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Fishhook Waterflea

Cercopagis pengoi (Ostroumov 1891)

New York State Invasive Species

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Fishhook waterflea (Cercopagis pengoi) known in North America as the “fishhook water flea,” is an aggressive, predatory zooplankton that preys on smaller zooplankton. It belongs to the same family as Bythotrephes (Cercopagididae), and, like Bythotrephes, has a long caudal process (“tail”) with up to three pairs of barbs near its end. Also like Bythotrephes, Cercopagis is a native of the Ponto-Caspian region of eastern Europe/western Asia (the area of the Caspian, Azov, and Aral seas). As with the spiny water flea, the fishhook water flea is believed to be an international shipping ballast water introduction.

Since its first discovery in Lake Ontario in August 1998, copagis spread inland to six of New York’s Finger Lakes (Seneca, Cayuga, Otisco, Canandaigua, Owasco and Keuka) within a year, possibly on fishery sampling gear, in bait buckets, or on recreational angling equipment. In these inland lakes, Cercopagis now dominates the offshore zooplankton community during the summer and fall. This species has also been found in Grand Traverse Bay and southern Lake Michigan and in western Lake Erie and the Detroit River. It is expected to spread throughout the Great Lakes by means of currents, inter- and intra-lake ballast transfers and recreational boating and angling. The fishhook water flea, like the spiny water flea, fouls fishing lines, down rigger cables and fish nets, in many cases to an extent that anglers have had to cut their lines and lose fish because of reel clogging. The species’ length, including body and spine, can exceed 1 cm.

The species has been observed at densities of 170 to 600 individuals per square meter. In addition to sexual reproduction, Cercopagis most commonly reproduce parthenogenically (asexually), which allows them to quickly establish new populations with a relatively small seed population without the need for a large number of the smaller males along with females. Eggs produced in the early part of the season are delicate and very susceptible to damage, with low recruitment rates. Later in the season, as surface water temperatures decline, Cercopagis females produce over-wintering or resting eggs (the species is also known to produce resting eggs anytime during the year when environmental conditions become inhospitable). Such resting eggs can successfully overwinter in an inactive state and replenish the population after hatching in the spring. Resting eggs are also resistant to desiccation, freeze-drying and ingestion by predators (such as other fish). They can be easily transported to other drainage basins by various vectors, particularly if they are still in the female’s body (the barbed caudal spine allows attachment to ropes, fishing lines, waterfowl feathers, aquatic gear, vegetation and mud). Resting eggs can hatch regardless of whether the carrier female is alive or dead.

It is unknown what the future impacts of Cercopagis are going to be. It is possible that the high population densities of the species will create significant predation pressure on smaller cladocerans to impact the size and composition of native phytoplankton communities. Furthermore, Cercopagis may compete with native young- of-the-year fish populations for small prey. It is also possible that the species may become prey itself for larger fish. It is not known, therefore, whether Cercopagis will ultimately be an energetic source or sink in the Great Lakes.

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The New York Invasive Species Clearinghouse, Cornell University Cooperative Extension
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Cercopagis pengoi

provided by wikipedia EN

Cercopagis pengoi, or the fishhook waterflea, is a species of planktonic cladoceran crustaceans that is native in the brackish fringes of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea.[2] In recent decades it has spread as an invasive species to some freshwater waterways and reservoirs of Eastern Europe and to the brackish Baltic Sea. Further it was introduced in ballast water to the Great Lakes of North America and a number of adjacent lakes, and has become a pest classified among the 100 worst invasive species of the world.[2]

Cercopagis pengoi is a predatory cladoceran and thus a competitor to other planktivorous invertebrates and smaller fishes. On the other hand, it has provided a new food source for planktivorous fishes. It is also a nuisance to fisheries as it tends to clog nets and fishing gear.[3]

Description

The length of Cercopagis pengoi body is 1–3 mm, but with the tail included they range from 6–13 mm.[4] The size varies with location, the largest are found in the Baltic Sea (average body size 2.0 mm) and smallest in Lake Ontario (average size 1.4 mm).[5] The English name refers to the three pairs of barbs and a characteristic loop at the end of the tail.[4]

Ecology

Cercopagis pengoi is eurythermal and euryhaline, being able to tolerate a wide range of temperature and salinity.[5] It is a pelagic species, found in a higher abundance further from the shore and from the bottom.[5] It is a generalist feeder which preys on various species in both micro- and mesozooplankton (i.e. cladocerans, copepods, rotifers).[6] The size of prey ranges from its own body size to seventeen times smaller.[5] Prey is captured using thoracopods I, then retained by thoracopods II-IV, and crushed by its cuticle by mandibles, finally C. pengoi sucks the prey body contents.[7]

Fishhook waterfleas reproduce asexually during the summer, which produces a quick rise in population.[4] When conditions are inhospitable, C. pengoi will undergo sexual reproduction, producing resting eggs that can over-winter and repopulate the lake quickly in the spring. Resting eggs can withstand desiccation (extreme dryness), freeze-drying, and ingestion by fish.[4]

