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Slo.: zlata griva - Habitat: old mixed wood, dominant Fagus sylvatica mixed with Abies alba and Picea abies; locally almost flat terrain, calcareous ground, in shade, relatively cold and humid place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.200 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: leaf litter and soil under a Fagus sylvatica. - Comments:Determination of Ramaria species is always a challenge for me even in case of quite common and best known' large, some shade of yellow-orange vividly colored Ramaria finds. These species cannot be overlooked in the field. They are very prominent. - For almost two centuries such fruit bodies had been known as either Ramaria aurea or Ramaria flava. Both names origin from Fries from late 18th century. They had been commonly known as 'yellow one' and 'orange-yellow' Ramaria. Only in seventies of 20th century Petersen's and Schild's research discovered that these two widely accepted names actually covered several distinct species. A new key was published by Schild in his paper 'Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?' in 1978 (Ref.3, full text available on net). The paper deals mostly with Ramaria sanguinea, Ramaria flavescens, Ramaria aurea, Ramaria flava and Ramaria fagetorum - but there are more of them described. Most Ramarias are quite variable in habitus, colors of different parts of their fruit bodies may change significantly during their lifespan, not all traits are stable, etc., so a reliable determination to species level based solely on macroscopic traits is eventually possible only for professional specialists for this genus. Observation of microscopic properties, particularly of spores and hypha septa, is indispensable. Initially, the fruit bodies on my pictures looked very similar to Ramaria flavescens, not only to my opinion. This species is quite common in Slovenia and in fact (some if not many) habitus pictures in literature and internet supported this guess. Yet, microscopy revealed simple hypha septa and the spores were too wide. Hence this assumption was bad. Both these microscopic properties fit well to Ramaria aurea. Also vividly yellow upper part of the stump (see Fig.5. and the key in Schild's paper, Ref.: 3) and better fit of measured spore dimensions to Schild's data speak for Ramaria aurea. Spores are still a little bit too wide. They would fit even better to similar Ramaria largenti (having spores dimensions 10-16/4-6.5 microns according to Schild) but this species thrives in coniferous forests, while my find grew under Fagus sylvatica. Also Ramaria largenti is more orange. So Ramaria aurea seems to be the best fit. - Growing in a group of four sporocarps within a range of approximately three by one meter; fruit bodies up to 14 cm tall and 9-15 cm wide; stump massive, up to 4-5 cm tall and 4 cm in diameter; branches fragile; no discoloring noticed when injured, cut or bruised; smell mild, pleasant and quite specific; taste initially mild, after some time slightly rancid but not bitter; SP very faint, color could not be determined. - Hypha of subhymenium and stump have simple septa. Spores warty, large for genus Ramaria. Dimensions: 11 [12,4 ; 13,1] 14,5 x 5,2 [5,9 ; 6,2] 6,9 micr., Q = 1,8 [2,1 ; 2,2] 2,4; N = 26; C = 95%, Me = 12,7 x 6,0micr.; Qe = 2,1. Basidia narrowly clavate. Dimensions: 47.8 [55.8 ; 59.8] 67.8 x 9.3 [10.9 ; 11.7] 13.3 micr., Q = 4.1 [4.9 ; 5.3] 6.2; N = 25; C = 95%; Me = 57.8 x 11.3 micr.;Qe = 5.1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (basidia, hypha), in water.AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: 1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler and Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.com. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2.,Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 354. (3) E. Schild, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?, Z. Mykol.., 44(2) (1978), pp 171-178. (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 462. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 346. (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 66.
