Lobariaceae

Habitat: Old Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.100 m (3.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Fagus sylvatica trunk at the base. Ref: V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 2, p 563 I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p417. V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten ind Moose, Ulmer (2000), p67.

Habitat: Old Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.100 m (3.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Fagus sylvatica trunk at the base. Ref: V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 2, p 563 I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p417. V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten ind Moose, Ulmer (2000), p67.

Habitat: Old Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.100 m (3.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Fagus sylvatica trunk at the base. Ref: V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 2, p 563. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p417. V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten ind Moose, Ulmer (2000), p67.

Habitat: Old Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.100 m (3.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Fagus sylvatica trunk at the base. Ref: V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 2, p 563. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p417. V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten ind Moose, Ulmer (2000), p67.

Habitat: Old Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.100 m (3.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Fagus sylvatica trunk at the base. Ref: V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 2, p 563. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p417. V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten ind Moose, Ulmer (2000), p67.

Habitat: Old Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.100 m (3.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Fagus sylvatica trunk at the base. Ref: V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 2, p 563. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p417. V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten ind Moose, Ulmer (2000), p67. Lower side.

Habitat: Old Fagus sylvatica forest, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 1.100 m (3.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Fagus sylvatica trunk at the base. Ref: V.Wirth, Die Flechen Baden-Wuerttembergs, Ulmer (1995), Vol. 2, p 563. I.Brodo, S.Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p417. V.Wirth, R.Duell, Farbatlas Flechten ind Moose, Ulmer (2000), p67.

Slo.: navadni pljučar - Habitat: Mixed, old predominantly Picea abies mountain forest, calcareous ground, almost flat terrain, quite humid place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.380 m (4.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: live Carpinus betulus. - Comment: Growing in groups, many species. Several large moist (after rain) thalli with isidia, soralia as well as with fairly rare apothecia in Europe. The tree trunk was covered by the lichen from ground to up to 4 m (12 feet) above the ground. Peltigera sp. present on the same trunk. - Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 255.

Slo.: navadni pljučar - Habitat: Mixed, old predominantly Picea abies mountain forest, calcareous ground, almost flat terrain, quite humid place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.380 m (4.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: live Carpinus betulus. - Comment: Growing in groups, many species. Several large moist (after rain) thalli with isidia, soralia as well as with fairly rare apothecia in Europe. The tree trunk was covered by the lichen from ground to up to 4 m (12 feet) above the ground. Peltigera sp. present on the same trunk. - Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 255.

Slo.: navadni pljučar - Habitat: Mixed, old predominantly Picea abies mountain forest, calcareous ground, almost flat terrain, quite humid place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.380 m (4.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: live Carpinus betulus. - Comment: Growing in groups, many species. Several large moist (after rain) thalli with isidia, soralia as well as with fairly rare apothecia in Europe. The tree trunk was covered by the lichen from ground to up to 4 m (12 feet) above the ground. Peltigera sp. present on the same trunk. - Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 255.

Slo.: navadni pljučar - Habitat: Mixed, old predominantly Picea abies mountain forest, calcareous ground, almost flat terrain, quite humid place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.380 m (4.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: live Carpinus betulus. - Comment: Growing in groups, many species. Several large moist (after rain) thalli with isidia, soralia as well as with fairly rare apothecia in Europe. The tree trunk was covered by the lichen from ground to up to 4 m (12 feet) above the ground. Peltigera sp. present on the same trunk. - Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 255.

Slo.: navadni pljučar - Habitat: Mixed, old predominantly Picea abies mountain forest, calcareous ground, almost flat terrain, quite humid place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.380 m (4.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: live Carpinus betulus. - Comment: Growing in groups, many species. Several large moist (after rain) thalli with isidia, soralia as well as with fairly rare apothecia in Europe. The tree trunk was covered by the lichen from ground to up to 4 m (12 feet) above the ground. Peltigera sp. present on the same trunk. - Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 255.

