Parmeliàcia (Parmeliaceae) és una família de líquens de tal·lus foliaci o rarament fruticulós, amb estructura estratificada. Els gonidis pertanyen a la família de les clorococcàcies. Els apotecis són lecanorins amb l'hipoteci incolor. Els conidiòfors són amb freqüència endobasidiats.
Alguns tàxons amb interès a les parmeliàcies són el gènere Usnea, Evernia prunastri i Cetraria islandica.
The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species[2] in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: Xanthoparmelia (822 species), Usnea (355 species), Parmotrema (255 species), and Hypotrachyna (262 species).[3]
Nearly all members of the family have a symbiotic association with a green alga (most often Trebouxia spp., but Asterochloris spp. are known to associate with some species).[4] The majority of Parmeliaceae species have a foliose, fruticose, or subfruticose growth form. The morphological diversity and complexity exhibited by this group is enormous, and many specimens are exceedingly difficult to identify down to the species level.
The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is present in a wide range of habitats and climatic regions.[5] This includes everywhere from roadside pavement to alpine rocks, from tropical rainforest trees to subshrubs in the Arctic tundra. Members of the Parmeliaceae are found in most terrestrial environments. Several Parmeliaceae species have been assessed for the global IUCN Red List.
Based on several molecular phylogenetic studies, the Parmeliaceae as currently circumscribed has been shown to be a monophyletic group.[6] This circumscription is inclusive of the previously described families Alectoriaceae, Anziaceae, Hypogymniaceae, and Usneaceae, which are all no longer recognised by most lichen systematists. However, despite the family being one of the most thoroughly studied groups of lichens, several relationships within the family still remain unclear. Phylogenetic analysis supports the existence of seven distinct clades in the family. The Parmelioid clade is the largest, containing 27 genera and about 1850 species – about two-thirds of the species in the family.[7][8]
Many Parmeliaceae genera do not group phylogenetically into any of these clades, and these, along with genera that have not yet had their DNA studied, are classed as "genera with uncertain affinities".[7]
The Parmeliaceae has been divided into two subfamilies, Protoparmelioideae and Parmelioideae.[9][10] The diversification of various Parmelioideae lineages may have been a result of gaining innovations that provided adaptive advantages, such as melanin production in the genus Melanohalea.[11] Diversification of the Protoparmelioideae occurred during the Miocene.[12] The Parmelioid clade is the largest in the Parmeliaceae, with more than 1800 species and a centre of distribution in the Southern Hemisphere.[13]
Although fossil records of extant lichen species are scarce, the existence of some amber inclusions has allowed for a rough estimate of the divergence of the Parmeliaceae from its most recent common ancestor. An Anzia inclusion from 35–40 Myr-old Baltic amber and Parmelia from 15–45 Myr-old Dominican amber suggest a minimum age estimate for the Parmeliaceae of about 40 Myr.[14][15] A fossil-calibrated phylogeny has estimated the Parmeliaceae to have diversified much earlier, around the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary, 58–74 Myr ago.[16]
Parmeliaceae thalli are most often foliose, fruticose or subfruticose, but can be umblicate, peltate, caespitose, crustose, or subcrustose. Two genera, Nesolechia and Raesaenenia, contain lichenicolous fungi. They can be a variety of colours, from whitish to grey, green to yellow, or brown to blackish (or any combination therein). Many genera are lobe forming, and nearly all are heteromerous (which are corticate on both sides). Species are usually rhizinate on the lower surface, occasionally with holdfasts, rhizohyphae, or a hypothallus. Only a few genera have a naked lower surface (for example Usnea, Hypogymnia and Menegazzia). The upper surface has a pored or non-pored epicortex. Medulla is solid, but often loosely woven.[17]
Apothecia are lecanorine, produced along the lamina or margin, and sessile to pedicellate (or less often sunken). Thalline exciple is concolorous with the thallus. Asci are amyloid, and the vast majority of species have eight spores per ascus, though a few species are many-spored, and several Menegazzia species have two spores per ascus.[17]
