Greater Sage Grouse

Ar skilgog-avron^[1] (liester : skilgegi-avron) a zo un evn, Centrocercus urophasianus an anv skiantel anezhañ.

Doareoù pennañ

Ul labous krenndev eo, heverk dre bluñvennoù begek lost ar gour.

Boued

Annez

Bevañ a ra ar spesad en un takad hag a ya eus kornôg Kanada da vervent Stadoù-Unanet Amerika^[2].

Rummatadur

Diouzh an evnoniourien e vez renket ar skilgog-avron er c'herentiad Phasianidae pe Tetraonidae.

Liammoù diavaez

Notennoù ha daveennoù

El gall de les artemises gros (Centrocercus urophasianus) és un ocell de la subfamília dels tetraonins, dins els fasiànids (Phasianidae) que habita hàbitats oberts del quadrant nord-occidental dels Estats Units i zona colindant de Canadà al sud-est d'Alberta, i el sud-oest de Saskatchewan.

Referències

Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Grugiar saets (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: grugieir saets) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Centrocercus urophasianus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Sage grouse. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae) sydd yn urdd y Galliformes.^[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn C. urophasianus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.^[2]

Teulu

Mae'r grugiar saets yn perthyn i deulu'r Ffesantod (Lladin: Phasianidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

Gweler hefyd

• Rhestr Goch yr IUCN

Cyfeiriadau

Tetřívek pelyňkový či tetřívek křovinný (Centrocercus urophasianus) je druh hrabavého ptáka z čeledi tetřevovitých.

Popis a chování

Je to velký hrabavý pták z rodu Centrocercus, kam řadíme i tetřívka malého (C.minimus). Ze všech severoamerických tetřívků je největší. Kohouti mají černou hlavu, bílý opeřený límec na krku, a hrudi, žluté vzdušné vaky šedohnědé tělo a špičatá rýdovací pera. Slepice jsou nenápadně zbarvené před predátory. Během toků a námluv se kohouti ozývají bublavými zvuky ze svých vzdušných vaků, svěšují křídla a mají rozprostřená ocasní pera.

Potrava

Tetřívek pelyňkový se živí částmi různých rostlin a také hmyzem.

Výskyt

Tetřívek pelyňkový je rozšířen na jihu Kanady a v západní části USA.

Reference

1. ↑ Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-09]

Salviehøne (latin: Centrocercus urophasianus) er en fugl i familien fasanfugle, der lever i den vestlige del af Nordamerika.

Kilder

• Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

• Wikimedia Commons har flere filer relateret til Salviehøne

Das Beifußhuhn (Centrocercus urophasianus) ist ein im westlichen Nordamerika lebender Hühnervogel aus der Familie der Fasanenartigen.

Merkmale

Das 65 bis 75 cm lange Beifußhuhn wird 3,5 bis 4 kg schwer, wobei der Hahn deutlich größer ist als die Henne. Das Gefieder beider Geschlechter ist graubraun-weiß gesprenkelt und auf der Unterseite dunkel. Die Schwanzfedern laufen sehr spitz zu, sie werden strahlenförmig aufgefächert und senkrecht über dem Rücken aufgestellt. Beim Männchen ist die Kehle schwarz gefärbt, während die großen, weiß befiederten Kehlsäcke weit bis auf die Brust hinab reichen und als prachtvolle „Halskrause“ den aufgeplusterten Vogel umrahmen. Des Weiteren zeichnen den Hahn gelbe Augenwülste aus.

Vorkommen

Das Verbreitungsgebiet des Beifußhuhns; grün: die rezente Verbreitung, rot: Verbreitung in historischer Zeit

Die Heimat des Beifußhuhns sind Krautsteppen mit Beifußbewuchs im westlichen Nordamerika, von Kanada bis New Mexico. Während es im Winter eher in den Ebenen anzutreffen ist, bevölkert es im Sommer das Vorgebirge. Im Jahr 2000 wurde eine im Südosten Utahs und Südwesten Colorados vorkommende Population als eigene Art Centrocercus minimus abgetrennt^[1].

Nahrung

Der Vogel ernährt sich überwiegend von Beifußblättern und Gräsern. Gelegentlich frisst er auch Wirbellose. Er ist jedoch nicht in der Lage, harte Samen zu verdauen.

Fortpflanzung

Balzendes Männchen

In den Wintermonaten bilden die Beifußhühner nach Geschlecht getrennte Schwärme. Im Frühling treffen sie dann an Balzplätzen, den so genannten Leks, zusammen. Die Männchen beanspruchen Reviere und werben in den Dämmerungsstunden um Weibchen. Sie stolzieren umher und fächern ihre Schwanzfedern und Handschwingen. Gleichzeitig pumpen sie ihre Luftsäcke auf und entleeren sie wieder mit kullernden und ploppenden Lauten. Die ranghöchsten Hähne begatten die meisten Hennen, aber auch rangniedere Hähne kommen, je nach sozialer Stellung, noch mehr oder minder oft zur Paarung. Das Weibchen legt rund 8 Eier in eine flache Bodenmulde und bebrütet sie 40 Tage alleine. Bald nach dem Schlüpfen folgen die Jungvögel der Mutter bei der Nahrungssuche.

Sonstiges

Das Beifußhuhn ist das Maskottchen sowohl des Sportteams des Pomona College als auch des Pitzer College. Durch den häufig auftretenden Befall mit einer arttypischen Immunschwächekrankheit ist die Population vom Aussterben bedroht.

Literatur

• National Geographic Society: Field Guide to the Birds of North America, Second Edition. National Geographic, ISBN 0870446924.

Einzelnachweise

1. ↑ Young, J.R., C.E. Braun, S.J. Oyler-McCance, J.W. Hupp, & T.W. Quinn. 2000. A new species of sage-grouse (Phasianidae: Centrocercus) from southwestern Colorado. Wilson Bulletin 112: 445–453. doi:10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0445:ANSOSG]2.0.CO;2

The greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), also known as the sagehen, is the largest grouse (a type of bird) in North America. Its range is sagebrush country in the western United States and southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada. It was known as simply the sage grouse until the Gunnison sage-grouse was recognized as a separate species in 2000.^[4] The Mono Basin population of sage grouse may also be distinct.

The greater sage-grouse is a permanent resident in its breeding grounds but may move short distances to lower elevations during winter. It makes use of a complex lek system in mating and nests on the ground under sagebrush or grass patches. It forages on the ground, mainly eating sagebrush but also other plants and insects. Greater sage-grouse do not have a muscular crop and are not able to digest hard seeds like other grouse.

The species is in decline across its range due to habitat loss, and has been recognized as threatened or near threatened by several national and international organizations.

Description

Adult greater sage-grouse have a long, pointed tail and legs with feathers to the toes. The adult male has a yellow patch over each eye, is grayish on top with a white breast, and has a dark brown throat and a black belly; two yellowish sacs on the neck are inflated during courtship display. The adult female is mottled gray-brown with a light brown throat and dark belly. Adult males range in length from 26 to 30 inches and weigh between 4 and 7 pounds. Adult females are smaller, ranging in length from 19 to 23 inches and weighing between 2 and 4 pounds.^[5]

Distribution and habitat

Greater sage-grouse are obligate residents of the sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) ecosystem, usually inhabiting sagebrush-grassland or juniper (Juniperus spp.) sagebrush-grassland communities. Meadows surrounded by sagebrush may be used as feeding grounds.^[6] Use of meadows with a crown cover of silver sagebrush (A. cana) is especially important in Nevada during the summer.^[7]

Greater sage-grouse occur throughout the range of big sagebrush (A. tridentata), except on the periphery of big sagebrush distribution.^[8] Greater Sage-Grouse prefer mountain big sagebrush (A. t. ssp. vaseyana) and Wyoming big sagebrush (A. t. ssp. wyomingensis) communities to basin big sagebrush (A. t. ssp. tridentata) communities.