Slo.: navadni pljučar - Habitat: Mixed, old predominantly Picea abies mountain forest, calcareous ground, almost flat terrain, quite humid place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.380 m (4.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: live Carpinus betulus. - Comment: Growing in groups, many species. Several large moist (after rain) thalli with isidia, soralia as well as with fairly rare apothecia in Europe. The tree trunk was covered by the lichen from ground to up to 4 m (12 feet) above the ground. Peltigera sp. present on the same trunk. - Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 255.

Slo.: navadni pljučar - Habitat: Mixed, old predominantly Picea abies mountain forest, calcareous ground, almost flat terrain, quite humid place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.380 m (4.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: live Carpinus betulus. - Comment: Growing in groups, many species. Several large moist (after rain) thalli with isidia, soralia as well as with fairly rare apothecia in Europe. The tree trunk was covered by the lichen from ground to up to 4 m (12 feet) above the ground. Peltigera sp. present on the same trunk. - Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 255.

Slo.: navadni pljučar - Habitat: Mixed, old predominantly Picea abies mountain forest, calcareous ground, almost flat terrain, quite humid place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.380 m (4.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: live Carpinus betulus. - Comment: Growing in groups, many species. Several large moist (after rain) thalli with isidia, soralia as well as with fairly rare apothecia in Europe. The tree trunk was covered by the lichen from ground to up to 4 m (12 feet) above the ground. Peltigera sp. present on the same trunk. - Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 255.

Slo.: navadni pljučar - Habitat: Mixed, old predominantly Picea abies mountain forest, calcareous ground, almost flat terrain, quite humid place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.380 m (4.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: live Carpinus betulus. - Comment: Growing in groups, many species. Several large moist (after rain) thalli with isidia, soralia as well as with fairly rare apothecia in Europe. The tree trunk was covered by the lichen from ground to up to 4 m (12 feet) above the ground. Peltigera sp. present on the same trunk. - Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 255.

Slo.: navadni pljučar - Habitat: Mixed, old predominantly Picea abies mountain forest, calcareous ground, almost flat terrain, quite humid place, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 2-4 deg C, elevation 1.380 m (4.500 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: live Carpinus betulus. - Comment: Growing in groups, many species. Several large moist (after rain) thalli with isidia, soralia as well as with fairly rare apothecia in Europe. The tree trunk was covered by the lichen from ground to up to 4 m (12 feet) above the ground. Peltigera sp. present on the same trunk. - Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca.LTD (2005), p 255.

Slo.: navadni pljuar - Habitat: Mixed alpine forest, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees, steep mountain slope, southwest aspect; calcareous ground; quite sunny place since the surrounding forest was mostly cut down a few years ago; protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.180 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Bark of a large Fagus sylvatica. Comment: Lobaria pulmonaria is very beautiful and one of the largest lichens of Slovenia. It is the most beautiful after a few rainy days. Then dry it is brownish or dull green, but when moist it becomes shiny green. Since it is very sensitive to air pollution it is in sharp decline in Europe and hence protected in many countries. As such it is used as an indicator of rich, healthy and undisturbed ecosystems. Lobaria pulmonaria can be quite common in its ideal habitat; however, actually it is quite a rare find nowadays, particularly in low-land industrial countries. It occurs most often in shady environments. Green algae give Lobaria pulmonaria its bright green appearance. The underside of this lichen is whitish with pockets of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Hence this species is an association of three much different living beings: fungus and two kinds of algae.Its main method of reproducing is by tiny granule-like isidia or soredia, which develop on the edges of its talus (Fig. 63), eventually break off and fall on ground or in crevices of three bank, where they can grow into new lichen. Sometimes Lobaria pulmonaria also has spore-producing structures called apothecia that spread fungal spores. But apothecia are very rarely observed.Ref.:(1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417.(2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563.(3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca. LTD (2005), p 255.(4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society (2009), p 561.

