Spotted Tinselfish

Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi

Conclusion

The present study elucidates the phylogeny of the zeiform fishes and leads to a much revised systematic arrangement of the genera into newly recognized monophyletic families and subfamilies. However, this is but a first effort at understanding zeiform phylogeny, and refinements can be expected when the several species not included herein are taken into consideration and, especially, when data sets based on molecular genetics, soft anatomy (e.g., muscles and nerves), and other non-osteological features are used. We hope that the present study, based mostly on bony structures, will be an encouragement to such further analyses.

Appendix: Character-State Transformations for the Unordered Reduced Data Set Consensus Tree

(Letters correspond to branches in Figure 4; numbers correspond to the characters and their states used herein. The meristic characters not included in the analysis (93–103) resulting in Figure 4 were optimized onto the tree and are shown in Figure 5.)

A: 2-2, 6-1, 13-1, 16-1, 20-1, 27-1, 43-1, 53-4, 54-1, 59-0, 63-0, 65-0, 70-1, 71-0, 72-1, 75-0, 87-1

B: 5-1, 10-2, 13-1, 21-0, 22-2, 25-2, 46-0, 48-3, 54-1, 59-0, 64-1, 65-0, 69-0, 70-3, 71-0, 76-0, 80-4, 82-1, 84-1, 85-2, 90-1

C: 10-2, 25-1, 31-1, 41-1, 43-3, 46-0, 48-1, 63-0, 64-2, 70-3, 72-6, 83-2, 84-2, 88-4

D: 3-0, 13-1, 25-1, 35-0, 38-1, 59-1, 63-0, 72-3, 75-0, 77-1

E: 3-0, 4-1, 6-1, 10-0, 27-1, 33-3, 36-2, 38-1, 59-1, 63-0, 69-2, 71-2, 72-2, 75-0, 80-1, 81-1

F: 3-0, 8-1, 25-2, 33-1, 35-0, 63-0, 64-2, 70-0, 71-0, 72-0, 75-0, 81-1

G: 22-2, 77-1

H: 6-1, 10-0, 17-0, 20-1, 38-1, 60-1, 61-0

I: 3-0, 4-1, 11-1, 15-3, 21-3, 22-2, 33-3, 34-1, 37-1, 38-1, 40-1, 47-4, 60-1, 64-0, 69-2, 70-4, 71-2, 72-5, 77-1, 80-2, 84-1

J: 4-1, 9-2, 10-0, 12-1, 16-1, 27-1, 36-2, 37-1, 38-1, 40-1, 44-1, 60-1, 64-2, 69-2, 70-5, 71-3, 72-7, 77-1, 80-1, 81-1, 84-1

K: 1-1, 2-2, 4-1, 6-1, 9-0, 11-2, 12-1, 13-1, 16-1, 25-1, 27-1, 33-2, 34-1, 37-1, 39-0, 40-1, 47-3, 49-0, 50-1, 51-2, 55-1, 59-1, 60-1, 62-1, 64-0, 69-3, 70-1, 72-0, 75-0, 80-3, 85-3, 86-2

L: 3-0, 10-0, 16-1, 18-1, 19-1, 21-1, 23-1, 24-1, 25-2, 26-0, 31-1, 35-0, 37-1, 40-1, 41-1, 43-1, 44-1, 49-0, 50-1, 51-1, 52-1, 53-2, 54-1, 55-1, 60-1, 62-1, 64-1, 73-1 (monophyly of Zeiformes)

M: 9-3, 15-2, 22-2, 30-1, 45-1, 46-0, 47-3, 48-1, 74-1, 83-1, 89-1 (monophyly of Cyttus, Cyttidae, Cyttoidei)

N: 22-1, 67-1, 87-1 (autapomorphies of Cyttus novaezelandiae)

O: 77-1 (monophyly of Cyttus australis + C. traversi)

P: 36-1, 91-1 (autapomorphies of Cyttus australis)

Q: 50-0, 67-2, 72-2 (autapomorphies of Cyttus traversi)