Ascospores are simple, hyaline, and often small. Conidia generally arise laterally from the joints of conidiogenous hyphae (Parmelia-type), but arise terminally from these joints in a small number of species (Psora-type). The conidia can have a broad range of shapes: cylindrical to bacilliform, bifusiform, fusiform, sublageniform, unciform, filiform, or curved. Pycnidia are immersed or rarely emergent from the upper cortex, are produced along the lamina or margins, pyriform in shape, and dark-brown to black in colour.[17]
Members of the Parmeliaceae exhibit a diverse chemistry, with several types of lichenan (Xanthoparmelia-type, Cetraria-type, intermediate-type), isolichenan and/or other polysaccharides being known from the cell walls of many species.[17] The wide diversity in the types of chemical compounds includes depsides, depsidones, aliphatic acids, triterpenes, anthraquinones, secalonic acids, pulvinic acid derivatives, and xanthones. The compounds usnic acid and atranorin, which are found exclusively in the Parmeliaceae, are of great importance in the systematics of the family, and the presence or absence of these chemicals have been used in several instances to help define genera. Parmelia and Usnea are the best chemically characterized genera, while the species Cetraria islandica and Evernia prunastri have attracted considerable research attention for their bioactive compounds.[18]
A study of three parmelioid lichens (Bulbothrix setschwanensis, Hypotrachyna cirrhata, and Parmotrema reticulatum) collected from high-altitude areas of Garhwal Himalaya, showed considerable variation in the chemical content with the rising altitude. This suggests that there is a prominent role for secondary metabolites in the wider ecological distribution of Parmelioid lichens at higher altitudes.[19]
The main photobiont genus that associates with Parmeliaceae species is the chlorophyte Trebouxia. In particular, the species Trebouxia jamesii appears to be especially prominent. Some Parmeliaceae genera are also known to associate with Asterochloris,[4] but the frequency of this association is not yet known. In general, photobiont diversity within the Parmeliaceae is a little studied subject, and much is left to discover here.
These are the genera that are in the Parmeliaceae (including estimated number of species in each genus). Following the genus name is the taxonomic authority (those who first circumscribed the genus; standardised author abbreviations are used), year of publication, and the estimated number of species.
Parmeliaceae species that have been assessed for the global IUCN Red List include the following: Anzia centrifuga (vulnerable, 2014);[41] Sulcaria badia (endangered, 2019);[42] Lethariella togashii (vulnerable, 2017);[43] Hypotrachyna virginica (critically endangered, 2020);[44] Sulcaria isidiifera (critically endangered, 2017);[45] Sulcaria spiralifera (endangered, 2020);[46] and Xanthoparmelia beccae (vulnerable, 2017).[47]
Menegazzia pertransita growing on a tree in New Zealand. Scale bar = 1 cm.
Cetraria nivalis from Austria.
Parmelia sulcata from Commanster, Belgium.
Usnea rubicunda growing on a branch in Mendocino County, California.
Allocetraria oakesiana growing on bark in Highland County, Virginia.
Alectoria ochroleuca from Carianthia, Austria.
Hypotrachyna catawbiensis from Steuben, Maine.
Xanthoparmelia cf. lavicola, on basalt in Hawaii.
Hypogymnia cf. tubulosa in Alberta, Canada.
Letharia vulpina at Mt. Gleason, California.
The Parmeliaceae is a large and diverse family of Lecanoromycetes. With over 2700 species in 71 genera, it is the largest family of lichen-forming fungi. The most speciose genera in the family are the well-known groups: Xanthoparmelia (822 species), Usnea (355 species), Parmotrema (255 species), and Hypotrachyna (262 species).
Nearly all members of the family have a symbiotic association with a green alga (most often Trebouxia spp., but Asterochloris spp. are known to associate with some species). The majority of Parmeliaceae species have a foliose, fruticose, or subfruticose growth form. The morphological diversity and complexity exhibited by this group is enormous, and many specimens are exceedingly difficult to identify down to the species level.
The family has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is present in a wide range of habitats and climatic regions. This includes everywhere from roadside pavement to alpine rocks, from tropical rainforest trees to subshrubs in the Arctic tundra. Members of the Parmeliaceae are found in most terrestrial environments. Several Parmeliaceae species have been assessed for the global IUCN Red List.
Parmeliaceae es una familia de líquenes (o, más concretamente, una familia de hongos, uno de los simbiontes constituye el liquen) perteneciente al orden Lecanorales.