Slo.: navadni pljuar - Habitat: Mixed alpine forest, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees, steep mountain slope, southwest aspect; calcareous ground; quite sunny place since the surrounding forest was mostly cut down a few years ago; protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.180 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Bark of a large Fagus sylvatica. Comment: Lobaria pulmonaria is very beautiful and one of the largest lichens of Slovenia. It is the most beautiful after a few rainy days. Then dry it is brownish or dull green, but when moist it becomes shiny green. Since it is very sensitive to air pollution it is in sharp decline in Europe and hence protected in many countries. As such it is used as an indicator of rich, healthy and undisturbed ecosystems. Lobaria pulmonaria can be quite common in its ideal habitat; however, actually it is quite a rare find nowadays, particularly in low-land industrial countries. It occurs most often in shady environments. Green algae give Lobaria pulmonaria its bright green appearance. The underside of this lichen is whitish with pockets of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Hence this species is an association of three much different living beings: fungus and two kinds of algae. Its main method of reproducing is by tiny granule-like isidia or soredia, which develop on the edges of its talus (Fig. 63), eventually break off and fall on ground or in crevices of three bank, where they can grow into new lichen. Sometimes Lobaria pulmonaria also has spore-producing structures called apothecia that spread fungal spores. But apothecia are very rarely observed. Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca. LTD (2005), p 255. (4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society (2009), p 561.

Slo.: navadni pljuar - Habitat: Mixed alpine forest, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees, steep mountain slope, southwest aspect; calcareous ground; quite sunny place since the surrounding forest was mostly cut down a few years ago; protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.180 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Bark of a large Fagus sylvatica. Comment: Lobaria pulmonaria is very beautiful and one of the largest lichens of Slovenia. It is the most beautiful after a few rainy days. Then dry it is brownish or dull green, but when moist it becomes shiny green. Since it is very sensitive to air pollution it is in sharp decline in Europe and hence protected in many countries. As such it is used as an indicator of rich, healthy and undisturbed ecosystems. Lobaria pulmonaria can be quite common in its ideal habitat; however, actually it is quite a rare find nowadays, particularly in low-land industrial countries. It occurs most often in shady environments. Green algae give Lobaria pulmonaria its bright green appearance. The underside of this lichen is whitish with pockets of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Hence this species is an association of three much different living beings: fungus and two kinds of algae. Its main method of reproducing is by tiny granule-like isidia or soredia, which develop on the edges of its talus (Fig. 63), eventually break off and fall on ground or in crevices of three bank, where they can grow into new lichen. Sometimes Lobaria pulmonaria also has spore-producing structures called apothecia that spread fungal spores. But apothecia are very rarely observed. Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca. LTD (2005), p 255. (4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society (2009), p 561.

Slo.: navadni pljuar - Habitat: Mixed alpine forest, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees, steep mountain slope, southwest aspect; calcareous ground; quite sunny place since the surrounding forest was mostly cut down a few years ago; protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.180 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Bark of a large Fagus sylvatica. Comment: Lobaria pulmonaria is very beautiful and one of the largest lichens of Slovenia. It is the most beautiful after a few rainy days. Then dry it is brownish or dull green, but when moist it becomes shiny green. Since it is very sensitive to air pollution it is in sharp decline in Europe and hence protected in many countries. As such it is used as an indicator of rich, healthy and undisturbed ecosystems. Lobaria pulmonaria can be quite common in its ideal habitat; however, actually it is quite a rare find nowadays, particularly in low-land industrial countries. It occurs most often in shady environments. Green algae give Lobaria pulmonaria its bright green appearance. The underside of this lichen is whitish with pockets of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Hence this species is an association of three much different living beings: fungus and two kinds of algae. Its main method of reproducing is by tiny granule-like isidia or soredia, which develop on the edges of its talus (Fig. 63), eventually break off and fall on ground or in crevices of three bank, where they can grow into new lichen. Sometimes Lobaria pulmonaria also has spore-producing structures called apothecia that spread fungal spores. But apothecia are very rarely observed. Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca. LTD (2005), p 255. (4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society (2009), p 561.