R: 28-2, 29-1, 47-1, 66-1 (monophyly of Zeioidei)

S: 10-1, 28-1, 59-1, 92-1 (monophyly of Oreosomatidae)

T: 3-1 (autapomorphy of Pseudocyttus maculatus)

U: 22-2, 36-1, 53-1, 57-3, 77-1 (monophyly of Oreosomatinae)

V: 3-1, 28-0, 29-0, 36-0, 48-1, 65-0, 71-0 (autapomorphies of Oreosoma atlanticum)

W: (no autapomorphies for Neocyttus rhomboidalis)

X: 33-1, 58-2, 72-2 (monophyly of Allocyttus verrucosus + A. niger)

Y: (no autapomorphies for Allocyttus verrucosus)

Z: 28-2, 29-2, 53-2 (autapomorphies of Allocyttus niger)

A': 46-0, 72-3, 85-2 (monophyly of unnamed clade encompassing taxa Parazen through Zenopsis in Figure 4)

B': 45-2, 75-0, 82-1, 83-2 (monophyly of Parazenidae)

C': 15-1, 21-2, 29-2, 33-1, 39-0, 44-0, 50-0, 53-1, 57-1, 61-0, 64-0, 69-2, 71-2, 81-0, 85-0 (autapomorphies of Parazen pacificus)

D': 48-3, 72-1, 74-1, 87-1, 88-1, 90-1 (monophyly of Cyttopsinae)

E': 22-1, 28-1, 48-2, 67-1 (autapomorphies of Cyttopsis roseus)

F': 5-1, 37-0, 51-2, 70-1 (autapomorphies of Stethopristes eos)

G': 51-2, 57-3, 76-0, 90-2 (monophyly of unnamed clade encompassing taxa Zenion through Zenopsis in Figure 4)

H': 14-1, 22-2, 33-2, 37-0, 68-1, 77-1, 85-0 (monophyly of Zeniontidae)

I' 9-2, 10-2, 20-1, 21-2, 38-1, 42-1, 44-0, 51-1, 81-1 (autapomorphies of Zenion hololepis)

J' 15-1, 47-3, 57-2, 71-2, 72-4, 83-2 (monophyly of Capromimus + Cyttomimus)

K' 47-2, 84-2 (autapomorphies of Capromimus abbreviatus)

L' 14-0, 17-0, 50-0, 68-0, 76-1 (autapomorphies of Cyttomimus stelgis)

M' 2-2, 8-1, 58-2, 87-3 (monophyly of unnamed clade encompassing taxa Macrurocyttus through Zenopsis in Figure 4)

N' 3-1, 28-0, 29-0, 32-1, 35-1, 42-1, 46-1, 57-2 (monophyly of Grammicolepididae)

O' 1-1, 9-0, 19-2, 33-1, 37-0, 39-0, 47-3, 48-3, 53-5, 69-2, 72-2, 85-0 (autapomorphies of Macrurocyttus acanthopodus)

P' 2-1, 12-1, 13-1, 20-1, 21-0, 30-1, 50-0, 51-1, 52-2, 58-1, 59-1, 84-1, 87-2 (monophyly of Grammicolepidinae)

Q' 46-0, 65-0, 68-1 (autapomorphies of Xenolepidichthys dalgleishi)

R' 9-2, 22-2, 47-5, 66-0 (autapomorphies of Grammicolepis brachiusculus)

S' 6-1, 7-1, 9-5, 11-1, 14-2, 36-2, 43-2, 47-0, 48-1, 56-1, 59-3, 64-0, 78-1, 79-1, 80-1, 83-1, 86-1, 88-3, 90-1 (monophyly of Zeidae)

T' 2-1, 36-1, 58-3, 87-1, 88-2 (autapomorphies of Zeus faber)

U' 8-2, 39-0, 82-1 (monophyly of Zenopsis conchifer+ Z. nebulosus)

V' 9-4, 48-0, 91-2 (autapomorphies of Zenopsis conchifer)

W' 72-4 (autapomorphy of Zenopsis nebulosus)