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Slo.: zlata griva - Habitat: old mixed wood, dominant Fagus sylvatica mixed with Abies alba and Picea abies; locally almost flat terrain, calcareous ground, in shade, relatively cold and humid place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.200 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: leaf litter and soil under a Fagus sylvatica. - Comments:Determination of Ramaria species is always a challenge for me even in case of quite common and best known' large, some shade of yellow-orange vividly colored Ramaria finds. These species cannot be overlooked in the field. They are very prominent. - For almost two centuries such fruit bodies had been known as either Ramaria aurea or Ramaria flava. Both names origin from Fries from late 18th century. They had been commonly known as 'yellow one' and 'orange-yellow' Ramaria. Only in seventies of 20th century Petersen's and Schild's research discovered that these two widely accepted names actually covered several distinct species. A new key was published by Schild in his paper 'Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?' in 1978 (Ref.3, full text available on net). The paper deals mostly with Ramaria sanguinea, Ramaria flavescens, Ramaria aurea, Ramaria flava and Ramaria fagetorum - but there are more of them described. Most Ramarias are quite variable in habitus, colors of different parts of their fruit bodies may change significantly during their lifespan, not all traits are stable, etc., so a reliable determination to species level based solely on macroscopic traits is eventually possible only for professional specialists for this genus. Observation of microscopic properties, particularly of spores and hypha septa, is indispensable. Initially, the fruit bodies on my pictures looked very similar to Ramaria flavescens, not only to my opinion. This species is quite common in Slovenia and in fact (some if not many) habitus pictures in literature and internet supported this guess. Yet, microscopy revealed simple hypha septa and the spores were too wide. Hence this assumption was bad. Both these microscopic properties fit well to Ramaria aurea. Also vividly yellow upper part of the stump (see Fig.5. and the key in Schild's paper, Ref.: 3) and better fit of measured spore dimensions to Schild's data speak for Ramaria aurea. Spores are still a little bit too wide. They would fit even better to similar Ramaria largenti (having spores dimensions 10-16/4-6.5 microns according to Schild) but this species thrives in coniferous forests, while my find grew under Fagus sylvatica. Also Ramaria largenti is more orange. So Ramaria aurea seems to be the best fit. - Growing in a group of four sporocarps within a range of approximately three by one meter; fruit bodies up to 14 cm tall and 9-15 cm wide; stump massive, up to 4-5 cm tall and 4 cm in diameter; branches fragile; no discoloring noticed when injured, cut or bruised; smell mild, pleasant and quite specific; taste initially mild, after some time slightly rancid but not bitter; SP very faint, color could not be determined. - Hypha of subhymenium and stump have simple septa. Spores warty, large for genus Ramaria. Dimensions: 11 [12,4 ; 13,1] 14,5 x 5,2 [5,9 ; 6,2] 6,9 micr., Q = 1,8 [2,1 ; 2,2] 2,4; N = 26; C = 95%, Me = 12,7 x 6,0micr.; Qe = 2,1. Basidia narrowly clavate. Dimensions: 47.8 [55.8 ; 59.8] 67.8 x 9.3 [10.9 ; 11.7] 13.3 micr., Q = 4.1 [4.9 ; 5.3] 6.2; N = 25; C = 95%; Me = 57.8 x 11.3 micr.;Qe = 5.1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (basidia, hypha), in water.AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: 1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler and Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.com. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2.,Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 354. (3) E. Schild, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?, Z. Mykol.., 44(2) (1978), pp 171-178. (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 462. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 346. (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 66.
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Slo.: zlata griva - Habitat: old mixed wood, dominant Fagus sylvatica mixed with Abies alba and Picea abies; locally almost flat terrain, calcareous ground, in shade, relatively cold and humid place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.200 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: leaf litter and soil under a Fagus sylvatica. - Comments:Determination of Ramaria species is always a challenge for me even in case of quite common and best known' large, some shade of yellow-orange vividly colored Ramaria finds. These species cannot be overlooked in the field. They are very prominent. - For almost two centuries such fruit bodies had been known as either Ramaria aurea or Ramaria flava. Both names origin from Fries from late 18th century. They had been commonly known as 'yellow one' and 'orange-yellow' Ramaria. Only in seventies of 20th century Petersen's and Schild's research discovered that these two widely accepted names actually covered several distinct species. A new key was published by Schild in his paper 'Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?' in 1978 (Ref.3, full text available on net). The paper deals mostly with Ramaria sanguinea, Ramaria flavescens, Ramaria aurea, Ramaria flava and Ramaria fagetorum - but there are more of them described. Most Ramarias are quite variable in habitus, colors of different parts of their fruit bodies may change significantly during their lifespan, not all traits are stable, etc., so a reliable determination to species level based solely on macroscopic traits is eventually possible only for professional specialists for this genus. Observation of microscopic properties, particularly of spores and hypha septa, is indispensable. Initially, the fruit bodies on my pictures looked very similar to Ramaria flavescens, not only to my opinion. This species is quite common in Slovenia and in fact (some if not many) habitus pictures in literature and internet supported this guess. Yet, microscopy revealed simple hypha septa and the spores