Water Thyme

The plant is eaten by some fresh water fish and may be used as manure wherever it occurs in large quantities. It becomes a serious menace to navigation in large lakes and in irrigation canals as it reduces the rate of flow of water.

Hydrilla verticillata apparently entered the United States in 1959 at Miami, Florida (D. F.F. Austin 1978). It was introduced as an aquarium plant, star-vine or oxygen plant (D. P. Tarver et al. 1978). By 1960 the species was reported as naturalized in Florida (G. E. Allen 1976).

Hydrilla verticillata is widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere but it is uncertain as to where it is truly native. It grows in a variety of aquatic habitats ranging from acidic to basic, oligotrophic to eutrophic, fresh to brackish, and from a few centimeters to a meter or more if light penetrates that deeply. Growth and spread often are rapid. Stem fragments become rooted by fine, unbranched adventitious roots and soon produce vegetative reproductive structures from both subterranean and erect stems. Tubers produced on subterranean stems are pale brown; those produced on erect stems are dark olive-green and covered with short, stiff scales. Both types germinate quickly to produce new stems.

Caulescent, glabrous, profusely branched freshwater herb with 5-50 mm long internodes and fibrous roots at some nodes. Leaves oblong-linear to lanceolate, (8-) 10-40 (-50) mm long, (1-) 2-3 mm wide, green, margin serrate-dentate, apex acute-apiculate; nodal scales 2, axillary, membranous with orange brown cilia on margin. Male spathe 1.25-1.50 mm long, bursting open to liberate male flower, beset with subulate appendages. Male flower: sepals reflexed, 1.5-3 mm long; petals linear-spathulate, equalling the sepals, patent or reflexed, obtuse; stamens with minute filaments. Female spathe c. 5 mm long, reddish-brown striped, bidentate. Ovary oblong, 3.4 mm long, with 1.5-10 cm long slender rostrum. Fruit ± terete. 5-7 mm long. Seeds dark brown, c. 2.5 mm long.

Rhizomes and erect stems with turions; subterranean turions cream-brown, appearing as tubers, surface smooth; turions from erect stems olive-green, covered with short, stiff scales. Leaves 8--15(--20) ´ 1.2--4 mm, margins serrulate. Inflorescences: spathe of 2 connate bracts. Flowers 1 per spathe; staminate pedicels 0.5 mm; pistillate flowers with floral tube 10--50 mm; ovary 1-locular. 2n = 32.

South & East Europe, Africa, South & East Asia to Australia.

Distribution: Gregarious in ditches, pools, lakes, wet ricefields and slow-running water streams in S.E. Europe, Africa, Asia and Australia from sea level to 6000'; introduced in America and elsewhere.

introduced; Ala., Calif., Conn., Del., D.C., Fla., Ga., La., Md., Md., Miss., S.C., Tenn., Tex., Va.; Mexico; West Indies; Central America; South America (Venezuela); Eurasia; Africa; Australia.

600-1600 m

Fl. Per.: October-January.

Flowering summer--fall.

Lakes, streams, rivers, bayous; introduced; 0--200m.

Serpicula verticillata Linnaeus f., Suppl. Pl., 416. 1782

Control mechanical harvesting and herbicide spraying are common control methods of controlling Hydrilla. Both are expensive and only moderately effective.

• Power weed cutters mow underwater weeds below the water surface and gather them onto a conveyor. The harvesting process is expensive, costing over $1,000 per acre. Because of Hydrilla’s rapid growth, mechanical harvesting needs to be performed several times per growing season. Since the mowing and removal process cannot capture every single fragment of Hydrilla stem and leaf, water and wind currents moving away from the harvest area can easily carry these fragments to uninfested areas of a waterbody and result in new populations taking root.
• Chemicals are easier to apply, but also costly. Herbicide spraying works best in small, enclosed bodies of water, and does not work at all in larger bodies the size of a Finger Lake, or in moving water such as a stream, river or canal. Herbicides can also have unintended impacts on native flora, as well. For those reasons, permits for chemical control of Hydrilla are difficult to obtain in New York.
• Biological control insects as part of efforts to control Hydrilla have been attempted in Florida with mixed results. Leaf-mining flies from Australia and India and a tuber-feeding weevil from India have been used overseas. The insects released are not native to NY, nor are they currently permitted for release in the State. The use of non-native species to attempt to control another non-native species can be risky if the newly released species out-competes native insects, causing a new invasive species problem. The use of sterile grass carp has been used with some success in small lakes in the southern US but would be impractical in lakes the size of the Finger Lakes.
• Another method of dealing with Hydrilla infestations is the control of water levels. Temporary control of Hydrilla has been shown to result from large-scale, long-term water drawdowns. However, since new plants can grow from the buried tubers, regrowth can take place when water levels are allowed to return to normal. Drawdowns also can have negative environmental impacts on native plant species and on fish populations.
• Suction harvesting of Hydrilla growth by divers using very strong vacuum hoses can be used to remove Hydrilla from confined areas. However, as with drawdowns, if the underground tubers are not removed by dredging following the suction harvesting, regrowth can take place from the tubers during the next growing season. Further, any fragments that might escape during vacuum activities can float away to root and start new infestations. The “best”, most effective way to control Hydrilla is the prevention of new Hydrilla infestations.