Sagebrush cover types other than big sagebrush can fulfill greater sage-grouse habitat requirements; in fact, the grouse may prefer other sagebrush cover types to big sagebrush. Greater sage-grouse in Antelope Valley, California, for example, use black sagebrush (A. nova) cover types more often than the more common big sagebrush cover types.^[9] Hens with broods on the National Antelope Refuge in Oregon were most frequently found (54–67% of observations) in low sagebrush (A. arbuscula) cover.^[10] Desert shrub habitat may also be used by greater sage-grouse.^[11]

Sagebrush communities supporting greater sage-grouse include silver sagebrush and fringed sagebrush (A. frigida).^[12]

Their historic range spanned 16 American states and Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan in Canada. Between 1988 and 2012, the Canadian population declined by 98%.^[13] By 2012, they were extirpated from British Columbia and left with only remnant populations in Alberta with 40 to 60 adult birds, and in Saskatchewan with only 55 to 80 adult birds. By 2013, sage grouse were also extirpated from five U.S. states.^[13] In 2013, the Canadian Governor in Council on behalf of the Minister of the Environment, under the Species at Risk Act, annexed an emergency order for the protection of the greater sage-grouse.^[13]

Ecology

Lek mating system

Lek mating arena, in which each male guards a territory of a few meters in size on average, and in which the dominant males may each attract up to eight females.^[14] In addition, each individual is shown with variations in personal space (bubbles), whereby higher-ranking individuals have larger personal space bubbles.^[15] Common bird leks typically have 25–30 individuals. A strict hierarchy accords the most desirable top-ranking males the most prestigious central territory, with ungraded and lesser aspirants ranged outside. Females come to these arenas to choose mates when the males' hierarchy has become established, and preferentially mate with the dominants in the centre.

A male with its gular sacs inflated

Greater sage-grouse are notable for their elaborate courtship rituals. Each spring, males congregate in leks and perform a "strutting display". Groups of females observe these displays and select the most attractive males with which to mate. The dominant male located in the center of the lek typically copulates with around 80% of the females on the lek. Males perform in leks for several hours in the early morning and evening during the spring. Video Males gather in leks to court, usually in late February to April. Only a few dominant males, usually two, breed. Sage grouse mating behaviors are complex.^[6] After mating, the hen leaves the lek for the nesting grounds.

Open areas such as swales, irrigated fields, meadows, burns, roadsides, and areas with low, sparse sagebrush cover are used as leks.^[16] Of 45 leks, 11 were on windswept ridges or exposed knolls, 10 were in flat sagebrush, seven were in bare openings, and the remaining 17 were on various other site types.^[17] Leks are usually surrounded by areas with 20 to 50% sagebrush cover, with sagebrush no more than 1 ft (30 cm) tall. Daily morning lek attendance by male Sage grouse can vary considerably between years, with lower attendance on days with precipitation.^[18]

Nest selection

Greater sage-grouse disperse to areas surrounding the leks for nesting.^[19] In a study of habitat selection by male greater sage grouse in central Montana during breeding season, sagebrush height and canopy cover at 110 daytime feeding and loafing sites of cocks were recorded.^[20] About 80% of the locations occurred in sagebrush with a canopy cover of 20–50%. In another Montana study,^[21] sagebrush cover averaged 30% on a cock-use area, and no cocks were observed in areas of less than 10% canopy cover.

Some females probably travel between leks. In Mono County, California, the home range of marked females during one month of the breeding season was 750 to 875 acres (304 to 354 ha), enough area to include several active leks.^[22] DNA from feathers dropped at leks showed that about 1% of grouse may travel long distances to explore breeding areas up to 120 miles away, a type of long-distance dispersal that can potentially boost populations and temper inbreeding.^[23]

Within a week to ten days following breeding, the hen builds a nest in the vicinity of the lek. Hens usually nest near the lekking grounds,^[24] but some hens have been noted to fly as far as 20 miles (32 km) to favorable nesting sites.^[25][26]

A female greater sage-grouse

Quality of nesting habitat surrounding the lek is the most important factor in population success. Adequacy of cover is critical for nesting. Too little can exist: where 13% was the average total crown cover on Idaho range, nests were located where average cover was 17%. No hens nested in the most arid, open areas with less than 10% total shrub cover. Too much also can occur: average shrub cover at 87 nest sites was 18.4%, and in more dense cover, greater sage-grouse did not nest where total shrub cover was greater than 25%.^[27] In Utah, no nests occurred where threetip sagebrush cover exceeded 35%.^[12]

Sagebrush forms the nesting cover for most greater sage-grouse nests throughout the West, with concealment being the basic requirement.^[28] Rabbitbrush (Chrysothamnus spp.) is occasionally used for nesting cover with greasewood (Sarcobatus vermiculatus) and shadscale (Atriplex canescens) being rarely used.^[17]

Greater sage-grouse prefer relatively tall sagebrush with an open canopy for nesting. In Utah, 33% of 161 nests were under silver sagebrush that was 14 to 25 in (36 to 64 cm) tall, while big sagebrush of the same height accounted for 24% of nests.^[12] In a threetip sagebrush (A. tripartata) habitat averaging 8 in (20 cm) in height, hens selected the tallest plants for nesting cover. Similarly in Wyoming, 92% of nests in Wyoming big sagebrush were in areas where vegetation was 10 to 20 in (25 to 51 cm) tall and cover did not exceed 50%.^[17]

In Montana, when sagebrush characteristics around 31 successful and 10 unsuccessful nests were compared, successful nests had greater than average sagebrush cover surrounding the nest and were located in stands with a higher average canopy cover (27%) than unsuccessful nests (20%).^[29] The average height of sagebrush cover over all nests was 15.9 inches (40 cm) as compared to an average height of 9.2 inches (23 cm) in adjacent areas.

During the nesting season, cocks and hens without nests use "relatively open" areas for feeding, and roost in "dense" patches of sagebrush.^[16][27]

Brood rearing

Clutch size ranges from six to eight eggs; incubation time is 25 to 27 days. Greater sage-grouse apparently have high rates of nest desertion and nest predation.^[6][30] Data from several sage grouse studies indicate a range of nesting success from 23.7 to 60.3%, with predation accounting for 26 to 76% of lost nests.^[25]

Chicks fly by two weeks of age, although their movements are limited until they are two to three weeks old.^[19] They can sustain flight by five to six weeks of age. Juveniles are relatively independent by the time they have completed their first molt at 10 to 12 weeks of age.^[31]

Diet

Adults

The importance of sagebrush in the diet of adult greater sage-grouse is great; numerous studies have documented its year-round use.^{[8][9][16][17][19][28]} A Montana study, based on 299 crop samples, showed that 62% of total food volume of the year was sagebrush. Between December and February, it was the only food item found in all crops. Only between June and September did sagebrush constitute less than 60% of their diet.^[19] Sage grouse select sagebrush species differentially. Greater sage-grouse in Antelope Valley, California, browsed black sagebrush more frequently than the more common big sagebrush.^[9] The browse of black sagebrush is highly preferred by greater sage-grouse in Nevada. In southeastern Idaho, black sagebrush was preferred as forage.^[32][33]

