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A rare species in Pakistan. Collected only once in Bagh Tehsil, near Dhuli, where it grows in shady forest.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
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S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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eFloras.org
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Description

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Rhizome creeping, 1-2 cm thick. Adventitious roots fibrous. Stem up to 50 cm tall, 3-6 mm thick. Leaves 4-9; leaf 10.5-16.5 x 2.5-5.5 cm, lanceolate, glabrous, acuminate, venation reticulate; petiole short, 1-1.4 cm long. Flower-solitary, terminal, pedicellate; pedicel 3.5-5.5 cm long. Outer perianth segments leaf-like, 5-10.2 x 1.3-3.3 cm, green, acuminate, venation reticulate; inner segments linear, usually shorter, 1-2 mm broad, yellow or yellowish-green. Stamens as many as the perianth segments; filaments flattened, 5-6 mm long; anthers basifixed, linear, 8-9 mm long, dehiscence longitudinal. Ovary sub-globose, incompletely 4-5-locular; styles 4-5, free to the base, tips curved; ovules many in each locule. Fruit a fleshy capsule, sub-globose, c. 2.5 cm in diameter, 4-5-valved. Seeds numerous, ovoid, c. 4 mm long, testa pulpy, red.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
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eFloras.org
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Description

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Plants 10--100 cm tall. Rhizome 1--2.5 cm thick. Leaves 5--10(--22); petiole (0.5--)1--6 cm; leaf blade variable, usually oblong to lanceolate, 6--15(--30) × 0.5--5 cm, base rounded to cuneate. Peduncle 5--24(--65) cm. Outer tepals (3 or)4--6(or 7), green or yellow-green, narrowly ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, (3--)4.5--7(--11) × 1--4 cm; inner ones usually yellow-green, narrowly linear, shorter or longer than outer ones, 1--1.5(--5) mm wide. Stamens 2 ± as many as outer tepals, (6--)8--12(--14) or sometimes more; filaments 4--10 mm; anthers 5--12 mm; free portion of connective usually 0.5--4 mm. Ovary subglobose, ribbed, 1-loculed, sometimes tuberculate. Style short, base enlarged, purple to white; stigma lobes (4 or)5. Capsule globose, sometimes tuberculate. Seeds enveloped by red, succulent aril. Fl. and fr. Mar--Nov.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 24: 90 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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eFloras.org
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Distribution

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Distribution: Outer ranges of the Himalayas to Western China.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
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Distribution

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Anhui, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, Xizang, Yunnan, Zhejiang [Bhutan, India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Sikkim, Thailand, Vietnam].
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 24: 90 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Flower/Fruit

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Fl. Per.: April-May.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0: 3 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of Pakistan @ eFloras.org
editor
S. I. Ali & M. Qaiser
project
eFloras.org
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eFloras

Habitat

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Forests, bamboo forests, thickets, grassy or rocky slopes, streamsides; 100--3500 m.
license
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copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 24: 90 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Paris polyphylla

provided by wikipedia EN

Paris polyphylla is an Asian species of flowering plant native to China, the Indian Subcontinent, and Indochina.[1] It produces spider-like flowers that throw out long, thread-like, yellowish green petals throughout most of the warm summer months and into the autumn.[2] In the fall, the flowers are followed by small, scarlet berries.[2] It is a perennial, which slowly spreads, is fully hardy in Britain, and survives in leafy, moist soil in either complete or partial shade.[2]

This plant usually grows up to 90 cm (3 ft) high and spreads out about 30 cm (1 ft) wide. Its leaves grow in a single whorl below a flower growing in two whorls.[3]

It is used as an ornamental plant for woodland gardens or for planting under deciduous trees.

Etymology

The generic name Paris is derived from the word pars, or equal, which refers to the symmetry of the plant and the multiples of four in which its foliage, flowers, and fruits grow.[3][4] The specific epithet, polyphylla, means 'with many leaves'.[5][6] It is also referred to as Ch'i Yeh I Chih Hua in China, meaning "seven-leaves-one-flower".[7] Its Nepali name is Satuwa, and it is referred to as the "Love Apple" in English.[8]

Taxonomy

The genus Paris has in the past been placed in a number of different families, including a broadly defined Liliaceae and the former family Trilliaceae. In the APG III system, it is placed in the family Melanthiaceae, where it is related to the genus Trillium.[9]

As of May 2012 the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) recognizes several varieties:[10][11]

The Flora of China recognizes five additional varieties,[11] three of which are placed in different species by the WCSP:[10]

  • P. polyphylla var. appendiculata = P. thibetica
  • P. polyphylla var. brachystemon = P. polyphylla var. stenophyla
  • P. polyphylla var. kwantungensis = P. polyphylla var. polyphylla
  • P. polyphylla var. minor = P. delavayi
  • P. polyphylla var. pseudothibetica = P. delavayi

