Comments
provided by eFloras
Carpinus caroliniana consists of two rather well-marked geographical races, treated here as subspecies. These hybridize or intergrade in a band extending from Long Island along the Atlantic coast through coastal Virginia and North Carolina, and then westward in northern South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Plants with intermediate features are also found throughout the highlands of Missouri and Arkansas. J. J. Furlow (1987b) has described the variation of this complex in detail.
Native Americans used Carpinus caroliniana medicinally to treat flux, navel yellowness, cloudy urine, Italian itch, consumption, diarrhea, and constipation, as an astringent, a tonic, and a wash, and to facilitate childbirth (D. E. Moerman 1986; no subspecies specified).
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Description
provided by eFloras
Trees , to 12 m; trunks short, often crooked, longitudinally or transversely fluted, crowns spreading. Bark gray, smooth to somewhat roughened. Wood whitish, extremely hard, heavy. Winter buds containing inflorescences squarish in cross section, somewhat divergent, 3--4 mm. Leaf blade ovate to elliptic, 3--12 × 3--6 cm, margins doubly serrate, teeth typically obtuse and evenly arranged, primary teeth often not much longer than secondary; surfaces abaxially slightly to moderately pubescent, especially on major veins, with or without conspicuous dark glands. Inflorescences: staminate inflorescences 2--6 cm; pistillate inflorescences 1--2.5 cm. Infructescences 2.5--12 cm; bracts relatively uncrowded, 2--3.5 × 1.4--2.8 cm, lobes narrow, elongate, apex nearly acute, obtuse, or rounded, central lobe (1--)2--3 cm.
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Synonym
provided by eFloras
Carpinus americana Michaux
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- cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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- Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
Broad-scale Impacts of Plant Response to Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
prescribed fireThe Research Project Summary
Effects of surface fires in a mixed red and
eastern white pine stand in Michigan and the Research paper by
Bowles and others 2007 provide information on prescribed fire and postfire response of several plant species,
including American hornbeam, that was not available when this species review was written.
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Common Names
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
American hornbeam
blue-beech
ironwood
muscletree
water-beech
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Description
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fruit,
treeAmerican hornbeam is a native, deciduous small tree. It usually grows
30 to 40 feet (9-12 m) tall [
4,
13,
32,
39]. The bark is thin, close, and
usually smooth. The trunk is often crooked, and is usually coarsely
fluted, resembling a flexed muscle [
4,
7,
13]. The fruit is a ribbed
nutlet 0.16 to 0.24 inch (4-6 mm) long [
3,
4]. It is usually described
as slow-growing and short-lived [
27].
The largest American hornbeam on record for the Southeast was 75 feet
(22.8 m) tall, 21.6 (54.8 cm) d.b.h., and 67.8 inches (172.2 cm) in
circumference [
42].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Distribution
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The range of American hornbeam extends from central Maine west to
southwestern Quebec, southeastern Ontario, northern Michigan, and
northern Minnesota; south to central Iowa and eastern Texas; and east to
central Florida [
22].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Ecology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
fire frequency,
fire regime,
frequency,
swamp,
top-killAmerican hornbeam is not resistant to fire damage due to its thin bark.
It probably sprouts after top-kill by fire. It occurs mostly in
communities that rarely experience fire.
Florida swamp and hammock communities in which American hornbeam occurs
are estimated as having a fire frequency on the order of one or two
fires per century [
8]. Also in Florida, American hornbeam is one of a
number of hardwoods invading longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) communities
in the absence of fire. A community sampled 55 years after the last
recorded fire was dominated by swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxii),
American hornbeam, live oak (Q. virginiana), water oak, sweetgum,
eastern hophornbeam, Carolina ash (Fraxinus caroliniana), and pignut
hickory (Carya glabra), with a few remaining large longleaf pine in the
overstory [
14].
FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the
FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Fire Management Considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The very hard, dense wood of American hornbeam rots very rapidly;
dying trees usually disappear within a decade [
21].