Among the big sagebrush subspecies, basin big sagebrush is less nutritious and higher in terpenes than either mountain or Wyoming big sagebrush. Sage grouse prefer the other two subspecies to basin big sagebrush.^[34] In a common garden study done in Utah, greater sage-grouse preferred mountain big sagebrush over Wyoming and basin big sagebrush.^[35]

Sage grouse lack a muscular gizzard and cannot grind and digest seeds; they must consume soft-tissue foods.^[19] Apart from sagebrush, the adult diet consists largely of herbaceous leaves, which are used primarily in late spring and summer. Additionally, greater sage-grouse use perennial bunchgrasses for food.^[36]

Sage grouse are highly selective grazers, choosing only a few plant genera. Dandelion (Taraxacum spp.), legumes (Fabaceae), yarrow (Achillea spp.) and wild lettuce (Lactuca spp.) account for most of their forb intake.^[34] From July to September, dandelion comprised 45% of forb intake; sagebrush comprised 34%.^[37] Collectively, dandelion, sagebrush, and two legume genera (Trifolium and Astragalus) contributed more than 90% of the greater sage-grouse diet. Insects are a minor diet item for adults. Insects comprised 2% of the adult diet in spring and fall and 9% in summer. Sagebrush made up 71% of the year-round diet.^[38]

Females before laying

Herbaceous dicots are used heavily by females before egg laying and may be essential for their nutrition because of their high protein and nutrient content.^[36]

Favored foods of prelaying and brood-rearing greater sage-grouse hens in Oregon are common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), goatsbeard (Tragopogon dubius), western yarrow (Achillea millefolium), prickly lettuce (Lactuca serriola), and sego lily (Calochortus macrocarpus).^[39]

Juveniles

In their first week of life, greater sage-grouse chicks consume primarily insects, especially ants and beetles.^[17] Their diet then switches to forbs, with sagebrush gradually assuming primary importance. In a Utah study, forbs composed 54 to 60% of the summer diet of juveniles, while the diet of adult birds was 39 to 47% forbs.^[40]

A Wyoming study evaluated effects of eliminating insects from the diet of newly hatched greater sage-grouse chicks. All chicks hatched in captivity and not provided insects died between the ages of 4 and 10 days, whereas all chicks fed insects survived the first 10 days. Captive chicks required insects for survival until they were at least three weeks old. Chicks more than three weeks old survived without insects, but their growth rates were lowered significantly, indicating insects were still required for normal growth after three weeks of age. As quantity of insects in the diet increased, survival and growth rates also increased up to 45 days, the length of the experiment.^[41]

In a study conducted in Idaho, Klebenow and Gray measured food items for juvenile greater sage-grouse for each age class, classes being defined by weeks since birth. In the first week, insects were very important – 52% of the total diet. Beetles, primarily family Scarabaeidae, were the main food item. Beetles were taken by all other age classes of chicks, but in smaller amounts. All ages fed upon ants, and while the volume was generally low, ants were found in most of the crops. After week 3, insect volume dropped and stayed at a lower level throughout all the age classes, fluctuating but always under 25%.^[42]

With plants like common dandelion and goatsbeard, all aboveground parts of the plant were sometimes eaten. The stems, however, were not of main importance. The reproductive parts, mainly buds, flowers, and capsules, were the only parts taken from some of the other species. Conversely, leaves were the only parts of sagebrush found in the crops. Leaves and flowers of the species listed above and other dicots contained higher amounts of crude protein, calcium, and phosphorus than sagebrush and may be important in greater sage-grouse diets for these reasons.^[36]

Water

Greater sage-grouse apparently do not require open water for day-to-day survival if succulent vegetation is available. They use free water if it is available, however. Their distribution is apparently seasonally limited by water in some areas. In summer, greater sage-grouse in desert regions occur only near streams, springs, and water holes. In winter in Eden Valley, Wyoming, they have been observed regularly visiting partially frozen streams to drink from holes in the ice.^[28]

Predators

Predators are commonly believed to reduce greater sage-grouse populations and of most importance is timing of death. Nest loss to predators is most important when potential production of young and recruitment are seriously impacted.^[43] Lack of adequate nesting and brooding cover may account for high juvenile losses in many regions.^[44] Nest success is related to herbaceous cover near the nest site.^[30][45] Taller, more dense herbaceous cover apparently reduces nest predation and likely increases early brood survival.^[43] Although predators were the proximate factor influencing nest loss, the ultimate cause may relate to the vegetation available to nesting grouse.^[30] Tall, dense vegetation may provide visual, scent, and physical barriers between predators and nests of ground-nesting birds. Greater amounts of both tall grass and medium-height shrub cover were associated collectively with a lower probability of nest predation.^[45] In a series of Nevada studies, artificial nest predation experiments were conducted. Artificial nests experienced 100% mortality with the loss of 1,400 eggs in 200 simulated nests in two weeks in one study, 84% of the nests were destroyed in three days in another study, while just 3% of the nests were destroyed in 10 days in an area of significantly better cover.^[46]

Generally, quantity and quality of habitats used by greater sage-grouse control the degree of predation,so predation would be expected to be most important as habitat size and herbaceous cover within sagebrush decreases.^[43] A decline in preferred prey may also result in increased predation on greater sage-grouse. In southeastern Oregon, a decline in black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) numbers may have caused predators to switch to greater sage-grouse as their primary prey.^[44]

Predator species include coyotes (Canis latrans),^[44] bobcats (Lynx rufus), American badgers (Taxidea taxus),^[47] falcons (Falconidae),^[48] and hawks and eagles (Accipitridae sp.)^[49] prey on adult and juveniles. Crows and ravens (Corvus sp.) and magpies (Pica sp.) consume juvenile birds.^[44] Coyotes, ground squirrels (Sciuridae spp.), and badgers are the most important mammalian nest predators. Among bird species, magpies and ravens commonly prey on Greater Sage-Grouse nests.^[19][31]

Greater sage-grouse are a popular game bird. Mortality due to hunting is generally considered to be compensatory^[43][50] and replacive,^[43] where until mortality reaches a "threshold value", it has no effect on population levels. Data are not available to suggest that closed or restricted hunting seasons will materially affect overall population levels on their primary range.^[34]

In a study on hunting in a low-density greater sage-grouse population in Nevada, low populations may be a result of factors other than hunting. Protecting one greater sage-grouse population from hunting while doubling the birds harvested in a four-year period on another population showed, despite low recruitment, both populations increased to nearly the same density.^[51] In an Oregon study, no relationship was found between the rate of summer recruitment (chicks/adult) and harvest by hunters, nor was any significant relationship found between the size of the fall harvest and population trends during the subsequent spring.^[52]

Conservation

Residential building and energy development have caused the greater sage-grouse population to decline from 16 million 100 years ago to between 200,000 and 500,000 today.^[53]

This species is in decline due to loss of habitat;^[54] the bird's range has shrunk in historical times, having been extirpated from British Columbia, Kansas, and Nebraska. Though the greater sage-grouse as a whole is not considered endangered by the IUCN, local populations may be in serious danger of extinction. In May 2000, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the subspecies Centrocercus urophasianus phaios, formerly found in British Columbia, as being extirpated in Canada.^[55] The presence of subfossil bones at Conkling Cave and Shelter Cave in southern New Mexico show that the species was present south of its current range at the end of the last ice age, leading some experts to project that the species could become increasingly vulnerable as global climate change increases the humidity in semiarid regions.^[56]