Background

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), also commonly called water thyme, is a submersed perennial herb. The plant is rooted in the bed of the waterbody and has long stems (up to 25 feet in length) that branch at the surface where growth becomes horizontal and forms dense mats. Small (2 - 4 mm wide, 6 - 20 mm long), pointed, often serrated leaves are arranged around the stem in whorls of 3 to 10. Southern populations are predominantly dioecious female (plants having only female flowers) that overwinter as perennials. Populations north of South Carolina, including populations in New York, are essentially monoecious (having both male and female flowers on the same plant) that set some fertile seed, and depend on tubers for overwintering. These monoecious plants produce female flowers with three translucent petals 10 - 50 mm long by 4 - 8 mm wide, and male flowers with three white to red narrow petals about 2 mm long.

Origin

The dioecious form of Hydrilla is believed to originate from the Indian subcontinent, specifically the island of Sri Lanka, although random DNA analysis also indicates India's southern mainland as a possible source location. The monoecious form is believed to have arrived on our shores from Korea.

Habitat

Hydrilla can be found infesting freshwater lakes, ponds, rivers, impoundments and canals.

Introduction & Spread

The dioecious strain of H. verticillata was imported as an aquarium plant in the early 1950s. Discarded (or intentionally planted ) colonies were found in canals in Miami and Tampa shortly after. The monoecious strain was introduced separately decades later in the Potomac Basin.

Both dioecious and monoecious Hydrilla propagate primarily by stem fragments, although turions (buds) and subterranean tubers also play an important role. The main means of introduction of Hydrilla is as castaway fragments on recreational boats and trailers and in their live wells. New colonies can often be found near boat ramps as such stem pieces become rooted in the substrate (even very, very small fragments can become the start of new populations). Boat traffic through established populations can shatter and spread Hydrilla throughout the waterbody, similar to the spread of Eurasian watermilfoil.

Hydrilla is often a contaminant on popular watergarden plants and may be unwittingly transported and established in private ponds in this manner. As with most invasive aquatic plant species, Hydrilla is a very opportunistic organism and can often be found taking over waters that have had populations of Eurasian watermilfoil chemically removed without a management plan for reestablishing native vegetation.

Impacts

Hydrilla can invade deep, dark waters where most native plants cannot grow. The plant’s aggressive growth (hydrilla’s 20 - 30 foot stems can add up to an inch per day) can spread into shallow water areas and form thick mats that block sunlight to native plants below, effectively displacing the native vegetation of a waterbody. Major colonies of hydrilla can alter the physical and chemical characteristics of lakes:

• It is one of the world's worst aquatic invasive plants
• It blocks sunlight and displaces native plants below with its thick, dense surface mats
• Stratification of the water column and decreased dissolved oxygen levels can lead to fish kills
• The weight and size of sportfish can be reduced when open water and natural vegetation are lost
• Waterfowl feeding areas and fish spawning sites are eliminating by dense surface mats
• Thick mats of vegation can obstruct boating, swimming and fishing
• The value of shorefront property can be significantly reduced, hurting both homeowners and the communities that rely on taxation of shoreline property
• In severe infestations, intakes at water treatment, power generation, and industrial facilities can be blocked.

Identification

Hydrilla has pointed, bright green leaves about 5/8 inches long. The leaves grow in whorls of 3 - 10 along the stem, 5 being most common. The margins of the leaves are serrated (toothed). Thin stalks from the stem end in a single, small, floating white flower at the water's surface. A key identifying feature is the presence of small (up to half inch long), dull-white to yellowish, potato-like tubers which grow 2 to 12 inches below the surface of the sediment at the ends of underground stems. These tubers form at the end of the growing season and serve to store food to allow Hydrilla to overwinter.

Native Lookalikes

Hydrilla is often confused with the common native water weed, Elodea Canadensis, which has whorls of 3 smooth-edged leaves as opposed to whorls of 4 to 10 serrated and spined leaves. Line art: University of Florida Center for Aquatic Plants.