Ecology

Habitat

Paris polyphylla prefers to grow in forests, bamboo forests, thickets, grassy or rocky slopes and stream sides.[11] It likes moist, damp, and shady places (such as under deciduous trees). It is said to grow at altitudes up to 3300 meters and thrives well in places with moist and humus rich soil under canopy of forest in full shade to partial shade.[12]

Soil nutrients like organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus were found in higher levels in areas where the plant was absent.[12] However, the levels of phosphorus tended to be found in higher levels in areas were the plant grew.[12]

Conservation and cultivation

Paris polyphylla Sm. (Satuwa) is one of the medicinal plants listed as vulnerable by the IUCN.[12] Seed viability was found to be low and the seeds did not germinate in laboratory conditions even under different chemical treatments.[12] There seems to be a need for raising awareness amongst people who live in environments in which Paris polyphylla propagates.[12] Scientists must make known the sustainable use of the rhizome and its cultivation practice for the conservation of this plant.[12] If some part of the rhizome containing the bud is left underground, it is thought that the plant would become more sustainable and would help in conserving its population in the future.[12]

In a study done in Nepal, it was observed that overharvesting, unscientific collection of rhizomes, harvesting of plants before seed maturity, low viable seed production and long dormancy of seeds are the major threats to the plant's propagation.[12]

Paris polyphylla is considered to be a traded plant and it might have become less abundant in the past decade and this could be due to deforestation.[13]

Garden care

Paris polyphylla var. chinensis

Paris polyphylla plants are supposed to be planted with the pointy shoot at one end of the rhizome facing upwards.[2] The rhizome is then supposed to be covered with around 5 cm (2 in) of humus-rich soil which should not be allowed to dry out during the summer months.[2] In the autumn, a generous layer of mulch should be added and the plants should be left undisturbed after that so that they can increase in number year after year.[2] Caution should be taken since if eaten raw, the leaves of P. polyphylla could be toxic, even though it can be used in many medicinal remedies.

Reproduction

In the different varieties of Paris polyphylla, there are as many stamens (usually eight) as there are outer tepals, or there could be more.[11] Stamens have short filaments. The filaments are about 10 mm in size, while the anthers are about 12 mm.[11] The ovary is subglobose, ribbed, one-loculed and sometimes tuberculate.[11] The style is short with an enlarged base and purple to white in color.[11] The capsule, which is a kind of dry fruit produced by many flowering plants, is globose and sometimes tuberculate.[11] The plant was found to reproduce mainly by vegetative propagation in the field.[12]

It has been observed that Paris polyphylla seeds produce primary root about seven months after sowing and then leaves about four months later in the second year.[12] The seeds of this plant can remain dormant and this is thought to be because of changes of several endohormones, development of inhibiting substances, and the increase in material accumulation during the embryo's physiological ripening period.[12] A single offspring is grown from a single mother plant and this led to a rapid decline in its numbers.[12]

Morphology

Plants of Paris polyphylla usually grow about 10–100 cm tall from a rhizome 1–2.5 cm thick.[11] The leaves, which are in a whorl at the top of the stem are sessile, petiolate, lanceolate, to ovate or elliptic. The ovary is in the superior position, with numerous ovules.[14] The fruit is a berry or berrylike capsule, in which the seeds are enclosed in a red succulent aril when ripe.[11] The species is extremely polymorphic.[14] A table of some characteristics of some varieties of Paris polyphylla follows.[11]

Leaf structures

Leaves are found in a whorl of 4 to 9 leaves and they are petioled (4–6 cm), oblong, or lanceolate, acuminate.[8] The base of the leaf is rounded to cuneate in shape.[11] In variety polyphylla, the leaves are 2.5–5.0 cm wide.[11] The dull-green leaves contain three primary veins and spread out in a horizontal whorl at the top of the stem.[4] The leaves are known to have a narcotic odor.[4]

Stem and roots

Rhizomes, which are stems of plants that usually grow underground and send out roots and shoots from their nodes, grow in a creeping manner.[4] The stem grows about a foot high and it is simple, erect, smooth, round and naked, except at the top.[4] It is relatively thin.