United States

In the United States, the species was a candidate for listing under the Endangered Species Act,^[57][58] but the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) was forced by the US Congress to not grant endangered species status in September 2015.^[59]

The original petition to list the greater sage-grouse was mailed to the USFWS in June, 2002 by Craig Dremann of Redwood City.^[60] Dremann, for his petition, quoted a Department of Interior document about the declining status of the bird, putting the USFWS in the difficult position of having to argue against another Federal agency's findings. The reason why Dremann sought the listing, is after driving across the bird's range in 1997, and noting what vegetation grew at each post mile, from California to South Dakota and back, recorded how damaged and destroyed the native sagebrush understory habitat had become from lack of management of the grazing of public lands.^[61]

The following groups have supported Dremann's petition to list: American Lands Alliance, Biodiversity Conservation Alliance, Center for Biological Diversity, Center for Native Ecosystems, WildEarth Guardians, the Fund for Animals, Gallatin Wildlife Association, Great Old Broads for Wilderness, Hells Canyon Preservation Council, The Larch Company, The Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides, Northwest Ecosystem Alliance, Oregon Natural Desert Association, Oregon Natural Resources Council, Predator Defense Institute, Sierra Club, Sinapu, Western Fire Ecology Center, Western Watersheds Project, Wild Utah Project, and Wildlands CPR.

In 2010, after a second review, the Department of the Interior assigned the greater sage-grouse a status known as "warranted but precluded", essentially putting it on a waiting list (behind more critically threatened species) for federal protection.

Since half of all remaining sage grouse habitat is on private lands, the USDA's Natural Resources Conservation Service launched the Sage Grouse Initiative, a partnership-based, science-driven, Farm Bill-funded effort that uses voluntary incentives to proactively conserve America's western rangelands, wildlife, and rural way of life. The Sage Grouse Initiative has partnered with 1,500+ ranchers across 11 states since 2010, conserving 5.5 million acres of sage grouse habitat (twice the size of Yellowstone National Park).^[62]

In April 2014, the Sage-Grouse and Endangered Species Conservation and Protection Act (H.R.4419)^[63] was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives to prohibit the federal government from listing sage grouse under the Endangered Species Act for 10 years, as long as states prepare and carry out plans to protect the species within their borders.^[64][65]

Facing a court-ordered deadline of October 2015, the Department of the Interior on September 22, 2015, was forced by the US Congress just before the deadline, by adding language in the 2015 Appropriations bill to stop the listing, not to list the bird as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). The language in the 2015 bill, "Prohibits funds from being used to write or issue rules pursuant to the Endangered Species Act of 1973 and related to the sage-grouse."^[66]

As rationale for its decision, the Department said it would rely on a new land-management plan to protect the sage grouse's habitat of 165 million acres across eleven Western states. The designation under the ESA would likely have led to land-use and other restrictions that critics feared would have economic impacts, possibly restricting oil and gas development and homebuilding. In issuing its finding, the FWS stated that:

A status review conducted by the Service has found that the greater sage-grouse remains relatively abundant and well-distributed across the species' 173-million acre range and does not face the risk of extinction now or in the foreseeable future. The Service's decision follows an unprecedented conservation partnership across the western United States that has significantly reduced threats to the greater sage-grouse across 90% of the species' breeding habitat. The Service has determined that protection for the greater sage-grouse under the Endangered Species Act is no longer warranted and is withdrawing the species from the candidate species list.^[67]

This measure was repeated in the 2016 appropriations bill.^[68] For the 2017 bill, the Columbia Basin population was added — Sec. 114:

None of the funds made available by this or any other Act may be used by the Secretary of the Interior to write or issue pursuant to section 4 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 U.S.C. 1533)--

(1) a proposed rule for greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus);

(2) a proposed rule for the Columbia basin distinct population segment of greater sage-grouse.^[69]

For the 2018 appropriations bill, over the objections of conservationists and the Democratic party, Congress applied similar measures to two other species: the gray wolf and the lesser prairie chicken.^[70]

Despite the Department of the Interior's decision not to list the greater sage-grouse as threatened or endangered, legal efforts to protect the sage-grouse continue. For instance, in May 2016 the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that a planned wind energy project in Harney County, Oregon could not proceed until the Bureau of Land Management adequately studied whether the project site provided winter habitat for sage-grouses.^[71]

On December 6, 2018, the government announced a plan to roll back protections for the sage grouse to open nine million acres of land to wind and solar farms, drilling, mining, and cornfields for the production of government mandated ethanol.^[72]

Canada

The Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) designated the greater sage-grouse as Threatened in 1997, and re-designated the species as Endangered in April 1998.^[73] The status was reevaluated and confirmed in May 2000 and April 2008. The greater sage-grouse is listed on Schedule 1 of Canada's Species at Risk Act, as Endangered.^[74]

In 2013, the Canadian Governor in Council on behalf of the Minister of the Environment, under the Species at Risk Act, annexed an emergency order for the protection of the greater sage-grouse.^[13][75][76] This order, among other things, prohibits killing of sagebrush plants, native grasses, or native forbs, and the building of fences and other structures in certain areas. The order is implemented "to protect a listed wildlife species on both federal and non-federal lands when the competent Minister is of the opinion that the species faces imminent threats to its survival or recovery."^[13]

Over the past several decades, Canada's sage-grouse population has been reduced to remnant populations in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Historically, sage-grouse occurred in at least 16 states within the western U.S. and three provinces in Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan). Sage-grouse are now extirpated from British Columbia and five U.S. states. The sage-grouse population has continued to decline despite the provincial recovery strategies produced in 2001, 2006, and 2008. According to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), between 1988 and 2012, the total Canadian population of the sage-grouse declined by 98%. Current provincial population estimates from 2012 in Alberta are 40 to 60 adult birds and 55 to 80 adult birds in Saskatchewan."

— Emergency Order for the Protection of the Greater Sage-Grouse 2013

In 2014, a ten-year captive breeding program for greater sage-grouse was initiated at the Calgary Zoo.^[77] Despite only two of thirteen hatched birds surviving to the age of seven months, the program will proceed.^[78]

In popular culture

A sage-grouse, Cecil the Sagehen, is the mascot of the Pomona-Pitzer Sagehens, the joint athletics program of Pomona College and Pitzer College, two liberal arts colleges in Claremont, California.^[79]

References

This article incorporates public domain material from Centrocercus minimus. United States Department of Agriculture.

La Artemizia lagopo (Centrocercus urophasianus) estas la plej granda birdospecio de la familio de Tetraonedoj en Nordameriko, kie ili estas konataj kiel la Granda artemizia lagopo. Ties teritorioj estas kamparo de artemizio en okcidenta Usono kaj suda Alberto kaj Saskaĉevano, en okcidenta Kanado. La populacio de pli malgrandaj birdoj, konataj en Usono kiel Gunisona lagopo, ĵus estis agnoskitaj kiel separata specio.^[1] La plej granda de la nordamerikaj lagopoj, nome la Artemizia lagopo kaj la tre simila Gunisona lagopo estis ĵus disigitaj en du separatajn speciojn, kiam oni malkovris, ke la Gunisona lagopo estas genetike distinga kaj havas diferencajn pariĝadajn ceremoniojn kaj alvokojn.

La populacio de Artemizia lagopo de la baseno de la Lago Mono povus esti distinga.

Subspecioj^[2]

Ne estas agnoskitaj subspecioj laŭ Clements.^[3]

La menciotaj subspecioj estas konsiderataj kiel sinonimoj de Centrocercus urophasianus fare de ITIS, sed la COSEPAC konsideras ilin kiel du populacioj distingaj, el kiuj la unua jam estus malaperinta el Kanado.