American hornbeam is sometimes present as an undesirable species in
cut-over pine on terrace or terrace-equivalent sites. Burning in late
spring to early winter may be useful for controlling undesirable
hardwoods on these sites, but is effective only during a long dry
period. Fuels are too moist to achieve good fire spread otherwise [
34].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the term:
phanerophytePhanerophyte
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat characteristics
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeAmerican hornbeam exhibits its best growth on rich, moist soils in
bottomlands, coves, and lower protected slopes. It is also common along
the borders of streams and swamps including bay and river swamps in
Florida [
6,
8,
27], and is also found in hydric hammocks in Florida [
8].
The best sites for American hornbeam are characterized by abundant soil
moisture but sufficient drainage to prevent saturation and poor aeration
during the growing season [
27]. American hornbeam is primarily found on
poorly to imperfectly drained sites, although it grows on well-drained
sites also [
21]. Hook [
41] rated American hornbeam as only weakly
tolerant of flooding, although it occurs on sites that have a high
probability of flooding in any given year. He commented that mature
trees remain healthy if flooded less than 24 percent of the growing
season, but are most abundant where flooding occurs 10 to 21 percent of
the growing season [
41]. In the Adirondack Mountains, American hornbeam
is found on soils derived from limestone, gneiss, shale, and sandstone
[
21]. The usual soil pH range for American hornbeam sites is acidic (pH
4.0-5.6), but the tree can be found on soils as high as pH 7.4 [
27].
Maximum elevation for American hornbeam is about 2,900 feet (900 m) in
the southern Appalachians [
7]. Its upper elevational range is 3,000
feet (910 m) in the Great Smoky Mountains, but is more common at about
1,600 feet (490 m) [
27]. In the Adirondack Mountains, New York,
American hornbeam occurs from 200 to 1,020 feet (60-311 m) elevation [
21].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Cover Types
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
swamp24 Hemlock - yellow birch
25 Sugar maple - beech - yellow birch
26 Sugar maple - basswood
27 Sugar maple
28 Black cherry - maple
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
44 Chestnut oak
52 White oak - black oak - northern red oak
53 White oak
55 Northern red oak
57 Yellow-poplar
58 Yellow-poplar - eastern hemlock
59 Yellow-poplar - white oak - northern red oak
60 Beech - sugar maple
61 River birch - sycamore
62 Silver maple - American elm
63 Cottonwood
70 Longleaf pine
71 Longleaf pine - scrub oak
73 Southern redcedar
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
81 Loblolly pine
82 Loblolly pine - hardwood
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
87 Sweetgum - yellow-poplar
89 Live oak
91 Swamp chestnut oak - cherrybark oak
92 Sweetgum - willow oak
93 Sugarberry - American elm - green ash
94 Sycamore - sweetgum - American elm
97 Atlantic white-cedar
104 Sweetbay - swamp tupelo - redbay
108 Red maple
110 Black oak
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Ecosystem
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Habitat: Plant Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):
More info for the term:
forestK098 Northern floodplain forest
K099 Maple - basswood forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K101 Elm - ash forest
K102 Beech - maple forest
K103 Mixed mesophytic forest
K104 Appalachian oak forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K110 Northeastern oak - pine forest
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K113 Southern floodplain forest
K116 Subtropical pine forest
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Immediate Effect of Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
hardwood,
wildfireAmerican hornbeam is probably either top-killed or killed by most fires.
A wildfire severe enough to kill the hardwood component of a white oak
(Q. alba) stand in Rhode Island eliminated American hornbeam from the
stand. Prior to the fire, American hornbeam comprised 6 percent of the
stems [
3].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Importance to Livestock and Wildlife
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
American hornbeam is of secondary importance to wildlife. Ruffed
grouse, ring-necked pheasant, and northern bobwhite eat small quantities
of the seeds, buds, and catkins. Seeds are consumed by yellow-rumped
warbler [
24]. The seeds are also consumed by ducks, but usually only
when acorn production is limited [
28]. Seeds, bark, and wood are eaten
by rabbits, beaver, fox squirrel, and eastern gray squirrel.