were too wide. Hence this assumption was bad. Both these microscopic properties fit well to Ramaria aurea. Also vividly yellow upper part of the stump (see Fig.5. and the key in Schild's paper, Ref.: 3) and better fit of measured spore dimensions to Schild's data speak for Ramaria aurea. Spores are still a little bit too wide. They would fit even better to similar Ramaria largenti (having spores dimensions 10-16/4-6.5 microns according to Schild) but this species thrives in coniferous forests, while my find grew under Fagus sylvatica. Also Ramaria largenti is more orange. So Ramaria aurea seems to be the best fit. - Growing in a group of four sporocarps within a range of approximately three by one meter; fruit bodies up to 14 cm tall and 9-15 cm wide; stump massive, up to 4-5 cm tall and 4 cm in diameter; branches fragile; no discoloring noticed when injured, cut or bruised; smell mild, pleasant and quite specific; taste initially mild, after some time slightly rancid but not bitter; SP very faint, color could not be determined. - Hypha of subhymenium and stump have simple septa. Spores warty, large for genus Ramaria. Dimensions: 11 [12,4 ; 13,1] 14,5 x 5,2 [5,9 ; 6,2] 6,9 micr., Q = 1,8 [2,1 ; 2,2] 2,4; N = 26; C = 95%, Me = 12,7 x 6,0micr.; Qe = 2,1. Basidia narrowly clavate. Dimensions: 47.8 [55.8 ; 59.8] 67.8 x 9.3 [10.9 ; 11.7] 13.3 micr., Q = 4.1 [4.9 ; 5.3] 6.2; N = 25; C = 95%; Me = 57.8 x 11.3 micr.;Qe = 5.1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (basidia, hypha), in water.AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: 1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler and Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.com. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2.,Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 354. (3) E. Schild, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?, Z. Mykol.., 44(2) (1978), pp 171-178. (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 462. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 346. (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 66.
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Slo.: zlata griva - Habitat: old mixed wood, dominant Fagus sylvatica mixed with Abies alba and Picea abies; locally almost flat terrain, calcareous ground, in shade, relatively cold and humid place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.200 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: leaf litter and soil under a Fagus sylvatica. - Comments:Determination of Ramaria species is always a challenge for me even in case of quite common and best known' large, some shade of yellow-orange vividly colored Ramaria finds. These species cannot be overlooked in the field. They are very prominent. - For almost two centuries such fruit bodies had been known as either Ramaria aurea or Ramaria flava. Both names origin from Fries from late 18th century. They had been commonly known as 'yellow one' and 'orange-yellow' Ramaria. Only in seventies of 20th century Petersen's and Schild's research discovered that these two widely accepted names actually covered several distinct species. A new key was published by Schild in his paper 'Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?' in 1978 (Ref.3, full text available on net). The paper deals mostly with Ramaria sanguinea, Ramaria flavescens, Ramaria aurea, Ramaria flava and Ramaria fagetorum - but there are more of them described. Most Ramarias are quite variable in habitus, colors of different parts of their fruit bodies may change significantly during their lifespan, not all traits are stable, etc., so a reliable determination to species level based solely on macroscopic traits is eventually possible only for professional specialists for this genus. Observation of microscopic properties, particularly of spores and hypha septa, is indispensable. Initially, the fruit bodies on my pictures looked very similar to Ramaria flavescens, not only to my opinion. This species is quite common in Slovenia and in fact (some if not many) habitus pictures in literature and internet supported this guess. Yet, microscopy revealed simple hypha septa and the spores were too wide. Hence this assumption was bad. Both these microscopic properties fit well to Ramaria aurea. Also vividly yellow upper part of the stump (see Fig.5. and the key in Schild's paper, Ref.: 3) and better fit of measured spore dimensions to Schild's data speak for Ramaria aurea. Spores are still a little bit too wide. They would fit even better to similar Ramaria largenti (having spores dimensions 10-16/4-6.5 microns according to Schild) but this species thrives in coniferous forests, while my find grew under Fagus sylvatica. Also Ramaria largenti is more orange. So Ramaria aurea seems to be the best fit. - Growing in a group of four sporocarps within a range of approximately three by one meter; fruit bodies up to 14 cm tall and 9-15 cm wide; stump massive, up to 4-5 cm tall and 4 cm in diameter; branches fragile; no discoloring noticed when injured, cut or bruised; smell mild, pleasant and quite specific; taste initially mild, after some time slightly rancid but not bitter; SP very faint, color could not be determined. - Hypha of subhymenium and stump have simple septa. Spores warty, large for genus Ramaria. Dimensions: 11 [12,4 ; 13,1] 14,5 x 5,2 [5,9 ; 6,2] 6,9 micr., Q = 1,8 [2,1 ; 2,2] 2,4; N = 26; C = 95%, Me = 12,7 x 6,0micr.; Qe = 2,1. Basidia narrowly clavate. Dimensions: 47.8 [55.8 ; 59.8] 67.8 x 9.3 [10.9 ; 11.7] 13.3 micr., Q = 4.1 [4.9 ; 5.3] 6.2; N = 25; C = 95%; Me = 57.8 x 11.3 micr.;Qe = 5.1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (basidia, hypha), in water.AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: 1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler and Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.com. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2.,Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 354. (3) E. Schild, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?, Z. Mykol.., 44(2) (1978), pp 171-178. (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 462. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 346. (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 66.