Aliaj fakuloj agnoskis la jenajn du subspeciojn:

• Centrocercus urophasianus phaios (Aldrich, 1946)^[4] ;
• Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus (Bonaparte, 1827) - nomiga subspecio urophasianus^[5].

Aspekto

Plenkreskuloj havas longan, pintan voston kaj krurojn kun plumoj ĝis la fingroj. Masklaj plenkreskuloj havas flavan makulon superokulan, estas grizecaj supre kun blanka brusto, malhelbruna gorĝo kaj nigra ventro; du flavecaj aersakoj en la gorĝo aŭ kolo estas ŝvelitaj dum la ceremonia memmontrado antaŭ pariĝado. Inaj plenkreskuloj estas makulece grizbrunaj kun helbruna gorĝo kaj malhela ventro.

Ekologio

Tiu specio estas de loĝantaj birdoj. Kelkaj moviĝas mallongajn distancojn al pli malaltaj lokoj vintre (ebenaĵoj vintre kaj montodeklivoj somere). Tiuj birdoj manĝas surgrunde. Ili manĝas ĉefe artemizion, ankaŭ insektojn kaj aliajn plantojn. La Artemizia lagopo ne havas muskolan stomakon kaj ne povas digesti fortajn semojn kiel aliaj lagopoj. Ili nestas surgrunde ĉe herbotufoj de artemizio aŭ de aliaj herboj kaj loĝas en etendaj makisaroj de artemizio, kiu havigas al ili ŝirmejojn kaj nutradon.

La Artemizia lagopo ege dependas el artemizia habitato, kaj rapide malaperas el areoj kie tiu habitato konvertiĝas en agrikulturaj kampoj aŭ herbejoj por brutaro. Tiele ili troviĝas nur en habitatoj kie estas artemizio, ĉu malfermaj ebenaĵoj, montovaloj, montodeklivoj kaj altebenaĵoj. Ili manĝas kaj foliojn kaj freŝajn burĝonojn de artemizio, ĉefe aŭtune kaj vintre. Ili manĝas ankaŭ aliajn foliojn, florojn, burĝonojn kaj similan materialon en aliaj sezonoj, kaj konsumas ankaŭ kelkajn insektojn dum someraj monatoj.

Pariĝado

La specioj de la genro Centrocercus rimarkindas pro siaj prilaborataj pariĝadaj ceremonioj. Ĉiun printempon maskloj ariĝas en masklejoj “lek” kaj plenumas memmontran ceremonion. La masklo ŝvelas la kolon kaj du grandajn, blankecajn aersakojn de sia brusto (rapidaj ŝvelo kaj malŝvelo), faras mildan tamburadon profundan kaj kuklecan, kaj fanfaronadas montrante fazanece siajn pintegajn vostoplumojn kaj aersakojn. Grupoj de inoj observas tiujn montrojn kaj selektas la plej allogajn masklojn por kopulacio. Nur kelkaj maskloj faras plej parton de la ceremonio. La hegemonia masklo situa en la centro de la “lek” (masklarejo) tipe kopulacias kun ĉirkaŭ 80 % de la inoj de la masklaro. Maskloj plenumas la masklajn ceremoniojn dum horoj frumateniĝe kaj vespere dum la printempaj monatoj inter februaro kaj aprilo. La masklejoj estas ĝenerale malfermaj areoj apudaj al densaj artemiziejoj, kaj la sama masklejo estas uzata de la lagopoj dum jardekoj.

Nestumado okazas maje kaj junie. Ino respondecas pri ĉio.

Konservostatuso

Populacioj de centrocerkoj malpliiĝas pro habitatoperdo kaj malpliiĝo de la ebenaĵaj prahabitatoj kiujn tiuj specioj postulas por reproduktiĝi. La Artemizia lagopo troviĝas en grandaj nombroj nur en duono de la subŝtatoj kiujn enhavas la originaj teritorioj. La Biodiversity Conservation Alliance kaj aliaj organizoj petis listigi la lagopon sub laŭ la Endangered Species Act.

Rezideja konstruado kaj disvolvigo por energiproduktado kaŭzis la malpliiĝon de la populacio de la Artemizia lagopo el 16 milionoj de antaŭ 100 jaroj al 200,000 nuntempe.^[6] La naftoindustrio, kiu ĉiam petas senbaran etendon al naturaj teroj tra Okcidenta Usono, estis ĉefa kontraŭo al federala protekto de endanĝeritaj specioj kiaj tiu birdo.^[7]

Tiu specio malpliiĝas pro habitatoperdo; la birda teritorio malpliiĝis en historia epoko, kaj la birdospecio estis formortinta el Brita Kolumbio, Kansaso, Nebrasko, Oklahomo, Arizono kaj Nov-Meksiko. Kvankam la Artemizia lagopo kiel tuto ne estas konsiderata endanĝerita fare de la IUCN, lokaj populacioj povus esti endanĝeritaj je formorto. Maje de 2000, la Kanada Dokumento por Endanĝeritaj Specioj listis la Centrocercus urophasianus phaios, iam troviĝanta en Brita Kolumbio, kiel formortinta el Kanado.^[8] La ekzisto de ostoj de subfosilio ĉe la grotoj Conkling Cave kaj Shelter Cave de suda Nov-Meksiko montras, ke la specio ekzistis sude de sia nunaj teritorioj fine de la lasta glaciepoko, kio kondukis kelkajn fakulojn supozi ke la specio povus esti pli kaj pli pli vundebla pro la tutmonda plivarmigo kiu pliigas la humidecon en duonaridaj regionoj.^[9]

En Usono la specio estas kandidata por esti listita laŭ la Endangered Species Act, kvnkam dum la registado de George W. Bush, la tiama diputata sekretario de la servo Fish and Wildlife and Parks nome Julie A. MacDonald asertis, ke la Artemizia lagopo ne bezonas protekton. Decembre 2007, post rezigno de MacDonald kaj interna esplorado, ĵuĝa tribunalo de Iovao ŝanĝis ŝian decidon, citante la "sensenkulpiga konduto de iu el la funkciuloj... kiu estis nek sciencisto nek fakulo pri Artemizia lagopo." Laŭ la ĵuĝdecido, MacDonald havis "bone dokumentatan historion de interveno en la listiga proceduro." ^[10][11]

Peton subskribis organizoj kiaj American Lands Alliance, Biodiversity Conservation Alliance, Center for Biological Diversity, Center for Native Ecosystems, Forest Guardians, The Fund for Animals, Gallatin Wildlife Association, Great Old Broads for Wilderness, Hells Canyon Preservation Council, The Larch Company, The Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides, Northwest Ecosystem Alliance, Oregon Natural Desert Association, Oregon Natural Resources Council, Predator Defense Institute, Sierra Club, Sinapu, Western Fire Ecology Center, Western Watersheds Project, Wild Utah Project, kaj Wildlands CPR.^[6]

En 2010, post dua revizio, la Departamento de Internaj Aferoj atribuis al la Artemizia lagopo statuson konatan kiel "warranted but precluded" (garantiata sed antaŭinkludata) kaj enmetis la specion en atendolisto (por esti pli draste minacata specio) por federala protektado. Kvankam la Artemizia lagopo ne estis aldonita al la listo de endanĝeritaj specioj, la decido de 2010 klare kontraŭdiris la rulon de MacDonald per agnosko de ties endanĝeriĝo.