White-tailed deer browse the twigs and foliage [
24]. American hornbeam
has been reported in wild turkey crops from New York and Pennsylvania [
6].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Key Plant Community Associations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
hardwoodAmerican hornbeam primarily occurs in the understory of bottomland
mixed-hardwood forests, but also occurs in dry-mesic upland hardwood
forests [
27]. Understory associates of American hornbeam in all parts
of its range include eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya virginiana), flowering
dogwood (Cornus florida), sassafras (Sassafras albidum), witch-hazel
(Hamamelis virginiana), serviceberries (Amelanchier spp.), and speckled
alder (Alnus rugosa). In the northern parts of its range, understory
associates include striped maple (Acer pennsylvanicum), mountain maple
(A. spicatum), red mulberry (Morus rubra), pawpaw (Asimina triloba),
serviceberries, and eastern redbud (Cercis canadensis). Southern
associates include magnolias (Magnolia spp.), deciduous holly (Ilex
decidua), American holly (I. opaca), winged elm (Ulmus alata), sweetbay
(Magnolia virginiana), water-elm (Planera aquatica), parsley hawthorn
(Crataegus marshallii), riverflat hawthorn (C. opaca), common persimmon
(Diospyros virginiana), and Carolina laurelcherry (Prunus caroliniana)
[
6,
27].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Life Form
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the term:
treeTree
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Management considerations
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
cover,
presence,
selection,
treeAmerican hornbeam is usually regarded as a weed tree because of its
small size and poor form [
6,
27]. In eastern hardwoods, American
hornbeam may increase in dominance on a stand under single tree
selection management [
23]. Intensive site preparation is needed to
regenerate intolerant soft hardwoods (eastern cottonwood [Populus
deltoides], sycamore [Platanus occidentalis], sweetgum [Liquidambar
styraciflua], and yellow-poplar [Liriodendron tulipifera]) in the
presence of American hornbeam [
15]. American hornbeam initially
dominated a clearcut site but was eventually overtopped by larger
species [
2]. American hornbeam may be controlled by 2,4,5-T [
6].
Overstory cover is important for maintenance of American hornbeam.
Cutting practices should leave some canopy trees for shade [
6].
American hornbeam seedlings grown in full sun responded positively to
increased nutrients (applied at levels to mimic the range of values for
agricultural runoff and sewage sludge) [
38].
Insects and diseases are not usually serious problems for American
hornbeam [
27].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Occurrence in North America
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
AL AR CT DE FL GA IN IL IA KS
KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO NH
NJ NY NC OH OK PA RI SC TN TX
VT VA WV WI ON PQ MEXICO
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Other uses and values
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
American hornbeam nuts are edible but small and therefore are seldom
collected for food [
6]. The leaves of American hornbeam have been used
as an astringent [
19].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Phenology
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. American hornbeam flowers from March 20 to May 6 in the Southeast, and
from April to May in the northern parts of its range, usually before the
leaves are fully grown [
27]. The fruits ripen from August to October in
the same season [
6,
27,
39].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Plant Response to Fire
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
basal area,
density,
hardwood,
headfire,
wildfireIn northern Alabama, prescribed fires in a 5- to 6-year-old hardwood
stand (established subsequent to clearcutting) resulted in an increase
in the total number of stems per acre 1 to 2 years after fire. Most of
the increase was attributed to multiple sprouting from existing hardwood
stems that were top-killed by the fire. American hornbeam was listed
with a group of "all others" which numbered 171 stems per acre on the
unburned plot. This group of species averaged 168 stems per acre, 26 of
which were American hornbeam, on burned plots that experienced three
different types of fires: (1) plots burned in spring with a strip
headfire; 72 percent of the area moderately burned, 8 percent lightly
burned or unburned, and 20 percent heavily burned, (2) plots burned in
fall by a slow fire uniformly covering the area, and (3) plots burned in
spring with a moderately intense fire over the entire sampling area
[
26].