Flowers and fruits

The tepals of Paris polyphylla

The tepals, which are elements of the perianth that includes the petals and the sepals, are usually 3–5 mm in length, widen distally, and are narrowly spatulate.[11] This is true of the variety yunnanensis. The outer tepals are green or yellow-green, narrowly ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, while the inner tepals are usually yellow-green, narrowly linear, and are shorter or longer than outer ones (about 1.5 mm long).[11] In the variety polyphylla, the inner tepals are 1–2 mm wide and are slightly longer than the outer ones.[11] In this variety, the bisexual flower is solitary and is produced on an erect angular peduncle and it is about 2.5 cm long.[4] The calyx consists of four lanceolate green leaves, while the corolla consists of four linear acute ones, of a similar color. Both the calyx and the corolla remain on the plant until the fruit ripens.[4] The fruits are purplish-black four-celled berries, which contain, in each cell, six or eight seeds in a double series.[4] The seeds are surrounded by a red, succulent aril, which will grow in the Spring.[11]

Paris polyphylla var. brachystemon

The specimens referred to as var. brachystemon (or var. stenophylla[10]) are usually smaller in their plant structures. Their leaves are narrower, attenuate at the base, and they have a very short petiole.[15] They are often dark green and whitish along the veins and underneath they are dark purplish in color.[15] Some specimens closely resemble P. marmorata, but their anthers are oblong and 3 mm long, while some other specimens have longer anthers, longer sepals and petals, and more distinct petioles which show intermediate characteristics between P. marmorata and P. polyphylla.[15]

Genetics

Both diploids (2n = 10 + 0 − 2B) and tetraploids (2n = 20 + 0 − 2B) have been found in Paris polyphylla.[15] The diploid variety has been reported in Simla and northern Thailand. P. formosana from Formosa which is considered as conspecific with P. polyphylla is also diploid.[15]

In folk medicine of Nepal

Paris polyphylla has been used by local inhabitants of Nepal traditionally since ancient times. They use it primarily for fevers and headaches, burns, wounds, and many livestock disease mainly to neutralize poisons.[12]

People harvest the rhizome of the Paris polyphylla at fruiting season (October), just before the plant dies because the plant is abundant at this time.[12] However, the local people, especially the Gurungs, believe that the plant harvested on Tuesdays of mid April (i.e. last Tuesday of Chaitra month) will be more effective as a medicine than those harvested at any other season.[12]

There used to be a large scale collection and trading of the rhizomes; they were traded to Pokhara city or Kathmandu.[12] However, no trade of Paris polyphylla occurs at present because it is banned for commercial collection as it falls under the Annapurna Conservation Area.[12]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paris polyphylla.

References

  1. ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  2. ^ a b c d e f "Paris polyphylla". Crocus. Archived from the original on 8 June 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  3. ^ a b Phipps, Nikki. "Paris Flower". Planting Flower Bulbs. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2012.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Burnett, ESQ., Gilbert Thomas (1852). An Encyclopedia of Useful and Ornamental Plants. London: George Willis, Great Piazza, Covernt Garden.
  5. ^ Stearn, W.T. (2004), Botanical Latin (4th (p/b) ed.), Portland, Oregon: Timber Press, p. 471, ISBN 978-0-7153-1643-6
  6. ^ Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). Plants and their names : a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 404. ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4.
  7. ^ Steward, Albert N. (1958). Manual of Vascular Plants of the Lower Yangtze Valley China. Tokyo, Japan: International Academic Printing Co., LTD. p. 515.
  8. ^ a b "Paris polyphylla". Ayurnepal: Exploring Ayurveda.... Archived from the original on 12 February 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  9. ^ Stevens, P.F. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website: Melanthiaceae". Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  10. ^ a b c Search for "Paris polyphylla", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 10 May 2014
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Liang, Songyun; Soukup, Victor G., Paris polyphylla, retrieved 1 May 2012, in Wu, Zhengyi; Raven, Peter H. & Hong, Deyuan, eds. (1994), Flora of China (online), eFloras.org, retrieved 11 February 2015
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r K.C., Madhu; Sussana Phoboo; Pramod Kumar Jha (2010). "Ecological Study of Paris polyphylla Sm". Ecological Society (ECOS), Nepal. 17: 87–93. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  13. ^ Coward, Harold, ed. (1999). A Cross-Cultural Dialogue on Health Care Ethics. Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. pp. 240–241.
  14. ^ a b Hutchinson, J. (1973). The Families of Flowering Plants. Great Britain: Oxford University Press. pp. 760–761.
  15. ^ a b c d e Hara, Hiroshi (1966). The Flora of Eastern Himalaya. Japan: The University of Tokyo Press. pp. 410–411.
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Paris polyphylla: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Paris polyphylla is an Asian species of flowering plant native to China, the Indian Subcontinent, and Indochina. It produces spider-like flowers that throw out long, thread-like, yellowish green petals throughout most of the warm summer months and into the autumn. In the fall, the flowers are followed by small, scarlet berries. It is a perennial, which slowly spreads, is fully hardy in Britain, and survives in leafy, moist soil in either complete or partial shade.

This plant usually grows up to 90 cm (3 ft) high and spreads out about 30 cm (1 ft) wide. Its leaves grow in a single whorl below a flower growing in two whorls.

It is used as an ornamental plant for woodland gardens or for planting under deciduous trees.

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