015Lat.: 46.36021 Long.: 13.70228Code: Bot_914/2015_DSC9243Habitat: growing from crevices among limestone rocks of a dry wall forming border of a pasture; mosses, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Geranium macrorrhizum, Geranium robertianum, Sedum album also growing on the wall; about 1 m above ground level; half sunny, dry place, south aspect; partly under a large Tilia cordata canopy; partly protected from direct rain by it; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7 - 9 deg C, elevation 600 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical regionSubstratum: small amount of mixture of sandy soil and raw humus plus mosses among limestone rocks.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa between villages Soa and Trenta, 'Na melu' place near cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Spore sac subglobose, diameter 11 mm, height 9.5 mm; peridium quite firm, with granular surface (adhering grains) particularly at the bottom of it; much of spore material has already gone (seems an older sporocarp); peridium hole almost without projecting peristome, irregular, with fibrous edge, no darker hallo around it; stalk 55 mm long, spindle shaped, diameter 3.5 mm at the apex and 5 mm max at about 1/3 of its height, tough and hard, not pliant, very coarsely fibrous; fruitbody no smell, taste not tested; volva almost absent; capillitium hypha abundant, long, firm, elastic, thick walled, branched, rough on several places, septa rare, no clamps observed, hypha not much inflated at the septa; crystals very rare (if at all present); spore on mass and SP rusty-brown, oac684. Fruitbody was growing solitary.There are two species of genus Tulostoma listed in Slovenian check list of fungi - Tulostoma brumale and Tulostoma fimbriatum. The most common species of this genus is Tulostoma brumale, but observed traits apparently do not fit to it. This observation has very indistinctive volva (just a few brown scales), fruitbody has almost no projecting peristome and brownish hallo around it, crystals have been barely seen (if at all?), spores are too large and hypha at the septa is not or only slightly inflated (not strongly as for Tulostoma brumale according to Ref.:3 and others). Apparently macro- and microscopic traits fit well to Tulostoma fimbriatum. Habitat seems at first a bit strange (usually found on sandy soil and dunes) but Ref.:1. explicitly states also ' ... solitary also on old walls made of calcareous rocks...'. The only thing, which puzzles me, is spore surface. Shape and size if the spores agree with expectations reasonably well, however, all sources agree that their surface should be (minutely?) warty. My observations barely show 'warts'. Actually spores look like slightly polygonal, some warts can be seen here and there, but some spores seem also completely smooth (not in focus?). This could be due to my poor equipment and experience or the warts are very low, or they can be seen only if colored, or the spores are not yet mature (doesn't seem the case according to the condition of the fruitbody), or possibly this is not Tulostoma fimbriatum. Spores subglobose and variably shaped. Dimensions: 4.5 [5.2 ; 5.5] 6.2 x 4 [4.6 ; 4.8] 5.4 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.4; N = 40 ; C = 95%; Me = 5.4 x 4.7 microns; Qe = 1.2. Hypha diameter: 2.9 [4 ; 4.5] 5.6 microns; N = 29 ; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 microns (Ref.:2. 3 - 6 microns). Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores, septa); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1096. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 396.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 181. (4) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3. Auflage (1994), p 511.(5) M.Bon, Parey'sBuch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 300. (6) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 444.

Tulostoma fimbriatum Fr., syn.: Tulostoma granulosum LeveilleFringed Stalkball, DE: Gewimperte StielbovistSlo.: resasti puharDat.: Sept. 25. 2015Lat.: 46.36021 Long.: 13.70228Code: Bot_914/2015_DSC9243Habitat: growing from crevices among limestone rocks of a dry wall forming border of a pasture; mosses, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Geranium macrorrhizum, Geranium robertianum, Sedum album also growing on the wall; about 1 m above ground level; half sunny, dry place, south aspect; partly under a large Tilia cordata canopy; partly protected from direct rain by it; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7 - 9 deg C, elevation 600 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical regionSubstratum: small amount of mixture of sandy soil and raw humus plus mosses among limestone rocks.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa between villages Soa and Trenta, 'Na melu' place near cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Spore sac subglobose, diameter 11 mm, height 9.5 mm; peridium quite firm, with granular surface (adhering grains) particularly at the bottom of it; much of spore material has already gone (seems an older sporocarp); peridium hole almost without projecting peristome, irregular, with fibrous edge, no darker hallo around it; stalk 55 mm long, spindle shaped, diameter 3.5 mm at the apex and 5 mm max at about 1/3 of its height, tough and hard, not pliant, very coarsely fibrous; fruitbody no smell, taste not tested; volva almost absent; capillitium hypha abundant, long, firm, elastic, thick walled, branched, rough on several places, septa rare, no clamps observed, hypha not much inflated at the septa; crystals very rare (if at all present); spore on mass and SP rusty-brown, oac684. Fruitbody was growing solitary.There are two species of genus Tulostoma listed in Slovenian check list of fungi - Tulostoma brumale and Tulostoma fimbriatum. The most common species of this genus is Tulostoma brumale, but observed traits apparently do not fit to it. This observation has very indistinctive volva (just a few brown scales), fruitbody has almost no projecting peristome and brownish hallo around it, crystals have been barely seen (if at all?), spores are too large and hypha at the septa is not or only slightly inflated (not strongly as for Tulostoma brumale according to Ref.:3 and others). Apparently macro- and microscopic traits fit well to Tulostoma fimbriatum. Habitat seems at first a bit strange (usually found on sandy soil and dunes) but Ref.:1. explicitly states also ' ... solitary also on old walls made of calcareous rocks...'. The only thing, which puzzles me, is spore surface. Shape and size if the spores agree with expectations reasonably well, however, all sources agree that their surface should be (minutely?) warty. My observations barely show 'warts'. Actually spores look like slightly polygonal, some warts can be seen here and there, but some spores seem also completely smooth (not in focus?). This could be due to my poor equipment and experience or the warts are very low, or they can be seen only if colored, or the spores are not yet mature (doesn't seem the case according to the condition of the fruitbody), or possibly this is not Tulostoma fimbriatum. Spores subglobose and variably shaped. Dimensions: 4.5 [5.2 ; 5.5] 6.2 x 4 [4.6 ; 4.8] 5.4 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.4; N = 40 ; C = 95%; Me = 5.4 x 4.7 microns; Qe = 1.2. Hypha diameter: 2.9 [4 ; 4.5] 5.6 microns; N = 29 ; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 microns (Ref.:2. 3 - 6 microns). Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores, septa); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1096. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 396.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 181. (4) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3. Auflage (1994), p 511.(5) M.Bon, Parey'sBuch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 300. (6) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 444.