In North Carolina, a 35-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation
experienced a wildfire in 1931. When the stand was observed in 1940,
American hornbeam density and basal area were low but similar on three
types of plots: surface burn, crown burn, and unburned [
29].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Post-fire Regeneration
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Tree with adventitious-bud root crown/soboliferous species root sucker
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Regeneration Processes
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms:
competition,
litter,
natural,
scarification,
seed,
stratificationThe minimum seed-bearing age of American hornbeam is 15 years [
32].
Production is greatest at 25 to 50 years and probably ceases at about 75
years [
6]. Large seed crops are produced at 3- to 5-year intervals
[
27,
32]. Seeds are are mainly dispersed by birds, and are wind blown
only a short distance [
6,
27]. Matlack [
25] estimated the lateral
movement of American hornbeam diaspores (nut plus bracts) in a 6 mile
per hour (10 km/hr) breeze as 64 feet (19.4 m). Seed dormancy may be
broken by stratification. Stratification at 40 degrees Fahrenheit (4
deg C) for 18 weeks, stratification plus gibberellic acid, and
scarification of the seedcoat plus gibberellic acid all improve
germination [
6,
27]. The optimum natural seedbed for American hornbeam
is continuously moist, rich, loamy soil protected from extreme
atmospheric changes [
6]. American hornbeam will also establish on leaf
litter seedbeds in deep shade, even when competition is present [
27].
Germination occurs from April to June in the spring following seed
maturity [
6].
In eastern Texas, seedling survival for American hornbeam is low the
first year, but increases substantially thereafter. Flooding,
drought, damping off, proximity to a conspecific adult, and herbivory
were important causes of first year mortality. Mortality tends to be
concentrated in short periods associated with particular events
(flooding, for example). Periods of reduced flooding allowed American
hornbeam seedlings to increase in importance [
36].
Regeneration of American hornbeam after a seed-tree harvest in Arkansas
consisted of new seedlings, advance reproduction, stump sprouts, and
root sprouts [
27].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Successional Status
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info on this topic. More info for the terms:
climax,
forest,
hardwood,
natural,
seedFacultative Seral Species
American hornbeam is tolerant of shade [
21,
27]. It persists in the
understory of late seral and climax communities. Shade tolerance is
greatest in American hornbeam seedlings and declines with age [
27].
Curtis and McIntosh [
5] rated the climax adaptation of American hornbeam
as 8 (10 is the maximum, usually assigned to species such as sugar maple
[Acer saccharum]). American hornbeam responds positively to overstory
removal. On certain southern sites, it is so aggressive that it
prevents larger species from regenerating after logging or natural
disturbance [
27]. In minor streambottoms American hornbeam and other
tolerant subcanopy species are likely to capture a site once the main
canopy is removed [
15]. In Connecticut, thinned northern red oak-black
oak-scarlet oak (Quercus rubra-Q. velutina-Q. coccinea) plots had a
higher proportion of American hornbeam and eastern hophornbeam than
unthinned plots [
40].
In North Carolina, American hornbeam first appeared in old fields 12 to
18 years after abandonment, and appeared 25 to 40 years after
abandonment on old fields in New Jersey [
27]. American hornbeam was
present on 28-, 30-, and 40-year-old old fields in western Tennessee.
It was not present on the 3- and 12-year-old sites [
33].
Hupp [
17] classes American hornbeam with species that do not normally
invade degraded or newly aggrading substrates (in relation to stream
channelization projects) but are tolerant of bottomland conditions and
have seed that is long-lived (up to 2 years) and dispersed by wind or
water. These species are best suited to establish in bottomlands that
have already been stabilized by pioneer species, and occur in
abundance on undisturbed sites or on sites that are in the later
stages of recovery from channelization [
17].
American hornbeam was present in the understory of a mixed hardwood
bottomland forest dominated by water oak (Q. nigra), sweetgum,
cherrybark oak (Q. falcata var. pagodifolia), and loblolly pine (Pinus
taeda). American hornbeam seedlings and saplings dominated the
reproduction layers in this forest [
18].