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Slo.: zlata griva - Habitat: old mixed wood, dominant Fagus sylvatica mixed with Abies alba and Picea abies; locally almost flat terrain, calcareous ground, in shade, relatively cold and humid place, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 3-5 deg C, elevation 1.200 m (3.900 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: leaf litter and soil under a Fagus sylvatica. - Comments:Determination of Ramaria species is always a challenge for me even in case of quite common and best known' large, some shade of yellow-orange vividly colored Ramaria finds. These species cannot be overlooked in the field. They are very prominent. - For almost two centuries such fruit bodies had been known as either Ramaria aurea or Ramaria flava. Both names origin from Fries from late 18th century. They had been commonly known as 'yellow one' and 'orange-yellow' Ramaria. Only in seventies of 20th century Petersen's and Schild's research discovered that these two widely accepted names actually covered several distinct species. A new key was published by Schild in his paper 'Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?' in 1978 (Ref.3, full text available on net). The paper deals mostly with Ramaria sanguinea, Ramaria flavescens, Ramaria aurea, Ramaria flava and Ramaria fagetorum - but there are more of them described. Most Ramarias are quite variable in habitus, colors of different parts of their fruit bodies may change significantly during their lifespan, not all traits are stable, etc., so a reliable determination to species level based solely on macroscopic traits is eventually possible only for professional specialists for this genus. Observation of microscopic properties, particularly of spores and hypha septa, is indispensable. Initially, the fruit bodies on my pictures looked very similar to Ramaria flavescens, not only to my opinion. This species is quite common in Slovenia and in fact (some if not many) habitus pictures in literature and internet supported this guess. Yet, microscopy revealed simple hypha septa and the spores were too wide. Hence this assumption was bad. Both these microscopic properties fit well to Ramaria aurea. Also vividly yellow upper part of the stump (see Fig.5. and the key in Schild's paper, Ref.: 3) and better fit of measured spore dimensions to Schild's data speak for Ramaria aurea. Spores are still a little bit too wide. They would fit even better to similar Ramaria largenti (having spores dimensions 10-16/4-6.5 microns according to Schild) but this species thrives in coniferous forests, while my find grew under Fagus sylvatica. Also Ramaria largenti is more orange. So Ramaria aurea seems to be the best fit. - Growing in a group of four sporocarps within a range of approximately three by one meter; fruit bodies up to 14 cm tall and 9-15 cm wide; stump massive, up to 4-5 cm tall and 4 cm in diameter; branches fragile; no discoloring noticed when injured, cut or bruised; smell mild, pleasant and quite specific; taste initially mild, after some time slightly rancid but not bitter; SP very faint, color could not be determined. - Hypha of subhymenium and stump have simple septa. Spores warty, large for genus Ramaria. Dimensions: 11 [12,4 ; 13,1] 14,5 x 5,2 [5,9 ; 6,2] 6,9 micr., Q = 1,8 [2,1 ; 2,2] 2,4; N = 26; C = 95%, Me = 12,7 x 6,0micr.; Qe = 2,1. Basidia narrowly clavate. Dimensions: 47.8 [55.8 ; 59.8] 67.8 x 9.3 [10.9 ; 11.7] 13.3 micr., Q = 4.1 [4.9 ; 5.3] 6.2; N = 25; C = 95%; Me = 57.8 x 11.3 micr.;Qe = 5.1. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil (spores); NEA 40x/0.65, magnification 400x (basidia, hypha), in water.AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: 1) Personal communication with Mr. Anton Poler and Bojan Rot, www.gobenabovskem.com. (2) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2.,Verlag Mykologia (1986), p 354. (3) E. Schild, Was ist Ramaria aurea und Ramaria flava?, Z. Mykol.., 44(2) (1978), pp 171-178. (4) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 462. (5) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 346. (6) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 66.
