The ochrophytes (subphylum Ochrophytina) is a group of mostly photosynthetic stramenopiles (heterokonts).[5][6] Their plastid is of red algal origin.[7]
The classification of the group is still being worked out. Originally, the ochrophytes were regarded as a phylum denominated Ochrophyta. Some authors (e.g., Cavalier-Smith) divided it into two subphyla, Phaeista Cavalier-Smith 1995 (comprising Hypogyristea and Chrysista in some classifications, or Limnista and Marista in others) and Khakista Cavalier-Smith, 2000 (comprising Bolidomonas and diatoms).[8] Others prefer not to use the subphyla, listing only lower taxa (e.g., Reviers, 2002, Guiry & Guiry, 2014).
However, it is currently regarded as a subphylum inside of the phylum Gyrista, along with Pseudofungi and Bigyromonada. It contains two infraphyla: Diatomista (containing diatoms and related groups) and Chrysista (containing brown and golden algae and related groups).[9]
Phylogeny
The cladogram below shows the evolutionary relationships between all ochrophyte classes. It is based on the latest phylogenetic analyses:[10][9][11][12]
Ochrophytina Chrysista “SI clade”
Fucistia Xanthophyceae – yellow-green algae
Allorge ex Fritsch 1935
Chrysoparadoxophyceae
Wetherbee et al. 2019
Phaeosacciophyceae
R.A.Andersen, L.Graf & H.S.Yoon 2020
Schizocladiophyceae
Henry, Okuda & Kawai 2003
Phaeophyceae – brown algae
Kjellman 1891
Aurophyceae
Cavalier-Smith 2013
“PX clade”
Raphidoistia Raphidophyceae
Chadefaud ex Silva 1980
“SII clade”
Olisthodiscophyceae
Barcytė, Eikrem & M. Eliáš 2021
Limnistia Chrysophyceae – golden algae
Pascher 1914
Synchromophyceae
Horn et al. 2007
Eustigmatophyceae
Hibberd & Leedale 1971
Diatomista Hypogyrista Dictyochophyceae
Silva 1980
Pinguiophyceae
Kawachi et al. 2002
Khakista Bolidophyceae
Guillou & Chretiennot-Dinet 1999
Bacillariophyceae – diatoms
Dangeard 1933
“SIII clade”
Classification
Below is the present classification of ochrophytes,[13][9] with the inclusion of three new classes of algae described in 2019,[14] 2020[11] and 2021.[12]
- Infraphylum Chrysista Cavalier-Smith 1991
- Superclass Limnistia Cavalier-Smith 1996 emend. 2006
- Class Eustigmatophyceae Hibberd & Leedale 1971
- Class Chrysomonadea Saville-Kent 1881 stat. nov. Pascher 1910 emend. Cavalier-Smith 2017 [=Chrysophyceae Pascher 1914]
- Class Picophagea Cavalier-Smith 2006 emend. 2017 [=Synchromophyceae Horn et al. 2007]
- Superclass Raphidoistia Cavalier-Smith 1986 orth. mut. 2006
- Superclass Fucistia Cavalier-Smith 1995
- Infraphylum Diatomista Derelle et al. ex Cavalier-Smith 2017
- Superclass Hypogyrista Cavalier-Smith 1995 stat. nov. 2006
- Superclass Khakista Cavalier-Smith 2000 stat. nov. 2017[9]
- Class Bolidophyceae Guillou & Chretiennot-Dinet 1999
- Class Diatomeae Dumortier 1821 [=Bacillariae Haeckel 1878; Bacillariophyceae Dangeard 1933]
- Ochrophytina incertae sedis
Notes
References
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^ Cavalier-Smith T (1995). "Zooflagellate phylogeny and classification". Cytology. 37 (11): 1010–1029. PMID 8868448.
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^ Cavalier-Smith, T. (1986). The kingdom Chromista, origin and systematics. In: Round, F.E. and Chapman, D.J. (eds.). Progress in Phycological Research. 4: 309–347.
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^ Reviers, B. de. (2006). Biologia e Filogenia das Algas. Editora Artmed, Porto Alegre, p. 157.
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^ Reviers, B. de. (2006). Biologia e Filogenia das Algas. Editora Artmed, Porto Alegre, pp. 15-16.
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^ Thomas Cavalier-Smith & Ema E.-Y. Chao (2006). "Phylogeny and megasystematics of phagotrophic heterokonts (kingdom Chromista)". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 62 (4): 388–420. Bibcode:2006JMolE..62..388C. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8. PMID 16557340. S2CID 29567514.