Ilustracie de la divido inter usonaj sciencistoj kaj politikistoj pri tiu temo, la respublikano de Utaho Jason Chaffetz diris, ke "The only good place for a sage grouse to be listed is on the menu of a French bistro" (La ununura bona loko por listigi la Artemizian lagopon estas la menuo de franca restoracio).^[6]

Marte de 2010 la U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) konkludis, ke la Artemizia lagopo meritas protekton kiel "minacata" laŭ la usona federala Endangered Species Act (ESA). Tamen la USFWS konkludis ankaŭ, ke la tuja listigo estus "precluded" (antaŭata) de pli urĝaj listigoprioritatoj por aliaj endanĝeritaj specioj. Tile ili markis tiun specion kiel "Kandidatonivelo 8" por aldono al la listo de minacataj specioj iome future. Ties decido estas kontraŭata de grupoj kuj defendas, ke la specio estu tuje ricevanta protekton laŭ la ESA.

La Agricultural Research Service (ARS) de la usona ministerio de agrikulturo (USDA) priserĉis kelkajn el la tialoj por malpliiĝo de la populacio de la Artemizia lagopo. Priserĉistoj observis, ke la brutaro kiu kunĝuas la herbejon kun la lagopo, post konsumado de ĉirkaŭ 40 % de la herbotufoj inter la artemiziujoj, plukonsumas herbotufojn ĉe la artemiziujoj, tiele detruante la nestohabitaton de la Artemizia lagopo. ^[12] Por konservi la populacion de Artemizia lagopo, la brutobredistoj devus kontroli la proporcion post kiu la brutaro ekkonsumas la herbotufojn inter la artemiziujoj. Post kiam la brutaro jam konsumis ĉirkaŭ 40 % de la herbotufoj inter la arbustoj, priserĉistoj petas la brutobredistojn movigi la brutaron al nova herbejo. [2]

La Artemizia lagopo malaperas el okcidenta Usono; kvankam ties populacio estis ĉirkaŭkalkulita je milionoj, fine de la 20-a jarcento restis nur ĉirkaŭ 150.000 individuojn, kaj pro tio oni malfermis centron por ties protektado en Dubois, Idaho.^[13]

Etimologio

La nomo de la genro estas kombino de la grekaj 'kentron', signife pinto, kaj 'kerkos', vosto. La specia epiteto estas el alia greka vorto signife voston, 'ura', plus 'phasianos', fazano. La nomo 'fazano' estis origine aplikata al birdo kiu estis indiĝena de la valo de la rivero Fazis (nune la rivero Rioni), kiu fluas al la Nigra Maro el Kartvelio. En epoko de Lewis kaj Clark la vorto 'fazano' uzeblis por "genro de Kokoformaj birdoj," laŭ la leksikografiisto Noah Webster (1806), kaj esploristoj ofte uzis ĝin tiusence. 'Kokoformaj' tiam alude al "hejmaj kortobirdoj aŭ eĉ kokinoj"; la nuna familio Galliformes (latine 'gallus', koko, kaj 'forma', formo) nune inkludas fazanojn, lagopojn, meleagrojn, koturnojn kaj ĉiujn hejmajn kokojn. Lewis kaj Clark ŝajne malkovris 5 kokoformajn birdojn krom la lagopojn: nome la Kolumbia akravosta lagopo, la malhela lagopo, la Franklina lagopo, la Oregona lagopo, kaj la montokoturno.^[14]

Referencoj

Referencoj

• IUCN2007, BirdLife International, 2004, 47089, Centrocercus urophasianus, elŝutita la 9-an de novembro 2007.
• Connelly, John W.; Knick, Steven T.; Schroeder, Michael A. & Stiver, San J. (2004): Conservation Assessment of Greater Sage-grouse and Sagebrush Habitats. Nepublikita informo, Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Cheyenne, Wyoming. PDf plena teksto
• Environment Canada (2006): Species at Risk - Greater Sage-Grouse phaios subspecies. Versio de 2006-Majo-08. Retrieved 2007-NOV-09.
• Howard, Hildegarde (1933): Bird remains from cave deposits in New Mexico. Condor 35(1): 15-18. PDF fulltext DjVu plena teksto
• Young, Jessica R.; Braun, Clait E.; Oyler-McCance, Sara J.; Hupp Jerry W. & Quinn, Tom W. (2000): A new species of sage-grouse (Phasianidae: Centrocercus) from southwestern Colorado. Wilson Bulletin 112(4): 445-453. Digital Object Identifier:10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0445:ANSOSG]2.0.CO;2 HTML resumo
• Western Watersheds Project v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Summary Judgement PDF plena teksto

El urogallo de las artemisas o gallo de salvia (Centrocercus urophasianus) es una especie de ave galliforme de la familia Phasianidae propia del oeste de Canadá y noroeste de los Estados Unidos. No se conocen subespecies.^[2]​

Historia natural

Es un habitante de los extensos matorrales formados por artemisas, que le ofrecen abrigo y con cuyas hojas se alimenta. Vive en las llanuras en invierno y las estribaciones de las montañas en verano.

En primavera, grupos de machos se exhiben ante las hembras formando un abanico erizado con la cola, hinchando el cuello y llenando los sacos aéreos de su pecho,(que sólo los tienen los machos, puesto que atraen a las hembras, de más pequeño tamaño) y emiten unos sonidos profundos y burbujeantes. Las hembras escogen su pareja y anidan solas.

Los urogallos de artemisas están desapareciendo del oeste de EE. UU.; aunque su población se estimaba en millones, a finales del siglo XX quedaban unas 150.000 de estas aves, por lo que se ha abierto un centro para su protección en Dubois, Idaho.^[3]​

Referencias

Centrocercus urophasianus Centrocercus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Phasianidae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

• World Bird Names

Ikus, gainera

• Centrocercus
• Phasianidae

Centrocercus urophasianus

Un tétras des armoises avec ses sacs gulaires.

Le Tétras des armoises (Centrocercus urophasianus) est une espèce d'oiseaux de la famille des Phasianidae. C'est l'une des deux seules espèces du genre Centrocercus. Cet oiseau est le plus grand tétras d'Amérique du Nord^[1].

Description

Il s'agit d'un tétras de grande taille, dont les adultes ont une queue longue et munie de pointes, et des plumes aux pattes. Ne possédant pas de gésier de broyage, le tétras des armoises ne se nourrit pas de graines et de pousses trop dures car il ne peut pas les digérer. À la place, il va préférer se nourrir de différentes armoises, lui fournissant une protection. Il lui arrive aussi de manger des insectes. Son poids varie entre 1,5 et 3 kg^[1].

Reproduction

Les femelles regardent les parades nuptiales des mâles. Ils font leur parade dans une arène commune appelée lek. La parade nuptiale consiste à gonfler et dégonfler le sac vocal pour produire des bruits forts et résonnant, tels que des glougloutements ou des caquetages. Ils vont aussi montrer leur queue en éventail. Seuls quelques-uns, parmi les plus forts, auront la chance de s'accoupler avec les femelles. une fois la gestation faite, les femelles pondent entre six et huit œufs. Au maximum huit semaines plus tard, les petits sont aptes à migrer vers des latitudes plus basses, afin de trouver à manger durant l'hiver^[1].

Répartition

Cet oiseau réside dans les prairies et steppes à armoise de l'ouest du continent nord-américain.

Sous-espèces

D'après la classification de référence (version 5.2, 2015) du Congrès ornithologique international, cette espèce est monotypique (non divisée en sous-espèces).