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Slo.: etverokraka zvezdica - Geastrum coronatum Scopoli - Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant, moderately steep, southeast oriented mountain slope, calcareous skeletal ground covered by leaf and needles litter without ground vegetation, under Picea abies, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 950 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: on moss covering a small Picea abies stump in the last disintegration stage, decomposed to almost soil. - Comments: Genus Geastrum contains very attractive fungi, which almost all are rather uncommon, if not rare. Globose or onion shaped fruit bodies of many start to develop underground. The 'shell' of their fruit bodies consists of four distinct layers (with some exceptions). The outer three form so called exoperidium and the inner one is endoperidium, a 'sack', which contains spores. Exoperidium's outer layer consists of mycelium, the middle layer consists of fibers and the inner one is so called pseudoparenchymal layer. During growth the last one swells and breaks the exoperidium into star like shaped lappets, which curl backward and in this way push the fruit body out of the ground. In some species, like with Geastrum quadrifidum, the outer mycelial layer does not split together with other two layers of the exoperidium but falls off and forms a kind of 'bird's nest' in ground on top of which the fruit body sits. This white mycelial 'nest' can be seen on Fig. 3. The fruit body, when mature, cuts itself almost completely off the mycelium and stands free, like on legs made of exoperidium flaps. Only the far ends of the laps stay in connection with the 'nest'. In this way endoperidium with its 'chimney' (peristom) on top, through which clouds of spores rise like a 'smoke', is positioned as high as possible to facilitate spore spreading by the wind. - Geastrum quadrifidum is among the smallest species of about 50 of them worldwide (and ten of them described in Slovenian checklist (Ref.7)). It is a rare find. As its species name suggests it usually has four exoperidium 'legs'. However, sometimes, as in my find, it has five of them. - Growing solitary; exoperidium diameter 20 mm, endoperidium diameter 8 mm, its height (without the peristom 'beak') 7 mm; SP and spores on mass dark brown; smell none; taste not tested (too small). Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions excluding warts: 4.4 [5 ; 5.2] 5.7 x 4.1 [4.5 ; 4.7] 5.2 microns; Q = 1 [1.1] 1.2; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5.1 x 4.6 microns; Qe = 1.1; number of warts per circumference: AVG = 12.1, SD = 1.2, N = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 116. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 440. (3) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 519. (4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302.(5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 382.(6) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 334. (7) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije (in Slovene), 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (1998), p 29.
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Slo.: etverokraka zvezdica - Geastrum coronatum Scopoli - Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant, moderately steep, southeast oriented mountain slope, calcareous skeletal ground covered by leaf and needles litter without ground vegetation, under Picea abies, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 950 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: on moss covering a small Picea abies stump in the last disintegration stage, decomposed to almost soil. - Comments: Genus Geastrum contains very attractive fungi, which almost all are rather uncommon, if not rare. Globose or onion shaped fruit bodies of many start to develop underground. The 'shell' of their fruit bodies consists of four distinct layers (with some exceptions). The outer three form so called exoperidium and the inner one is endoperidium, a 'sack', which contains spores. Exoperidium's outer layer consists of mycelium, the middle layer consists of fibers and the inner one is so called pseudoparenchymal layer. During growth the last one swells and breaks the exoperidium into star like shaped lappets, which curl backward and in this way push the fruit body out of the ground. In some species, like with Geastrum quadrifidum, the outer mycelial layer does not split together with other two layers of the exoperidium but falls off and forms a kind of 'bird's nest' in ground on top of which the fruit body sits. This white mycelial 'nest' can be seen on Fig. 3. The fruit body, when mature, cuts itself almost completely off the mycelium and stands free, like on legs made of exoperidium flaps. Only the far ends of the laps stay in connection with the 'nest'. In this way endoperidium with its 'chimney' (peristom) on top, through which clouds of spores rise like a 'smoke', is positioned as high as possible to facilitate spore spreading by the wind. - Geastrum quadrifidum is among the smallest species of about 50 of them worldwide (and ten of them described in Slovenian checklist (Ref.7)). It is a rare find. As its species name suggests it usually has four exoperidium 'legs'. However, sometimes, as in my find, it has five of them. - Growing solitary; exoperidium diameter 20 mm, endoperidium diameter 8 mm, its height (without the peristom 'beak') 7 mm; SP and spores on mass dark brown; smell none; taste not tested (too small). Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions excluding warts: 4.4 [5 ; 5.2] 5.7 x 4.1 [4.5 ; 4.7] 5.2 microns; Q = 1 [1.1] 1.2; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5.1 x 4.6 microns; Qe = 1.1; number of warts per circumference: AVG = 12.1, SD = 1.2, N = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 116. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 440. (3) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 519. (4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302.(5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 382.(6) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 334. (7) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije (in Slovene), 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (1998), p 29.