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^ Ingvild Riisberga; Russell J. S. Orr; Ragnhild Kluge; Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi; Holly A. Bowers; Vishwanath Patil; Bente Edvardsen; Kjetill S. Jakobsen (2009). "Seven gene phylogeny of heterokonts". Protist. 160 (2): 191–204. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2008.11.004. PMID 19213601.
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^ Ševčíková T, Horák A, Klimeš V, et al. (2015). "Updating algal evolutionary relationships through plastid genome sequencing: did alveolate plastids emerge through endosymbiosis of an ochrophyte?". Sci Rep. 5: 10134. doi:10.1038/srep10134.
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^ "Heterokontophyta". SHIGEN. National Institute of Genetics. Retrieved June 18, 2009.
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^ a b c d e Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255 (1): 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. PMID 28875267.
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^ Derelle R, López-García P, Timpano H, Moreira D (November 2016). "A Phylogenomic Framework to Study the Diversity and Evolution of Stramenopiles (=Heterokonts)". Mol Biol Evol. 33 (11): 2890–2898. doi:10.1093/molbev/msw168. PMC 5482393. PMID 27512113.
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^ a b c Graf L, Yang EC, Han KY, Küpper FC, Benes KM, Oyadomari JK, Herbert RJH, Verbruggen H, Wetherbee R, Andersen RA, Yoon HS (December 2020). "Multigene Phylogeny, Morphological Observation and Re-examination of the Literature Lead to the Description of the Phaeosacciophyceae Classis Nova and Four New Species of the Heterokontophyta SI Clade". Protist. 171 (6): 125781. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2020.125781. PMID 33278705. S2CID 227315556.
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^ a b c d Dovilė Barcytė, Wenche Eikrem, Anette Engesmo, Sergio Seoane, Jens Wohlmann, Aleš Horák, Tatiana Yurchenko, Marek Eliáš (2 March 2021). "Olisthodiscus represents a new class of Ochrophyta". Journal of Phycology. 57 (4): 1094–1118. doi:10.1111/jpy.13155. PMID 33655496.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) -
^ Silberfeld T, Rousseau F, de Reviers B (2014). "An Updated Classification of Brown Algae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae)". Cryptogamie, Algologie. 35 (2): 117–156. doi:10.7872/crya.v35.iss2.2014.117. S2CID 86227768.
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^ a b Wetherbee R, Jackson CJ, Repetti SI, Clementson LA, Costa JF, van de Meene A, Crawford S, Verbruggen H (April 2019). "The golden paradox - a new heterokont lineage with chloroplasts surrounded by two membranes". J Phycol. 55 (2): 257–278. doi:10.1111/jpy.12822. hdl:11343/233613. PMID 30536815. S2CID 54477112.
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^ Kai A, Yoshii Y, Nakayama T, Inouye I (2008). "Aurearenophyceae classis nova, a New Class of Heterokontophyta Based on a New Marine Unicellular Alga Aurearena cruciata gen. et sp. nov. Inhabiting Sandy Beaches". Protist. 159 (3): 435–457. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2007.12.003. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 18358776.
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^ Craig Bailey J, Bidigare RR, Christensen SJ, Andersen RA (September 1998). "Phaeothamniophyceae Classis Nova: A New Lineage of Chromophytes Based upon Photosynthetic Pigments, rbcL Sequence Analysis and Ultrastructure". Protist. 149 (3): 245–63. doi:10.1016/S1434-4610(98)70032-X. PMID 23194637.
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^ Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE (22 March 2006). "Phylogeny and Megasystematics of Phagotrophic Heterokonts (Kingdom Chromista)". J Mol Evol. 62 (4): 388–420. Bibcode:2006JMolE..62..388C. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-0353-8. PMID 16557340. S2CID 29567514.
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^ Kawai, Hiroshi; Maeba, Shunsuke; Sasaki, Hideaki; Okuda, Kazuo; Henry, Eric C. (2003). "Schizocladia ischiensis: A New Filamentous Marine Chromophyte Belonging to a New Class, Schizocladiophyceae". Protist. 154 (2): 211–228. doi:10.1078/143446103322166518. ISSN 1434-4610. PMID 13677449.
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^ Hibberd DJ (February 1981). "Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the algal classes Eustigmatophyceae and Tribophyceae (synonym Xanthophyceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 82 (2): 93–119. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1981.tb00954.x.
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^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Scoble, Josephine Margaret (2012). "Phylogeny of Heterokonta: Incisomonas marina, a uniciliate gliding opalozoan related to Solenicola (Nanomonadea), and evidence that Actinophryida evolved from raphidophytes". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (3): 328–353. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.09.002. PMID 23219323.