Le Comité sur la situation des espèces en péril au Canada (COSEPAC) considère la sous-espèce Centrocercus urophasianus phaios comme valide (elle n'est reconnue par aucune autorité taxinomique en 2015), et affirme que cette population n'a pas été observée depuis le début du XX^e siècle dans son ancienne aire de répartition, dans la vallée de l’Okanagan, en Colombie-Britannique.

Notes et références

Références

Centrocercus urophasianus é unha especie de ave da orde dos galiformes, familia dos fasiánidos e subfamilia dos tetraoninos, unha das dúas que integran o xénero Centrocercus,^[2] propia das zonas abertas de América do Norte.

Hábitat e distribución

Vive en zonas abertas con abundancia de arbustos de América do Norte, onde ocupa unha ampla área no norte, centro e oesta dos Estados Unidos (estados de Washington, Montana, Dakota do Norte, Dakota do Sur, Wyoming, Idaho, Oregón, California, Nevada, Utah e Colorado) así como nas provincias canadenses de Alberta e Saskatchewan.^[3][4]

Poboación

Aínda que o número exacto das súas pobacións é diofícil de estimar, calcúlase que era duns 142 000 individuos en 1988, claramente inferior á do seu novel histórico,^[5]

A estimación máis recente (2004) estímase nuns 150 000 individuos maduros individuos.^[6]

Taxonomía

Descrición

A especie foi descrita en 1827 polo naturalista e ornitólogo francés Charles Lucien Bonaparte en Zool. J. 3: 213, baixo o nome de Tetrao urophasianus Bonaparte.^[7]

Subespecies

Na actualidade recoñécense dúas subespecies:^[3]

• Centrocercus urophasianus phaios
• Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus

Notas

Véxase tamén

Bibliografia

• del Hoyo, J., Collar, N. J., Christie, D. A., Elliott, A. and Fishpool, L. D. C. (2014): HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World. Volume 1: Non-passerines. Barcelona, Spain and Cambridge, UK.: Lynx Edicions BirdLife International. ISBN 978-84-9655-394-1.

Outros artigos

• Tetraoninos
• Centrocercus

Il gallo della salvia (Centrocercus urophasianus Bonaparte, 1827) è una specie di uccello appartenente alla famiglia dei Phasianidae, originario di Canada e Stati Uniti.

Note

Het waaierhoen (Centrocercus urophasianus) is een grote vogel uit de familie van ruigpoothoenders.

Kenmerken

Volwassenen dieren hebben een lange, omhoogstaande staart en met veren bedekte poten. Volwassen mannetjes hebben bovendien een gele streep bij het oog en hebben een witte borst, een donkere bruine keel en een zwarte buik. Tijdens de balts kunnen zij twee geelachtige luchtzakken op de hals opgeblazen om zo het vrouwtje te imponeren. Volwassen wijfjes zijn gevlekt grijsbruin van kleur en hebben een lichtbruine keel en donkere buik.

Leefwijze

Waaierhoenders eten voornamelijk plantaardig voedsel, maar soms ook insecten. In tegenstelling tot kippen kunnen ze geen harde zaden verteren.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De vogel komt uitsluitend voor van het zuidelijke deel van Centraal-Canada tot de westelijk-centrale Verenigde Staten. Het leefgebied bestaat uit lage, houtige vegetatie van planten uit het het geslacht Artemisia.

Status

De grootte van de wereldpopulatie werd in 2012 geschat op ongeveer 150.000 volwassen dieren. Dit aantal gaat in aantal achteruit. In het leefgebied moet de natuurlijke vegetatie plaats maken voor graan, aardappels en andere voedselgewassen. Ook wordt terrein afgebrand of intensief begraasd. Om deze redenen staat het waaierhoen als gevoelig op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.^[1]

Salviejerpe er en hønsefugl i fasanfamilien. Den forekommer i prærielandskap i nordvestlige deler av USA og sørvestlige deler av Canada.

Beskrivelse

Voksne hanner har lang spiss hale, gult område over begge øynene og er grå på oversiden og har hvitt bryst. Undersiden er svart. Hunnene er hovedsakelig gråbrune.

Referanser

Eksterne lenker

• (en) Salviejerpe i Encyclopedia of Life
• (en) Salviejerpe i Global Biodiversity Information Facility
• (en) Salviejerpe hos Fossilworks
• (en) Salviejerpe hos NCBI
• (en) Salviejerpe hos ITIS
• (en) Kategori:Centrocercus urophasianus – bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
• (en) Centrocercus urophasianus – galleri av bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
• Centrocercus urophasianus – detaljert informasjon på Wikispecies

Denne ornitologirelaterte artikkelen er foreløpig kort eller mangelfull, og du kan hjelpe Wikipedia ved å utvide den.
Det finnes mer utfyllende artikkel/artikler på .

Preriokur ostrosterny, głuszec ostrosterny (Centrocercus urophasianus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kurowatych (Phasianidae).

Występowanie

Zamieszkuje północną część amerykańskiej prerii.

Cechy gatunku

Dorasta do 70 cm.Samiec ma biały kołnierz, zaokrąglony ogon z piórami ostro zakończonymi, zwężającymi się ku końcach (stąd nazwa). Żółte „róże” nad oczami. Plecy i skrzydła brązowe z białymi i czarnymi centkami. Samica jest nieco skromniejsza: wygląda podobnie, upierzenie bardziej stonowane. Dziób czarny u obu płci.

Gody

Koguty zbierają się na niewielkich tokowiskach i przywabiają kury pusząc się, nadymając białe „worki” i wydając grzechoczące dźwięki specjalnymi piórami ogonowymi. Samiec dominujący może kopulować nawet z 75% samic.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

• P. J. K. McGowan: Family Phasianidae (Pheasants and Partridges). W: Josep del Hoyo, Andrew Elliott, Jordi Sargatal: Handbook of the Birds of the World. Cz. 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 1994. ISBN 84-87334-15-6. (ang.)

Centrocercus urophasianus je vrsta kure, ki živi na zahodnem delu Severne Amerike.

Viri

• Avibase - the world bird database

Strålstjärtshöna^[2] (Centrocercus urophasianus) är en fågel i familjen fasanfåglar inom ordningen hönsfåglar.^[3] Den förekommer på prärier och gräsmarker i västra USA och södra Alberta och Saskatchewan, Kanada.^[3] IUCN kategoriserar arten som nära hotad.^[1]

Noter

1. ^ [a b] Birdlife International 2012 Centrocercus urophasianus Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
2. ^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2016) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter Arkiverad 18 oktober 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., läst 2016-02-10
3. ^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11

Externa länkar

• Wikimedia Commons har media som rör strålstjärtshöna.
  Bilder & media
• Wikispecies har information om Centrocercus urophasianus.
  Artförteckning

Centrocercus urophasianus là một loài chim trong họ Phasianidae.^[2] Centrocercus urophasianus là trĩ chim lớn nhất ở Bắc Mỹ. Phạm vi của nó là các khu vực cây ngãi đắng ở phía tây Hoa Kỳ và phía nam Alberta và Saskatchewan, Canada. Nó được gọi là gà gô ngãi đắng cho đến khi gà gô Gunnison được công nhận là một loài riêng biệt vào năm 2000.

Là loài định cư trong vùng sinh sản của chúng nhưng có thể di chuyển khoảng cách ngắn tới độ cao thấp trong mùa đông. Chúng sử dụng một hệ thống tán tỉnh phức tạp trong mùa giao phối và xây tổ trên mặt đất dưới bụi cây ngãi đắng hoặc bãi cỏ. Chúng kiếm thức ăn trên mặt đất, chủ yếu ăn cây ngãi đắng nhưng cũng ăn cả cây cối và côn trùng khác. Loài này đang bị suy giảm trong phạm vi của nó do môi trường sống bị mất và đã được công nhận là bị đe dọa hoặc gần bị đe dọa bởi một số tổ chức quốc gia và quốc tế.