Slo.: navadni pljuar - Habitat: Mixed alpine forest, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees, steep mountain slope, southwest aspect; calcareous ground; quite sunny place since the surrounding forest was mostly cut down a few years ago; protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.180 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Bark of a large Fagus sylvatica. Comment: Lobaria pulmonaria is very beautiful and one of the largest lichens of Slovenia. It is the most beautiful after a few rainy days. Then dry it is brownish or dull green, but when moist it becomes shiny green. Since it is very sensitive to air pollution it is in sharp decline in Europe and hence protected in many countries. As such it is used as an indicator of rich, healthy and undisturbed ecosystems. Lobaria pulmonaria can be quite common in its ideal habitat; however, actually it is quite a rare find nowadays, particularly in low-land industrial countries. It occurs most often in shady environments. Green algae give Lobaria pulmonaria its bright green appearance. The underside of this lichen is whitish with pockets of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Hence this species is an association of three much different living beings: fungus and two kinds of algae. Its main method of reproducing is by tiny granule-like isidia or soredia, which develop on the edges of its talus (Fig. 63), eventually break off and fall on ground or in crevices of three bank, where they can grow into new lichen. Sometimes Lobaria pulmonaria also has spore-producing structures called apothecia that spread fungal spores. But apothecia are very rarely observed. Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca. LTD (2005), p 255. (4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society (2009), p 561.

Slo.: navadni pljuar - Habitat: Mixed alpine forest, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees, steep mountain slope, southwest aspect; calcareous ground; quite sunny place since the surrounding forest was mostly cut down a few years ago; protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.180 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Bark of a large Fagus sylvatica. Comment: Lobaria pulmonaria is very beautiful and one of the largest lichens of Slovenia. It is the most beautiful after a few rainy days. Then dry it is brownish or dull green, but when moist it becomes shiny green. Since it is very sensitive to air pollution it is in sharp decline in Europe and hence protected in many countries. As such it is used as an indicator of rich, healthy and undisturbed ecosystems. Lobaria pulmonaria can be quite common in its ideal habitat; however, actually it is quite a rare find nowadays, particularly in low-land industrial countries. It occurs most often in shady environments. Green algae give Lobaria pulmonaria its bright green appearance. The underside of this lichen is whitish with pockets of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Hence this species is an association of three much different living beings: fungus and two kinds of algae. Its main method of reproducing is by tiny granule-like isidia or soredia, which develop on the edges of its talus (Fig. 63), eventually break off and fall on ground or in crevices of three bank, where they can grow into new lichen. Sometimes Lobaria pulmonaria also has spore-producing structures called apothecia that spread fungal spores. But apothecia are very rarely observed. Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca. LTD (2005), p 255. (4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society (2009), p 561.

Slo.: navadni pljuar - Habitat: Mixed alpine forest, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees, steep mountain slope, southwest aspect; calcareous ground; quite sunny place since the surrounding forest was mostly cut down a few years ago; protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.180 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. Substratum: Bark of a large Fagus sylvatica. Comment: Lobaria pulmonaria is very beautiful and one of the largest lichens of Slovenia. It is the most beautiful after a few rainy days. Then dry it is brownish or dull green, but when moist it becomes shiny green. Since it is very sensitive to air pollution it is in sharp decline in Europe and hence protected in many countries. As such it is used as an indicator of rich, healthy and undisturbed ecosystems. Lobaria pulmonaria can be quite common in its ideal habitat; however, actually it is quite a rare find nowadays, particularly in low-land industrial countries. It occurs most often in shady environments. Green algae give Lobaria pulmonaria its bright green appearance. The underside of this lichen is whitish with pockets of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae). Hence this species is an association of three much different living beings: fungus and two kinds of algae. Its main method of reproducing is by tiny granule-like isidia or soredia, which develop on the edges of its talus (Fig. 63), eventually break off and fall on ground or in crevices of three bank, where they can grow into new lichen. Sometimes Lobaria pulmonaria also has spore-producing structures called apothecia that spread fungal spores. But apothecia are very rarely observed. Ref.: (1) I.M. Brodo, S.D. Sharnoff, S.Sharnoff, Lichens of North America, Yale Uni. Press (2001), p 417. (2) V. Wirth, Die Flechten Baden-Wuerttembergs, Vol.2. Ulmer (1995), p 563. (3) F.S. Dobson, Lichens, The Richmonds Publishing Ca. LTD (2005), p 255. (4) C.W.Smith, et all, The lichens of Great Britain and Ireland,The British Lichen Society (2009), p 561.