Prevention

The best way to help prevent the spread of Hydrilla is to follow basic clean boating techniques:

For All Types of Watercraft:

- Be aware of and, if possible, avoid passing through dense beds of aquatic vegetation Inspect your watercraft, all equipment, and trailers after each use for any plant material

- Remove and dispose of all plant matter, dirt, mud and other material in a trash can or above the waterline on dry land well away from where it might get washed back into the lake

- Clean and dry all equipment thoroughly before visiting other water bodies (including anything that got wet, such as fishing gear and the family dog) For Non-Motorized Craft Such as rowing shells, canoes, kayaks, and sailboards:

- Open airlocks on shells or air bladders on kayaks after use and allow to dry thoroughly, as plant fragments can survive moist conditions for many days

Around Docks, Launch Sites, and Other Areas:

If plant fragments are piling up around dock areas, use a rake to remove plant material and dispose in the trash

Control

Mechanical harvesting and herbicide spraying are common control methods of controlling Hydrilla. Both are expensive and only moderately effective.

• Power weed cutters mow underwater weeds below the water surface and gather them onto a conveyor. The harvesting process is expensive, costing over $1,000 per acre. Because of Hydrilla’s rapid growth, mechanical harvesting needs to be performed several times per growing season. Since the mowing and removal process cannot capture every single fragment of Hydrilla stem and leaf, water and wind currents moving away from the harvest area can easily carry these fragments to uninfested areas of a waterbody and result in new populations taking root.
• Chemicals are easier to apply, but also costly. Herbicide spraying works best in small, enclosed bodies of water, and does not work at all in larger bodies the size of a Finger Lake, or in moving water such as a stream, river or canal. Herbicides can also have unintended impacts on native flora, as well. For those reasons, permits for chemical control of Hydrilla are difficult to obtain in New York.
• Biological control insects as part of efforts to control Hydrilla have been attempted in Florida with mixed results. Leaf-mining flies from Australia and India and a tuber-feeding weevil from India have been used overseas. The insects released are not native to NY, nor are they currently permitted for release in the State. The use of non-native species to attempt to control another non-native species can be risky if the newly released species out-competes native insects, causing a new invasive species problem. The use of sterile grass carp has been used with some success in small lakes in the southern US but would be impractical in lakes the size of the Finger Lakes.
• Another method of dealing with Hydrilla infestations is the control of water levels. Temporary control of Hydrilla has been shown to result from large-scale, long-term water drawdowns. However, since new plants can grow from the buried tubers, regrowth can take place when water levels are allowed to return to normal. Drawdowns also can have negative environmental impacts on native plant species and on fish populations.
• Suction harvesting of Hydrilla growth by divers using very strong vacuum hoses can be used to remove Hydrilla from confined areas. However, as with drawdowns, if the underground tubers are not removed by dredging following the suction harvesting, regrowth can take place from the tubers during the next growing season. Further, any fragments that might escape during vacuum activities can float away to root and start new infestations.
• The “best”, most effective way to control Hydrilla is the prevention of new Hydrilla infestations.

Eastern US Occurrences

Waterbodies infested with Hydrilla can be found in 70% of Florida's freshwater drainage basins, making it the most abundant aquatic plant in that state’s waters. Hydrilla is also widespread throughout Alabama; impoundments on the Tennessee River; eastern Mississippi; southeastern Tennessee; southwestern Georgia; South Carolina; eastern North Carolina; in Virginia’s Potomac, Rappahannock, and Appomattox Rivers and into the piedmont, in the tidal freshwater reaches of the Potomac River on the Virginia/Maryland border; along the western and northeastern shores of the Chesapeake Bay, including the Pautuxent River, where it is the most abundant plant species; Pennsylvania (in the Schuylkill River near downtown Philadelphia); eastern Kentucky; in ponds in Delaware; southeastern Connecticut; in a Cape Cod pond in Massachusetts; in southwestern Maine; in New Jersey’s Lower Delaware drainage; Indiana's Lake Manitou; Wisconsin; and since 2008, in three New York lakes in Suffolk and Orange Counties, and in Cayuga Lake in NY's Finger Lakes. Hydrilla can also be found at numerous sites west of the Mississippi River.

Cayuga Lake Inlet Infestation

H. verticillata was detected in the Cayuga Lake Inlet in Ithaca, New York in mid-August 2011 by staff of the Cayuga Lake Floating Classroom. A follow-up survey by Robert L. Johnson, a former researcher with the Cornell University Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, now with Racine-Johnson Aquatic Ecologists, located extensive Hydrilla populations in several areas of the Inlet. As of early-September 2011, the Hydrilla appears to be localized to the Inlet, with no evidence of the plant in Cayuga Lake proper. This is the first detection of Hydrilla in upstate New York. The risk of the plant spreading to the rest of Cayuga Lake and other regional waterbodies in the Finger Lakes region is considered to be substantial. State, regional, and local officials and organizations, along with biologists from Cornell University are developing plans to control, manage, and prevent the spread of the invader, as well as outreach efforts to enlist the public's help in preventing the plant's spread.