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Centrocercus urophasianus Bonaparte, 1827

Близки к уязвимому положению
IUCN 3.1 Near Threatened: 22679503

Шалфе́йный те́терев^[1] (лат. Centrocercus urophasianus) — североамериканская птица семейства фазановых (Phasianidae).

Описание

Шалфейный тетерев длиной от 65 до 75 см и весом от 3,5 до 4 кг, причём самец значительно крупнее самки. Оперение обоих полов с пестринами серого, бурого и белого цвета, нижняя сторона тёмная. Перья хвоста сильно заострённые, располагаясь вертикально за спиной, они расходятся в радиальном направлении. У самца горло окрашено в чёрный цвет, в то время как большие, белого цвета мешки на зобе тянутся вниз до груди и обрамляют великолепное «жабо» нахохленной птицы. Следующий отличительный признак самца — надбровные дуги жёлтого цвета.

Распространение

Родина шалфейного тетерева — это степи, поросшие полынью на западе Северной Америки, от Канады до Нью-Мексико. В то время как зимой его можно встретить скорее на равнине, летом он населяет предгорье. В 2000 году обитающая на юго-востоке Юты и на юго-западе Колорадо популяция была выделена в собственный вид Centrocercus minimus.

Питание

Птица питается преимущественно листьями полыни и травами, реже беспозвоночными. Тем не менее, она не может переваривать жёсткие семена.

Размножение

В течение зимних месяцев шалфейные тетерева образуют разделённые по полу стаи. Весной они встречаются в местах токования, так называемых токовищах. Самцы занимают участки и начинают в предрассветные часы ухаживание за самкой. Они кружатся и разворачивают веером перья хвоста и крылья. Одновременно они раздувают свои воздушные мешки и снова опустошают их с раскатистыми и взрывными звуками. Самые высокие по рангу самцы оплодотворяют большинство самок, но и низкие по рангу самцы, в зависимости от социального положения, спариваются более или менее часто. Самка откладывает примерно 8 яиц в ямку на земле и одна высиживает их 40 дней. Вскоре после проскальзывания молодые птицы следуют за матерью в поисках корма.

Примечания

• Centrocercus urophasianus phaios
• Centrocercus urophasianus urophasianus

艾草松雞（學名：Centrocercus urophasianus）是北美洲最大的松雞。它們生長在美國西部和加拿大的艾伯塔省和沙士吉萬省南部長有三齒蒿的地方，種名也因此得來。甘尼森艾草松雞最近被承認為一個獨立品種，^[1]而在莫諾盆地的種群也可能是獨立的品種。

成鳥有長而尖的尾部，和長至腳趾的羽毛。雄性成鳥在眼上方有黃色的斑點，背灰色，胸白色，喉部深棕色，腹黑色；頸上有兩個黃色的囊，可以在求偶時充氣以吸引異性。雌性成鳥背部和喉部為雜以白斑的棕灰色，腹部顏色較深。雛鳥背部顏色與雌性成鳥同，腹白色。

生態

艾草松雞常居於一地，有些會在冬天時到附近海拔較低的地方。牠們是在地面覓食，以三齒嵩、昆蟲和其他植物為食物，但牠們無法像其他松雞般消化較硬的種子。牠們在三齒嵩下或草堆上築巢。

艾草松雞以複雜的求偶儀式著名。每年春天，雄鳥聚集在求偶場，昂首闊步向雌鳥炫耀。雌鳥在外觀察然後選擇最具吸引力的雄鳥交配。只有少數雄鳥有交配的機會。雄烏在春季的清晨和黃昏進行這樣的儀式，每次持續數小時。儀式通常在附近有濃密的三齒嵩叢的空地進行，同一處地點有時候可以用上數十年之久。

種群狀況

艾草松雞的數目由於棲地喪失而減少；牠們在加拿大的不列顛哥倫比亞、美國的堪薩斯州、內布拉斯加州、奧克拉荷馬州、亞利桑那州和新墨西哥州出現區域性滅絕。雖然整體上牠沒有被世界自然保護聯盟列為瀕危，但各區域的種群很可能已屬瀕危。環保組織曾試圖把牠列入《瀕危物種法》的保護範圍，但美國漁業與野生動物局出於政治理由拒絕了。^[2]2000年5月，加拿大的《危害物種法》將昔日生活在不列顛哥倫比亞的Centrocercus urophasianus phaios列為在加拿大滅絕。^[3]

艾草松雞在全球暖化天氣變得潮濕的情況下可能因半乾旱的三齒嵩生境減少而受到更大威脅。在新墨西哥州南部兩處遺跡中發現的半化石骨骼題示了在更新世冰期的分佈範圍比今日更南。^[4]

腳註

參考資料

• （英文） BirdLife International (2004). Centrocercus urophasianus. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2007。擷取於2007年11月9日。
• Connelly, John W.; Knick, Steven T.; Schroeder, Michael A. & Stiver, San J. (2004): Conservation Assessment of Greater Sage-grouse and Sagebrush Habitats. Unpublished Report, Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies. Cheyenne, Wyoming. PDf fulltext
• Environment Canada (2006): Species at Risk - Greater Sage-Grouse phaios subspecies. Version of 2006-MAY-08. Retrieved 2007-NOV-09.
• Howard, Hildegarde (1933): Bird remains from cave deposits in New Mexico. Condor 35(1): 15-18. PDF fulltext DjVu fulltext
• Young, Jessica R.; Braun, Clait E.; Oyler-McCance, Sara J.; Hupp Jerry W. & Quinn, Tom W. (2000): A new species of sage-grouse (Phasianidae: Centrocercus) from southwestern Colorado. Wilson Bulletin 112(4): 445-453. DOI:10.1676/0043-5643(2000)112[0445:ANSOSG]2.0.CO;2 HTML abstract
• Western Watersheds Project v. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service - Summary Judgement PDF fulltext

キジオライチョウ（雉子尾雷鳥、学名：Centrocercus urophasianus）はキジ目ライチョウ科（キジ科に分類されることもある。この場合キジ科、ライチョウ亜科となる）に分類される鳥類の一種である。

分布[編集]

北アメリカ中西部に分布する。

形態[編集]

全長オス80cm、メス55cm。雌雄異型で、オスは先端が尖った細長い尾羽（和名はこの尾羽がキジのそれに似ている事に由来）と毛髪状の冠羽、胸部によく膨らむ肉質の空気袋を持つ。

生態[編集]

草原に生息し、住環境としてセージ（サルビア）の生い茂る藪を好み、これが英名の由来となっている。

雑食性で、セージの葉や芽、昆虫類などを食べる。

繁殖時は、雄は数百羽集まり集団求愛場（レック）を形成する。雄の雌に対する、胸を膨らませて尾羽を広げる特徴的な求愛行動が有名である。

繁殖期は3-5月で、セージの茂みの中の地面に窪みを作り、1腹7-13個の卵を産む。抱卵期間は25-27日である。

人間との関係[編集]

生息地の開発が進んだことにより、個体数が減少しつつある。

Sibley分類体系上の位置[編集]

参考文献[編集]

• 『世界の動物｜分類と飼育　キジ目』、財団法人東京動物園協会、1987年、54頁

関連項目[編集]