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Slo.: etverokraka zvezdica - Geastrum coronatum Scopoli - Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant, moderately steep, southeast oriented mountain slope, calcareous skeletal ground covered by leaf and needles litter without ground vegetation, under Picea abies, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 950 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: on moss covering a small Picea abies stump in the last disintegration stage, decomposed to almost soil. - Comments: Genus Geastrum contains very attractive fungi, which almost all are rather uncommon, if not rare. Globose or onion shaped fruit bodies of many start to develop underground. The 'shell' of their fruit bodies consists of four distinct layers (with some exceptions). The outer three form so called exoperidium and the inner one is endoperidium, a 'sack', which contains spores. Exoperidium's outer layer consists of mycelium, the middle layer consists of fibers and the inner one is so called pseudoparenchymal layer. During growth the last one swells and breaks the exoperidium into star like shaped lappets, which curl backward and in this way push the fruit body out of the ground. In some species, like with Geastrum quadrifidum, the outer mycelial layer does not split together with other two layers of the exoperidium but falls off and forms a kind of 'bird's nest' in ground on top of which the fruit body sits. This white mycelial 'nest' can be seen on Fig. 3. The fruit body, when mature, cuts itself almost completely off the mycelium and stands free, like on legs made of exoperidium flaps. Only the far ends of the laps stay in connection with the 'nest'. In this way endoperidium with its 'chimney' (peristom) on top, through which clouds of spores rise like a 'smoke', is positioned as high as possible to facilitate spore spreading by the wind. - Geastrum quadrifidum is among the smallest species of about 50 of them worldwide (and ten of them described in Slovenian checklist (Ref.7)). It is a rare find. As its species name suggests it usually has four exoperidium 'legs'. However, sometimes, as in my find, it has five of them. - Growing solitary; exoperidium diameter 20 mm, endoperidium diameter 8 mm, its height (without the peristom 'beak') 7 mm; SP and spores on mass dark brown; smell none; taste not tested (too small). Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions excluding warts: 4.4 [5 ; 5.2] 5.7 x 4.1 [4.5 ; 4.7] 5.2 microns; Q = 1 [1.1] 1.2; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5.1 x 4.6 microns; Qe = 1.1; number of warts per circumference: AVG = 12.1, SD = 1.2, N = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 116. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 440. (3) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 519. (4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302.(5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 382.(6) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 334. (7) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije (in Slovene), 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (1998), p 29.
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Slo.: etverokraka zvezdica - Geastrum coronatum Scopoli - Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant, moderately steep, southeast oriented mountain slope, calcareous skeletal ground covered by leaf and needles litter without ground vegetation, under Picea abies, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 950 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: on moss covering a small Picea abies stump in the last disintegration stage, decomposed to almost soil. - Comments: Genus Geastrum contains very attractive fungi, which almost all are rather uncommon, if not rare. Globose or onion shaped fruit bodies of many start to develop underground. The 'shell' of their fruit bodies consists of four distinct layers (with some exceptions). The outer three form so called exoperidium and the inner one is endoperidium, a 'sack', which contains spores. Exoperidium's outer layer consists of mycelium, the middle layer consists of fibers and the inner one is so called pseudoparenchymal layer. During growth the last one swells and breaks the exoperidium into star like shaped lappets, which curl backward and in this way push the fruit body out of the ground. In some species, like with Geastrum quadrifidum, the outer mycelial layer does not split together with other two layers of the exoperidium but falls off and forms a kind of 'bird's nest' in ground on top of which the fruit body sits. This white mycelial 'nest' can be seen on Fig. 3. The fruit body, when mature, cuts itself almost completely off the mycelium and stands free, like on legs made of exoperidium flaps. Only the far ends of the laps stay in connection with the 'nest'. In this way endoperidium with its 'chimney' (peristom) on top, through which clouds of spores rise like a 'smoke', is positioned as high as possible to facilitate spore spreading by the wind. - Geastrum quadrifidum is among the smallest species of about 50 of them worldwide (and ten of them described in Slovenian checklist (Ref.7)). It is a rare find. As its species name suggests it usually has four exoperidium 'legs'. However, sometimes, as in my find, it has five of them. - Growing solitary; exoperidium diameter 20 mm, endoperidium diameter 8 mm, its height (without the peristom 'beak') 7 mm; SP and spores on mass dark brown; smell none; taste not tested (too small). Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions excluding warts: 4.4 [5 ; 5.2] 5.7 x 4.1 [4.5 ; 4.7] 5.2 microns; Q = 1 [1.1] 1.2; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5.1 x 4.6 microns; Qe = 1.1; number of warts per circumference: AVG = 12.1, SD = 1.2, N = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 116. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 440. (3) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 519. (4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302.(5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 382.(6) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 334. (7) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije (in Slovene), 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (1998), p 29.
