Velvet Spiders

Figure 30.A–F Dorceus fastuosus, female from Mashabim sand dunes, Israel (MR002, MR), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. A left ALS B left PMS C detail of left PMS D left PLS E aciniform field on left PLS F modified spigot and flanking aciniform gland spigot on left PLS. Unlabeled spigots in B and C thought to be a mixture of aciniform gland spigots and cylindrical gland spigots. AC aciniform gland spigot MAP major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot MS modified spigot PI piriform gland spigot.

Figure 32.A–F Dorceus fastuosus, male from Mashabin Sand Dunes, Israel (MR006, HUJ), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. A overview B left ALS C left PMS D left PLS E vestigial cribellum F modified spigot and flanking aciniform spigot on left PLS. AC aciniform gland spigot ALS anterior lateral spinneret MAP major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot MS modified spigot PI piriform gland spigot PLS posterior lateral spinneret PMS posterior median spinneret.

Figure 87.A–F Stegodyphus mimosarum female from Forêt d'Analalava, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar (CASENT 9015950, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. A Overview B Left ALS C Left PMS D Right PLS E Left lobe of cribellum F Cribellar spigots. Unlabeled spigots in C thought to be a mixture of aciniform gland spigots and cylindrical gland spigots. AC aciniform gland spigot ALS anterior lateral spinneret CR cribellum MAP major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot MS modified spigot PI piriform gland spigot PLS posterior lateral spinneret PMS posterior median spinneret t tartipore.

Figure 95.A–F Stegodyphus sarasinorum, spinnerets of male from 7.5 km E PwintPhyu, Magway Division, Myanmar (CASENT 9019370, CAS). A overview B right ALS C right PMS D right PLS E detail of modified spigot on right PLS F vestigial cribellum. AC aciniform gland spigot ALS anterior lateral spinneret MAP major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot MS modified spigot PI piriform gland spigot PLS posterior lateral spinneret PMS posterior median spinneret t tartipore.

Figure 61.A–F Gandanameno sp. from Hanover, South Africa (SAM 9465, SAM), scanning electron micrographs of male spinnerets. A detail of spigots on left ALS B left PLS C detail of spigots on left PLS D detail of spigots on left PMS E epiandrous region F detail of epiandrous gland spigots. AC aciniform gland spigot MAP major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot MS modified spigot PI piriform gland spigot.

Figure 39.A–F Dresserus sp., male from Mazumbai, Tanzania (CASENT 9025747, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets and epiandrous region. A overview of spinnerets B right ALS C PMS D left PLS E modified spigot on right PLS F epiandrous region. AC aciniform gland spigot ALS anterior lateral spinneret MAP major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot MS modified spigot n nubbin PI piriform gland spigot PLS posterior lateral spinneret PMS posterior median spinneret t tartipore.

Figure 74.A–D Seothyra henscheli from Gobabeb Station, Namibia (SMN 40828, NMN), scanning electron micrographs of male legI spinnerets, and epiandrous region. A femurI retrolateral view B detail of modified spigot on left male PLS C epiandrous region D detail of epiandrous gland spigots. MS modified spigot.

Figure 11.A–L Schematic illustrations of the carapace of assorted Stegodyphus species. A–D Stegodyphus lineatus E–H Stegodyphus mimosarum I–L Stegodyphus sarasinorum. A–B, E–F, I–J male C–D, G–H, K–L female A, C, E, G, I, K anterior view B, D, F, H, J, L dorsal view A illustrates example of median eyes separated on horizontal axis; E illustrates example of median eyes overlapping on vertical axis. Dashed lines at posterior of carapace indicate uncertainty. Not to scale.

Figure 80.A–D male Stegodyphus lineatus from Nengrahar, Afghanistan (MR010, MR), scanning electron micrographs. A–D right palp, images reversed to appear as left palp E, F epiandrous region A prolateral view B retrolateral view C apical view D detail, prolateral view E ventral view F detail of epiandrous gland spigots. C conductor E embolus ST subtegulum T tegulum.

Figure 85.A–F Stegodyphus mimosarum, scanning electron micrographs of male from Forêt d'Analalava, Fianarantsoa, Madagascar (CASENT 9015950, CAS). A–D right palp, images reversed so as to appear a left palp E, F epiandrous gland spigots A prolateral view B retrolateral view C apical view D ventral view E epiandrous region, ventral view F detail, epiandrous gland spigots. C conductor E embolus T tegulum.

Figure 51.Bayesian phylogenetic tree of the spider family Eresidae based on mixed model analysis (eight data partitions, manually adjusted alignment; see Miller et al. 2010a); outgroups not shown, see Fig. S1. For the genus Gandanameno, DNA specimen codes are substituted for taxonomic name and specimens are linked to their collection locality in southern Africa. Male specimens indicated by male symbol, female specimens indicated either by a female symbol or a square, the darkness of which indicates the strength and presence of cuspules, scored as in Fig. 50. Branches drawn proportional to change. Numbers at nodes are percent posterior probabilities of 50 or greater.

Figure 50.Carapace height plotted against carapace length for adult female Gandanameno specimens from eight regions: Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Gauteng, Hanover, Namaqualand, Namibia, and Port Elizabeth. Regions circumscribed in Fig. 49; sample size given in parentheses. Symbol shape indicates region while symbol darkness indicates presence and strength of cuspules. Specimens were scored as having cuspules absent, having medium to strong cuspules only on the legs, having a mixture of medium and strong cuspules on the prosoma, sternum, and/or legs, and having exclusively strong cuspules on the prosoma, sternum, and legs. As reflected in the legend, not all degrees of spinulation were observed in all regions.

