Synanceia horrida, the estuarine stonefish, hollow-cheek stonefish, horrid stonefish, rough stonefish or true stonefish, is a species of venomous, marine ray-finned fish, a stonefish belonging to the subfamily Synanceiinae which is classified as being within the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes and their relatives. It is a benthic fish which is found in the Indo-Pacific region. This species is considered to be one of the most dangerous venomous fish in the world. It is a popular exhibit in public aquaria and is found in the private aquarium trade.
Synanceia horrida was first formally described in 1766 as Scorpaena horrida by Carl Linnaeus in volume 1 of his 1766 Systema naturae sive regna tria naturae with its type locality given as Ambon Island in Indonesia.[3] In 1856 Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest designated this species as the type species of the genus Synanceia, which had been described in 1801 by Marcus Elieser Bloch and Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider.[4] The specific name horrida means “dreadful” or “frightful” and is an allusion to its appearance rather than its dangerously venomous spines.[5]
Synanceia horrida is a drab coloured benthic fish which can be brownish-grey to reddish or greenish-brown. The skin has no scales but is covered in warts and often has growths of filamentous algae on it. The head is depressed with small, widely spaced eyes which sit high on the head and are upwards directed. There is a deep pit behind and under each eye. The large mouth is almost vertical and has a wide gape and fringing cirrhi on the lips. The pectoral fins are large and fleshy.[6] There are 13 or 14 spines and 6 soft rays in the dorsal fin,[2] the second to fourth spines being longer than the others.[6] The anal fin has 3 spines and 5 soft rays. This species reaches a maximum total length of 60 cm (24 in).[2]
Synanceia horrida is found in the Indo-Pacific region where it extends from the eastern coast of India to Papua New Guinea, north to southern Japan and south to Australia.[1] In Australia it is found from Shark Bay in Western Australia around the tropical northern coast to Coffs Harbour in New South Wales. The estuarine stonefish is found on sheltered inshore reefs and in estuaries, frequently in the shallowest water in coral rubble and rocks on reef flats, as well as in seagrass beds.[6]
Synanceia horrida is camouflaged, unlike many venomous species which use bright aposematic colouration to warn off potential predators, and resembles a stone resting on the bottom. It scoops out a depression in the substrate with its large pectoral fins and curls its tail around its body to enhance this camouflage.[7] It is a nocturnal ambush predator, preying on smaller fishes, crustaceans and cephalopods.[6] The large mouth is used to suck in prey which swims close enough to be engulfed.[7] This species can tolerate being out of the water for up to 24 hours. Little is known about its reproductive biology, other than it is sexual.[8] However, the females are larger than the males and it has been observed spawning in aggregations in shallow water over a silt substrate in Queensland.[9]
Synanceia horrida is, like other stonefishes, regarded as one of the most dangerous venomous fishes. Each fin spine has a fleshy cover at its base where there are two venom-producing glands. When the fish is disturbed, it erects its spines; if the fish is stepped on, the spines act like hypodermic syringes, injecting venom into the wounds. The venom has effects on the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems. The sting is extremely painful and has been known to be lethal. Antivenom can be administered following envenomation. Since European settlement, there have been no recorded deaths in Australia as a result of stonefish venom, but such deaths have been recorded elsewhere in its range.[6] Immersion of the sting wound in hot water can also be used to denature the venom.[7]
Synanceia horrida is popular as a new exhibit in public aquaria and are sometimes traded in the home aquarium trade.[10] They are occasionally taken by subsistence fisheries, appear in some Asia live fish markets,[1] and have been considered as a potential species for aquaculture.[9]
Synanceia horrida, the estuarine stonefish, hollow-cheek stonefish, horrid stonefish, rough stonefish or true stonefish, is a species of venomous, marine ray-finned fish, a stonefish belonging to the subfamily Synanceiinae which is classified as being within the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes and their relatives. It is a benthic fish which is found in the Indo-Pacific region. This species is considered to be one of the most dangerous venomous fish in the world. It is a popular exhibit in public aquaria and is found in the private aquarium trade.
El pez piedra de estuario (Synanceia horrida) es una especie de pez escorpeniforme perteneciente a la familia Synanceiidae[3] que habita en aguas tropicales de los océanos Índico y Pacífico, sobre todo en aguas específicas de Australia y el archipiélago malayo.[1][4]
Es el actinopterigio más venenoso, y el contacto directo con las espinas de sus aletas, que contienen un potente veneno neurotóxico, puede ser mortal para los seres humanos. Cuando se camufla se asemeja a una roca (de ahí su sobrenombre), lo que los hace pasar desapercibidos y pueden ser pisados de forma accidental.
Sus púas se localizan en la aleta dorsal (12-13), anal (3) y pélvica (2), cada una de ellas con una glándula venenosa. El veneno es tan potente como el de la cobra, tiene citotoxinas y neurotoxinas. Al picarse con una espina aparece un dolor intenso y lacerante, el dolor se irradia por todo el miembro y alcanza su máximo a la hora. Se acompaña de dolor de cabeza, vómitos, espasmos intestinales, hipertensión arterial, en ocasiones con arritmias cardíacas, parálisis musculares, convulsiones, coma, parada cardiorrespiratoria y si no es atendida puede causar la muerte. Si sobrevive el paciente, la curación de la herida es lenta, con abscesificación de la misma. También posee una segunda línea de defensa, los tubérculos, que son unas glándulas que además de ayudar a mimetizar al pez segregan una toxina fulminante.
El pez piedra de estuario (Synanceia horrida) es una especie de pez escorpeniforme perteneciente a la familia Synanceiidae que habita en aguas tropicales de los océanos Índico y Pacífico, sobre todo en aguas específicas de Australia y el archipiélago malayo.
Synanceia horrida Synanceia generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Synanceiidae familian sailkatzen da.
Synanceia horrida Synanceia generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Synanceiidae familian sailkatzen da.
De wrattensteenvis (Synanceia horrida) is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de steenvissen (Synanceiidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1766 door Linnaeus.
Het onbeschubde, wrattige lichaam bevat 13 rugvinstekels met klieren aan de basis, waarin een dodelijk gif wordt geproduceerd, dat ook voor mensen, die op hem trappen, fatale gevolgen kan hebben. De ogen en de mond zijn bovenstandig. Het lichaam is overwegend bruin. De lichaamslengte bedraagt maximaal 60 cm.
Deze vis is weinig beweeglijk en goed gecamoufleerd, wat goed van pas komt bij het vangen van prooien. Hiertoe graaft hij zich deels in, waarbij de kop en ogen net nog boven het zand uitsteken. De prooi weet niet wat hem overkomt.
Deze soort komt voor in de Grote- en Indische Oceaan.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe wrattensteenvis (Synanceia horrida) is een straalvinnige vissensoort uit de familie van de steenvissen (Synanceiidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1766 door Linnaeus.
毒鮋魚又稱毒鮋，為輻鰭魚綱鮋形目鮋亞目毒鮋科的其中一種，為熱帶海水魚，分布於印度溪太平洋區，包括中國、印度、菲律賓、印尼至澳洲海域，棲息深度0-40公尺，本魚體色通常為土色，背鰭硬棘13-14枚;背鰭軟條6枚;臀鰭硬棘3枚; 臀鰭軟條5枚，體長可達60公分，棲息在沿岸礁石區及河口處，生活習性不明，為金氏世界紀錄毒性最強的魚類，可做為觀賞魚。
这是一篇鮋形目小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