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Slo.: etverokraka zvezdica - Geastrum coronatum Scopoli - Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant, moderately steep, southeast oriented mountain slope, calcareous skeletal ground covered by leaf and needles litter without ground vegetation, under Picea abies, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 950 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: on moss covering a small Picea abies stump in the last disintegration stage, decomposed to almost soil. - Comments: Genus Geastrum contains very attractive fungi, which almost all are rather uncommon, if not rare. Globose or onion shaped fruit bodies of many start to develop underground. The 'shell' of their fruit bodies consists of four distinct layers (with some exceptions). The outer three form so called exoperidium and the inner one is endoperidium, a 'sack', which contains spores. Exoperidium's outer layer consists of mycelium, the middle layer consists of fibers and the inner one is so called pseudoparenchymal layer. During growth the last one swells and breaks the exoperidium into star like shaped lappets, which curl backward and in this way push the fruit body out of the ground. In some species, like with Geastrum quadrifidum, the outer mycelial layer does not split together with other two layers of the exoperidium but falls off and forms a kind of 'bird's nest' in ground on top of which the fruit body sits. This white mycelial 'nest' can be seen on Fig. 3. The fruit body, when mature, cuts itself almost completely off the mycelium and stands free, like on legs made of exoperidium flaps. Only the far ends of the laps stay in connection with the 'nest'. In this way endoperidium with its 'chimney' (peristom) on top, through which clouds of spores rise like a 'smoke', is positioned as high as possible to facilitate spore spreading by the wind. - Geastrum quadrifidum is among the smallest species of about 50 of them worldwide (and ten of them described in Slovenian checklist (Ref.7)). It is a rare find. As its species name suggests it usually has four exoperidium 'legs'. However, sometimes, as in my find, it has five of them. - Growing solitary; exoperidium diameter 20 mm, endoperidium diameter 8 mm, its height (without the peristom 'beak') 7 mm; SP and spores on mass dark brown; smell none; taste not tested (too small). Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions excluding warts: 4.4 [5 ; 5.2] 5.7 x 4.1 [4.5 ; 4.7] 5.2 microns; Q = 1 [1.1] 1.2; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5.1 x 4.6 microns; Qe = 1.1; number of warts per circumference: AVG = 12.1, SD = 1.2, N = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 116. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 440. (3) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 519. (4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302.(5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 382.(6) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 334. (7) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije (in Slovene), 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (1998), p 29.
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Slo.: etverokraka zvezdica - Geastrum coronatum Scopoli - Habitat: mixed wood, Picea abies and Fagus sylvatica dominant, moderately steep, southeast oriented mountain slope, calcareous skeletal ground covered by leaf and needles litter without ground vegetation, under Picea abies, in shade, partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies, average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 5-7 deg C, elevation 950 m (3.100 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: on moss covering a small Picea abies stump in the last disintegration stage, decomposed to almost soil. - Comments: Genus Geastrum contains very attractive fungi, which almost all are rather uncommon, if not rare. Globose or onion shaped fruit bodies of many start to develop underground. The 'shell' of their fruit bodies consists of four distinct layers (with some exceptions). The outer three form so called exoperidium and the inner one is endoperidium, a 'sack', which contains spores. Exoperidium's outer layer consists of mycelium, the middle layer consists of fibers and the inner one is so called pseudoparenchymal layer. During growth the last one swells and breaks the exoperidium into star like shaped lappets, which curl backward and in this way push the fruit body out of the ground. In some species, like with Geastrum quadrifidum, the outer mycelial layer does not split together with other two layers of the exoperidium but falls off and forms a kind of 'bird's nest' in ground on top of which the fruit body sits. This white mycelial 'nest' can be seen on Fig. 3. The fruit body, when mature, cuts itself almost completely off the mycelium and stands free, like on legs made of exoperidium flaps. Only the far ends of the laps stay in connection with the 'nest'. In this way endoperidium with its 'chimney' (peristom) on top, through which clouds of spores rise like a 'smoke', is positioned as high as possible to facilitate spore spreading by the wind. - Geastrum quadrifidum is among the smallest species of about 50 of them worldwide (and ten of them described in Slovenian checklist (Ref.7)). It is a rare find. As its species name suggests it usually has four exoperidium 'legs'. However, sometimes, as in my find, it has five of them. - Growing solitary; exoperidium diameter 20 mm, endoperidium diameter 8 mm, its height (without the peristom 'beak') 7 mm; SP and spores on mass dark brown; smell none; taste not tested (too small). Spores coarsely warty. Dimensions excluding warts: 4.4 [5 ; 5.2] 5.7 x 4.1 [4.5 ; 4.7] 5.2 microns; Q = 1 [1.1] 1.2; N = 40; C = 95%; Me = 5.1 x 4.6 microns; Qe = 1.1; number of warts per circumference: AVG = 12.1, SD = 1.2, N = 30. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil; AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 116. (2) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 440. (3) W. Rothmaler, Exkursionsflora von Deutschland, Vol.1, Niedere Pflanzen, Elsevier, 3.Auflage, (1994), p 519. (4) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 302.(5) J. Breitenbach, F. Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia(1986), p 382.(6) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 334. (7) A. Poler, ed., Seznam gliv Slovenije (in Slovene), 2nd Ed., Assoc. of Mycol. Soc. of Slovenia (1998), p 29.