Invasive species

Cercopagis pengoi was brought to the American Great Lakes in ship ballast water from the Black Sea. It has been documented in Lake Ontario (1998), Lake Erie (2002), Lake Huron (2002), Lake Michigan (1999), and the Finger Lakes of New York (Canandaigua, Cayuga, Keuka, Cross, Otisco, Owasco, and Seneca lakes.[4] The species is transported in the live wells, bait water, and ropes of recreational fishing and boating.[8] C. pengoi’s wide tolerance levels and ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually makes it a very successful invader. Asexual reproduction allows for rapid population growth, and then resting eggs which are produced sexually can stick to boats and fishing gear and dispersed into new bodies of water.[9]

In the Baltic and in the Great Lakes, planktivorous fish and mysids are reported to prey on C. pengoi, implying that it has become a new food source.[10] C. pengoi directly competes with native zooplanktivores like alewife and rainbow smelt. Furthermore, C. pengoi have a long spine which deters planktivorous fish from consuming them.[4] These factors cause disruption in the lower trophic levels of the Great Lakes food web which can eventually trickle up the food chain to cause problems with fish stock through a trophic cascade.

Control strategies

There is no known method of eradication or control for invasive Cercopagis pengoi.[5] Containing the spread to new areas is the only form of management. Stricter ballast water regulations and awareness would prevent the spread.[5] The C. pengoi invasion of the Great Lakes occurred after the United States passed a regulation requiring ships exchange freshwater ballast water with ocean water to kill off potential invaders.[11] This means that either the resting eggs remain viable even after boats switch out their ballast water in the ocean or the required ballast water regulations are not being followed.

Locally C. pengoi spread can be limited by only releasing bait or bait water into the water body where the bait was originally collected. Boat owners should wash their boats and equipment with high pressure and hot water (above 40 °C) to limit the spread of adult C. pengoi. Alternatively boats and equipment should be allowed to dry for at least five days before moving to another body of water.[8]

References

  1. ^ "Cercopagis pengoi". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  2. ^ a b "Cercopagis pengoi". 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Species. November 28, 2006.
  3. ^ Birnbaum, C. (2006): Cercopagis pengoi Archived October 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. NOBANIS – Invasive Alien Species Fact Sheet.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Benson, A., E. Maynard, D. Raikow, J. Larson, T.H. Makled, and A. Fusaro,2018, Cercopagis pengoi: U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL, https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/factsheet.aspx?SpeciesID=163, Revision Date: 6/4/2013, Access Date: 3/28/2018
  5. ^ a b c d e f Global Invasive Species Database (2018) Species profile: Cercopagis pengoi. Downloaded from http://www.iucngisd.org/gisd/species.php?sc=118 on 05-05-2018.
  6. ^ Pichlová-Ptáčníková, R., & Vanderploeg, H. A. (2009). The invasive cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi is a generalist predator capable of feeding on a variety of prey species of different sizes and escape abilities. Archiv Für Hydrobiologie,173(4), 267-279. doi:10.1127/1863-9135/2009/0173-0267
  7. ^ Rivier I. K 1998. The predatory Cladocera (Onychopoda: Podonidae, Polyphemidae, Cercopagidae) and Leptodorida of the World. Guides to the Identification of the Micro-Invertebrates of the Continental Waters of the World, Backhuys Publishing, Leiden 13: 213 pp.
  8. ^ a b Crosier, D. M., and D. P.Molloy. UNDATED. Cercopagis pengoi - Fishhook Waterflea. Aquatic Nuisance Species Research Program.
  9. ^ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 2008. EPA Monitoring Data. EPA Great Lakes National Program Office. Available http://www.epa.gov/grtlakes/monitoring/biology/exotics/cercopagis.html
  10. ^ Antsulevich, A., & Välipakka, P. (2000). Cercopagis pengoi — New Important Food Object of the Baltic Herring in the Gulf of Finland. International Review of Hydrobiology,85, 609-619. doi:10.1002/1522-2632(200011)85:5/63.3.co;2-j
  11. ^ Ricciardi, A., and H. J. MacIsaac. 2000. Recent mass invasion of the North American Great Lakes by Ponto-Caspian species . TREE vol. 15, no. 2
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Cercopagis pengoi: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Cercopagis pengoi, or the fishhook waterflea, is a species of planktonic cladoceran crustaceans that is native in the brackish fringes of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. In recent decades it has spread as an invasive species to some freshwater waterways and reservoirs of Eastern Europe and to the brackish Baltic Sea. Further it was introduced in ballast water to the Great Lakes of North America and a number of adjacent lakes, and has become a pest classified among the 100 worst invasive species of the world.

Cercopagis pengoi is a predatory cladoceran and thus a competitor to other planktivorous invertebrates and smaller fishes. On the other hand, it has provided a new food source for planktivorous fishes. It is also a nuisance to fisheries as it tends to clog nets and fishing gear.

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Wikipedia authors and editors
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wikipedia EN