Parmeliaceae es el grupo más numeroso de su orden poseyendo unos 87 géneros y más de 2300 especies. Estas cifras son continuamente modificadas por nuevas descripciones y análisis moleculares. Estudios recientes consideran que una de las características utilizadas para la adhesión de un liquen en esta familia, la presencia de ácido úsnico y atranorina en el córtex, no es resultado de la filiación y que aparece en grupos muy distantes filogenéticamente.[1]
El talo de estas especies es tetraestratificado con un córtex superior formado por pseudoparénquima de hifas fúngicas y un córtex inferior similar pero con estructuras de unión al sustrato del tipo rizomas. Sobre el córtex inferior se encuentra la médula formadas por hifas del hongo levemente empaquetadas y sobre ella la capa algal formada por un alga unicelular esferoidal, generalmente Trebouxia.
Los representantes de esta familia se reproducen asexualmente mediante isidios, soredios y propágulos. Respecto a la reproducción por esporas se presentan picnidios, que en este grupo son de morfología baciliformes, bifusiformes o filiformes, y apotecios. Los apotecios son sencillos, con parafisos en su interior y ascas hialinas con una estructura cupular en su extremo productoras de 8 ascosporas.[2]
Datos: Q2573345
Multimedia:
Especies: Parmeliaceae
Parmeliaceae es una familia de líquenes (o, más concretamente, una familia de hongos, uno de los simbiontes constituye el liquen) perteneciente al orden Lecanorales.
Parmeliaceae es el grupo más numeroso de su orden poseyendo unos 87 géneros y más de 2300 especies. Estas cifras son continuamente modificadas por nuevas descripciones y análisis moleculares. Estudios recientes consideran que una de las características utilizadas para la adhesión de un liquen en esta familia, la presencia de ácido úsnico y atranorina en el córtex, no es resultado de la filiación y que aparece en grupos muy distantes filogenéticamente.
El talo de estas especies es tetraestratificado con un córtex superior formado por pseudoparénquima de hifas fúngicas y un córtex inferior similar pero con estructuras de unión al sustrato del tipo rizomas. Sobre el córtex inferior se encuentra la médula formadas por hifas del hongo levemente empaquetadas y sobre ella la capa algal formada por un alga unicelular esferoidal, generalmente Trebouxia.
Los representantes de esta familia se reproducen asexualmente mediante isidios, soredios y propágulos. Respecto a la reproducción por esporas se presentan picnidios, que en este grupo son de morfología baciliformes, bifusiformes o filiformes, y apotecios. Los apotecios son sencillos, con parafisos en su interior y ascas hialinas con una estructura cupular en su extremo productoras de 8 ascosporas.
Parmeliaceae likenak osatzen dituzten onddoen familietako bat da, Lecanorales ordenakoa. Oso familia zabala da, 85 genero eta 2.500 espezie ingururekin. Gehienak hostokarak edo frutikosoak dira[2]. Espezie gehien duten generoak Xanthoparmelia (800+ espezie), Usnea (500+ espezie), Parmotrema (350+ espezie) eta Hypotrachyna (190+ espezie) dira.
Irudi bat handitzeko, klika ezazu gainean. Parmeliaceae likenak osatzen dituzten onddoen familietako bat da, Lecanorales ordenakoa. Oso familia zabala da, 85 genero eta 2.500 espezie ingururekin. Gehienak hostokarak edo frutikosoak dira. Espezie gehien duten generoak Xanthoparmelia (800+ espezie), Usnea (500+ espezie), Parmotrema (350+ espezie) eta Hypotrachyna (190+ espezie) dira.
Karpeet (Parmeliaceae) on maljajäkälien lahkoon kuuluva heimo. Siinä missä jäkälillä sekovarressa yleensä on kaksi kerrosta, alempi ja ylempi kerros, tämän heimon joillakin lajeilla on varsinaisen yläosan päällä eräänlainen kolmas kerros.
Karpeet (Parmeliaceae) on maljajäkälien lahkoon kuuluva heimo. Siinä missä jäkälillä sekovarressa yleensä on kaksi kerrosta, alempi ja ylempi kerros, tämän heimon joillakin lajeilla on varsinaisen yläosan päällä eräänlainen kolmas kerros.
Les Parmeliaceae (Parméliacées, du grec parma, « petit bouclier rond ») sont une famille de champignons lichénisés. Avec 2 000 espèces environ réparties en 89 genres il s'agit de la plus importante famille de lichens, aux thalles essentiellement foliacés et fruticuleux. Parmi les formes les plus connues, elle comporte les parmélies, les usnées et la mousse d'Islande.