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Slo.: prisekani kijec - Habitat: Young open mixed wood, Picea abies and some Fagus sylvatica, mossy ground, quite moist and shaded, no sun during winter months, nearly flat calcareous terrain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 830 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: mossy ground. - Comments: Spore print faint, color hard to decide: white-light gray (?). Spore dimensions: 10,6 (SD=0.9) x 5.6 (SD=0.5) micr., n=30. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), pp 634.
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Slo.: prisekani kijec - Habitat: Young open mixed wood, Picea abies and some Fagus sylvatica, mossy ground, quite moist and shaded, no sun during winter months, nearly flat calcareous terrain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 830 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: mossy ground. - Comments: Spore print faint, color hard to decide: white-light gray (?). Spore dimensions: 10,6 (SD=0.9) x 5.6 (SD=0.5) micr., n=30. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), pp 634.
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Slo.: prisekani kijec - Habitat: Young open mixed wood, Picea abies and some Fagus sylvatica, mossy ground, quite moist and shaded, no sun during winter months, nearly flat calcareous terrain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 830 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: mossy ground. - Comments: Spore print faint, color hard to decide: white-light gray (?). Spore dimensions: 10,6 (SD=0.9) x 5.6 (SD=0.5) micr., n=30. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), pp 634.
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Slo.: prisekani kijec - Habitat: Young open mixed wood, Picea abies and some Fagus sylvatica, mossy ground, quite moist and shaded, no sun during winter months, nearly flat calcareous terrain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 830 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: mossy ground. - Comments: Spore print faint, color hard to decide: white-light gray (?). Spore dimensions: 10,6 (SD=0.9) x 5.6 (SD=0.5) micr., n=30. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), pp 634.
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Slo.: prisekani kijec - Habitat: Young open mixed wood, Picea abies and some Fagus sylvatica, mossy ground, quite moist and shaded, no sun during winter months, nearly flat calcareous terrain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 830 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: mossy ground. - Comments: Spore print faint, color hard to decide: white-light gray (?). Spore dimensions: 10,6 (SD=0.9) x 5.6 (SD=0.5) micr., n=30. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), pp 634.
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Slo.: prisekani kijec - Habitat: Young open mixed wood, Picea abies and some Fagus sylvatica, mossy ground, quite moist and shaded, no sun during winter months, nearly flat calcareous terrain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 830 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: mossy ground. - Comments: Spore print faint, color hard to decide: white-light gray (?). Spore dimensions: 10,6 (SD=0.9) x 5.6 (SD=0.5) micr., n=30. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), pp 634.
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Slo.: prisekani kijec - Habitat: Young open mixed wood, Picea abies and some Fagus sylvatica, mossy ground, quite moist and shaded, no sun during winter months, nearly flat calcareous terrain, average precipitations ~3.000 mm/year, average temperature 6-8 deg C, elevation 830 m (2.700 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: mossy ground. - Comments: Spore print faint, color hard to decide: white-light gray (?). Spore dimensions: 10,6 (SD=0.9) x 5.6 (SD=0.5) micr., n=30. Motic B1-211A, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water. - Ref.: M.Bon, Pareys Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. D.Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), pp 634.
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2001 California Academy of Sciences
CalPhotos
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2001 California Academy of Sciences
CalPhotos
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2001 California Academy of Sciences
CalPhotos
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2001 California Academy of Sciences
CalPhotos
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2001 California Academy of Sciences
CalPhotos
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2001 California Academy of Sciences
CalPhotos