Figure 72.A–J Seothyra henscheli. A–D, I–J male from Gobabeb Station, Namibia (SMN 40828, NMN) E–H female from Kuiseb River, Gobabeb, Namibia (SMN 46627, NMN) A–D habitus of male, photomicrographs E–H habitus of female, photomicrographs I, J illustrations of left male palp A, E dorsal view B, F ventral view C, G anterior view D, H lateral view I prolateral view J retrolateral view. C conductor E embolus ST subtegulum T tegulum.

Figure 73.A–F Seothyra henscheli from Gobabeb Station, Namibia (SMN 40828, NMN), scanning electron micrographs of right male palp, images reversed to appear as left palp. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C detail of embolic division, prolateral view D detail of modified setae on retrolateral side of cymbium. E ventral view F apical view. C conductor E embolus ST subtegulum T tegulum.

Figure 26.A–J Dorceus fastuosus. A–D, I–J male from Mashabin Sand Dunes, Israel (MR006, HUJ) E–H female from Mashabim sand dunes, Israel (MR002, MR) A–D habitus of male, photomicrographs E–H habitus of female, photomicrographs J, K illustrations of left male palp. A, E dorsal view B, F ventral view C, G anterior view D, H lateral view. I prolateral view. J retrolateral view. C conductor E embolus ST subtegulum T tegulum.

Figure 79.A–J Stegodyphus lineatus. A–D, I, J male from Nengrahar, Afghanistan (MR010, MR) E–H female from Belkis, near Birecor, Turkey (MR015, MR) A–D habitus of male, photomicrographs E–H habitus of female, photomicrographs I, J illustrations of left male palp A, E dorsal view B, F ventral view C, G anterior view D, H lateral view I prolateral view J retrolateral view. C conductor E embolus T tegulum.

Figure 71.Distribution of Paradonea species. Circles, Paradonea striatipes; squares, Paradonea splendens; inverted triangles, Paradonea variegata; diamonds, Paradonea parva; triangles, Paradonea presleyi sp. n. Primary type localities with all black symbols, those for other localities with white center.

Figure 66.A–F Loureedia annulipes, female from Wadi Mashash, Negev, Israel (MR019, MR), scanning electron micrographs of spinnerets. A overview B right ALS C left and right PMS D right PLS E cribellum. F cribellar spigots. Unlabeled spigots in C thought to be a mixture of aciniform gland spigots and cylindrical gland spigots. AC aciniform gland spigot ALS anterior lateral spinneret MAP major ampullate gland spigot mAP minor ampullate gland spigot MS modified spigot PI piriform gland spigot PLS posterior lateral spinneret PMS posterior median spinneret.

Figure 35.A–F Dresserus sp., female from Klein Kariba, South Africa (CASENT 9025745, CAS), scanning electron micrographs of prosoma. A anterior view, chelicerae removed, arrow indicates clypeal hood B dorsal view of eye region C fovea D sternum E right chelicera, ectal view F right cheliceral boss.

Figure 62.A–J Loureedia annulipes. A, B, D I, J male from Haluqim Ridge, Israel (MR008, HUJ) C male from Nitzanna village, Israel (MR018, HUJ) E, F, H female from Wadi Mashash, Israel (MR019, MR) G female from Haluquim, Israel (PET03, MR) A–D habitus of male, photomicrographs E–H habitus of female, photomicrographs I–J illustrations of left male palp A, E dorsal view B, F ventral view C, G anterior view D, H lateral view I prolateral view J retrolateral view. C conductor E embolus T tegulum.

Figure 63.A–F Loureedia annulipes from Haluqim Ridge, Israel (MR008, HUJ), scanning electron micrographs of right male palp, images reversed to appear as left palp. A prolateral view B retrolateral view C conductor, prolateral view D ventral view E conductor, ventral view F apical view. C conductor E embolus ST subtegulum T tegulum.

Figure 69.A–H Paradonea variegata. A–C, G–H male from Breekkierie Dunes, Northern Cape, South Africa (C1062, SAM) D–F female from Steinkopf, South Africa (ZMB 26964, ZMHB) A–C habitus of male, photomicrographs D–F habitus of female photomicrographs G–H illustrations of left male palp A, D dorsal view B, E ventral view C, F anterior view G prolateral view H retrolateral view. C conductor ST subtegulum T tegulum.

Figure 70.A–I males of Paradonea parva and Paradonea presleyi sp. n., habitus, photomicrographs. A–F Paradonea parva A–C male holotype from junction of Marico and Crocodile Rivers, South Africa (B3701, SAM) D–F male from 4 km N of Hopetown, Northern Cape, South Africa (AcAT 97/988, NCA). G–I male holotype of Paradonea presleyi sp. n. from Falcon College, Zimbabwe (CASENT 9039236, CAS) A, D, G dorsal view B, E, H ventral view C, F, I anterior view.

Figure 1.A–H Habitus of living Eresidae, photographs. A, B Adonea fimbriata A juvenile female (photo by Martin Forman) B adult male from Israel (photo by Martin Forman) C Dresserus kannemeyeri, adult female from Ndumo Game Reserve, South Africa (photo Stanislav Macík) D Dresserus sp., adult malefrom Namibia, between the towns Aus and Helmeringhausen (26°13.049'S, 16°36.063'E; photo by Martin Forman) E, F Gandanameno sp. E subadult female from Cape Town, South Africa (Stanislav Macík) F adult male from Anysberg Nature Reserve, Western Cape Province, South Africa (photo Martin Forman) G, H adult male Loureedia annulipes; G from Tel Krayot, Israel (photo by Martin Forman) H from Arad, Israel (photo by Martin Forman).