In Florida, American hornbeam tends to capture gaps early, but is
replaced by slower-growing and longer-lived evergreen species such as
American holly and common sweetleaf (Symplocos tinctoria) [
30].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Taxonomy
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The currently accepted scientific name for American hornbeam is Carpinus
caroliniana Walt. (Betulaceae) [
3,
11,
13,
22]. Infrataxa are [
11]:
Carpinus caroliniana ssp. caroliniana
Carpinus caroliniana ssp. virginiana (Marshall) Furlow
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Wood Products Value
provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
American hornbeam wood is very hard, heavy, and close-grained. It is
very difficult to work and is used only for tool handles, mallets, and
golf club heads [
4,
6,
7].
- bibliographic citation
- Sullivan, Janet. 1994. Carpinus caroliniana. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/
Associated Forest Cover
provided by Silvics of North America
American hornbeam is typically an understory species and only
rarely occurs in the overstory or dominates a stand. It is
present in the following forest cover types (Society of American
Foresters) (22): Northern Forest Region, Black Cherry-Maple (Type
28), Beech-Sugar Maple (Type 60); Central Forest Region, White
Oak-Black Oak-Northern Red Oak (Type 52), White Oak (Type 53),
Northern Red Oak (Type 55), River Birch-Sycamore (Type 61), Pin
Oak-Sweetgum (Type 65); Southern Forest Region, Swamp Chestnut
Oak-Cherrybark Oak (Type 91), Sweetgum-Yellow-Poplar (Type 87).
American hombeam is found in a wide variety of forest communities
and with many tree species because its habitat frequently is an
ecotone in which species from wet and mesic sites intergrade. In
the North, it is a minor component of many different types,
infrequently becoming the first or second most abundant tree
species in the subcanopy layer (32). It is associated with
northern hardwoods and their wet site variants. Sugar maple (Acer
saccharum) and/or American beech (Fagus grandifolia) are
dominant in many situations but may be replaced by eastern
hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), yellow birch (Betula
alleghaniensis), red maple (Acer rubrum), American
elm (Ulmus americana), silver maple (Acer
saccharinum), and black ash (Fraxinus nigra) on
wetter sites.
In the central portion of its range, American hornbeam also is a
minor component of stands. Species dominant in northern stands
also dominate here along with white (Quercus alba), black
(Q. Velutina), northern red (Q. rubra), scarlet
(Q. coccinea), pin (Q. palustris), and chinkapin
(Q. muehlenbergii) oak; bitternut hickory (Carya
cordiformis); black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica); sweetgum
(Liquidambar styraciflua); yellow-poplar (Liriodendron
tulipifera); river birch (Betula nigra); and basswood
(Tilia americana).
The species attains its greatest prominence in southern stands,
yet remains a member of the understory. In a number of areas it
is the most numerous of all tree species in the stand (36,40). It
is found in southern mixed hardwood and loblolly pine (Pinus
taeda) forests. Overstory species that frequently dominate
these stands are sweetgum, water Quercus nigra), white,
laurel (Q. laurifolia), willow (Q. phellos), cherrybark
(Q. falcata var. pagodifolia), and swamp chestnut
(Q. prinus) oak, American beech, black tupelo, red maple,
loblolly pine, southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora), and
yellow-poplar.
The species is also an important member of some nonforest
vegetative types in the Northeast. It is an early migrant and
forms pure stands in moist old fields (61) and grows in
persistent shrub communities in old pastures on hilltops and more
exposed hilltops (20).
Understory tree species associated with American hornbeam
throughout much of its range include eastern hophornbeam (Ostrya
virginiana), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), witch-hazel
(Hamamelis virginiana), the serviceberries (Amelanchier
spp.), and speckled alder (Alnus rugosa). Northern
associates are striped (Acer pensylvanicum) and mountain
maple (A. spicatum). Red mulberry (Morus rubra), pawpaw
(Asimina triloba), and eastern redbud (Cercis
canadensis) are common associates from the Central States
southward. In the South, associated species include sourwood (Oxydendrum
arboreum), possumhaw (Ilex decidua), American holly
(Ilex opaca), winged elm (Ulmus alata), sweetbay
(Magnolia virginiana), water-elm (Planera aquatica),
parsley hawthorn (Crataegus marshallii), riverflat
hawthorn (C. opaca), common persimmon (Diospyros
virginiana), and Carolina laurelcherry (Prunus
caroliniana).