Les Parmeliaceae (Parméliacées, du grec parma, « petit bouclier rond ») sont une famille de champignons lichénisés. Avec 2 000 espèces environ réparties en 89 genres il s'agit de la plus importante famille de lichens, aux thalles essentiellement foliacés et fruticuleux. Parmi les formes les plus connues, elle comporte les parmélies, les usnées et la mousse d'Islande.
Litskófarætt, einnig nefnd fjallagrasaætt, (fræðiheiti: Parmeliaceae[1] eða Cetrariaceae[2]) er ætt fléttna. Á Íslandi vaxa um 50 tegundir af litskófarætt af 24 ættkvíslum. Ættin er stór og margbreytileg en flestar tegundirnar eru runnfléttur eða blaðfléttur.[1]
Gró fléttna af litskófarætt eru nánast alltaf glær, sporbaugótt og einhólfa.[1]
Tegundir á Íslandi eru um 50 af 24 ættkvíslum.[1] Nöfn fléttna á þessum lista er tekin frá Herði Kristinssyni[1] nema annað sé tekið fram. Listinn er líkega ekki tæmandi:
Litskófarætt, einnig nefnd fjallagrasaætt, (fræðiheiti: Parmeliaceae eða Cetrariaceae) er ætt fléttna. Á Íslandi vaxa um 50 tegundir af litskófarætt af 24 ættkvíslum. Ættin er stór og margbreytileg en flestar tegundirnar eru runnfléttur eða blaðfléttur.
Gró fléttna af litskófarætt eru nánast alltaf glær, sporbaugótt og einhólfa.
Kežiniai (lot. Parmeliaceae) – kerpių šeima, priklausanti lekanoriečių eilei.
Lietuvoje auga šių genčių kerpės:
Fargelavfamilien (Parmeliaceae)er en stor familie av lavdannende sekksporesopp, og omfatter omfatter både busk-, blad- og skorpelaver.
Fargelavfamilien (Parmeliaceae)er en stor familie av lavdannende sekksporesopp, og omfatter omfatter både busk-, blad- og skorpelaver.
Tarczownicowate (Parmeliaceae Zenker) – rodzina grzybów z rzędu misecznicowatych (Lecanorales)[1].
Nazwy naukowe na podstawie Index Fungorum. Nazwy polskie według W. Fałtynowicza[3].
Tarczownicowate (Parmeliaceae Zenker) – rodzina grzybów z rzędu misecznicowatych (Lecanorales).
Xanthoparmelia cf. lavicola, Гаваї.
Hypogymnia cf. tubulosa, Альберта, Канада.
Menegazzia pertransita, Нова Зеландія
Allocetraria oakesiana, Вірджинія.
Alectoria ochroleuca, Австрія.
Everniastrum catawbiense, Мен.
Xanthoparmelia cf. lavicola, Гаваї.
Hypogymnia cf. tubulosa, Альберта, Канада.
Parmeliaceae Zenker, 1827, nom. inval.
Типовой род
Парме́лиевые (лат. Parmeliaceae) — семейство лишайников порядка Леканоровые (Lecanorales).
Слоевище листоватое, с приподнимающимися или приросшими к субстрату лопастями, реже кустистый, прямостоячий или свисающий, с развитыми верхним и нижним коровыми слоями. Сердцевина белая, у некоторых видов окрашена в желтоватые или красноватые тона.
Апотеции на ножках или непосредственно на поверхности слоевищ, у некоторых видов имеются только на концах лопастей. Пикнидии образуются на поверхности слоевищ или по краям лопастей у многих видов.
Споры обычно одноклеточные, гиалиновые или буроватые, эллиптической, округлой или удлинённой формы, тонкостенные. Аски булавовидной или цилиндрической формы, обычно восьмиспоровые.
Парме́лиевые (лат. Parmeliaceae) — семейство лишайников порядка Леканоровые (Lecanorales).
梅花衣科（學名：Parmeliacae），又稱梅衣科，是茶漬綱一科真菌，大多會和綠藻共生形成地衣。梅花衣科是目前已知的最大一科地衣真菌[1][2]，有超過兩千個物種。
梅花衣科區分成梅衣類屬群（Parmelioid Genera）和島衣屬群（Cetrarioid Genera）。[3]
底下的屬：