Tulostoma fimbriatum Fr., syn.: Tulostoma granulosum LeveilleFringed Stalkball, DE: Gewimperte StielbovistSlo.: resasti puharDat.: Sept. 25. 2015Lat.: 46.36021 Long.: 13.70228Code: Bot_914/2015_DSC9243Habitat: growing from crevices among limestone rocks of a dry wall forming border of a pasture; mosses, Asplenium trichomanes, Asplenium ruta-muraria, Geranium macrorrhizum, Geranium robertianum, Sedum album also growing on the wall; about 1 m above ground level; half sunny, dry place, south aspect; partly under a large Tilia cordata canopy; partly protected from direct rain by it; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7 - 9 deg C, elevation 600 m (2.000 feet), alpine phytogeographical regionSubstratum: small amount of mixture of sandy soil and raw humus plus mosses among limestone rocks.Place: Lower Trenta valley, right bank of river Soa between villages Soa and Trenta, 'Na melu' place near cottage Trenta 2b, East Julian Alps, Posoje, Slovenia EC Comments: Spore sac subglobose, diameter 11 mm, height 9.5 mm; peridium quite firm, with granular surface (adhering grains) particularly at the bottom of it; much of spore material has already gone (seems an older sporocarp); peridium hole almost without projecting peristome, irregular, with fibrous edge, no darker hallo around it; stalk 55 mm long, spindle shaped, diameter 3.5 mm at the apex and 5 mm max at about 1/3 of its height, tough and hard, not pliant, very coarsely fibrous; fruitbody no smell, taste not tested; volva almost absent; capillitium hypha abundant, long, firm, elastic, thick walled, branched, rough on several places, septa rare, no clamps observed, hypha not much inflated at the septa; crystals very rare (if at all present); spore on mass and SP rusty-brown, oac684. Fruitbody was growing solitary.There are two species of genus Tulostoma listed in Slovenian check list of fungi - Tulostoma brumale and Tulostoma fimbriatum. The most common species of this genus is Tulostoma brumale, but observed traits apparently do not fit to it. This observation has very indistinctive volva (just a few brown scales), fruitbody has almost no projecting peristome and brownish hallo around it, crystals have been barely seen (if at all?), spores are too large and hypha at the septa is not or only slightly inflated (not strongly as for Tulostoma brumale according to Ref.:3 and others). Apparently macro- and microscopic traits fit well to Tulostoma fimbriatum. Habitat seems at first a bit strange (usually found on sandy soil and dunes) but Ref.:1. explicitly states also ' ... solitary also on old walls made of calcareous rocks...'. The only thing, which puzzles me, is spore surface. Shape and size if the spores agree with expectations reasonably well, however, all sources agree that their surface should be (minutely?) warty. My observations barely show 'warts'. Actually spores look like slightly polygonal, some warts can be seen here and there, but some spores seem also completely smooth (not in focus?). This could be due to my poor equipment and experience or the warts are very low, or they can be seen only if colored, or the spores are not yet mature (doesn't seem the case according to the condition of the fruitbody), or possibly this is not Tulostoma fimbriatum. Spores subglobose and variably shaped. Dimensions: 4.5 [5.2 ; 5.5] 6.2 x 4 [4.6 ; 4.8] 5.4 microns; Q = 0.9 [1.1 ; 1.2] 1.4; N = 40 ; C = 95%; Me = 5.4 x 4.7 microns; Qe = 1.2. Hypha diameter: 2.9 [4 ; 4.5] 5.6 microns; N = 29 ; C = 95%; Me = 4.2 microns (Ref.:2. 3 - 6 microns). Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores, septa); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (hypha), in water. AmScope MA500 digital camera.Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJFRef.:(1) R.M. Daehncke, 1200 Pilze in Farbfotos, AT Verlag (2009), p 1096. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 396.(3) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 181. (4) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3. Auflage (1994), p 511.(5) M.Bon, Parey'sBuch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 300. (6) S.Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 444.