Shrub species associated with American hornbeam throughout its
range include spicebush (Lindera benzoin) and southern
arrowwood (Viburnum dentatum). In the northern half of
its range, American hombeam is associated with mapleleaf viburnum
(Viburnum acerifolium), redberry elder (Sambucus
pubens), common winterberry (Ilex verticillata), and
alternateleaf dogwood (Cornus alternifolia). In the
southern half of its range it is associated with
devils-walkingstick (Aralia spinosa), beautyberry (Callicarpa
americana), Virginia-willow (Itea virginica), southern
bayberry (Myrica cerifera), sweetleaf (Symplocos
tinctoria), and tree sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum).
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Climate
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The climate varies greatly from north to south in this species
habitat. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 710 mm. (28 in) in
Minnesota to 1570 mm (62 in) along the Gulf Coast. Most
precipitation occurs during the growing season, April through
September. Mean January temperatures range from -13° C (8°
F) to 16° C (60° F) and the mean July temperatures
range from 16° C (60° F) to 29° C (84° F).
Frost-free periods are from 80 to 320 days.
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Damaging Agents
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Insect and disease damage is not a
serious problem with American hornbeam. The species is resistant
to frost damage; its succulent foliage can withstand temperatures
as low as -8.5° C (17° F) (1). The tree is very
windfirm. Recreational use in forested campgrounds disposes it to
increased disease infection, insect infestation and decline; it
is the tree least capable of withstanding such use of the 22
hardwood species evaluated (47).
American hornbeam is susceptible to fire. Wildfires severe enough
to kill the hardwood component of white oak stands in Rhode
Island eliminated American hornbeam (10). Normally, the species
made up 6 percent of the understory stems. However, neither a
crown fire nor a ground fire affected the status of American
hornbeam in the ninth year after burning a loblolly pine stand in
North Carolina (42).
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Flowering and Fruiting
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The species is monoecious, with
male and female catkins borne separately on the same tree and
first appearing in the spring concurrently with leaf-out. Catkins
are green to brown with red on the scales. Staminate catkins are
pendant from lateral, short branches and 3 to 4 cm (1.25 to 1.5
in) long. Pollen matures and is wind disseminated in the spring
(63). Pistillate catkins are 13 to 19 mm. (0.5 to 0.75 1) long
and occur in spikelike groups at the terminus of leafy shoots.
Flowering occurs between March 20 and May 6 in the Southeast and
during April through May in the North.
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Genetics
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An American hornbeam, variety virginiana, is recognized by some
authorities but its validity is questionable. It replaces the
typical form in the northern half of the species range with some
overlapping in the Central States. The two forms are separated by
features of the bract of the fruiting
ament and the leaves, but in Ohio the two characteristics do not
necessarily vary at the same time, resulting in confusion (8).
American hornbeam exhibits clines (from north to south) in several
physiological and morphological properties. Fruit weights
increase northward (62); the length of cold preconditioning
required for bud bursting varies latitudinally (56), and the
specific gravity of the wood is higher for trees growing north of
latitude 36°N. than for trees growing at latitudes 31°
to 36° N. (55).
The species has eight pairs of chromosomes (63).
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Growth and Yield
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American hornbeam is unsuited for
commercial timber production because it is usually small,
twisted, and multi-stemmed. In undisturbed stands, from 70 to 93
percent of the American hornbeam. were saplings less than 13 cm
(5 in) d.b.h., and less than 1 percent were 25 cm (10 in) d.b.h.
or larger (21,40), which is a common minimum diameter for saw
logs. Heights of mature individuals generally range from 5 to 6 m
(15 to 20 ft) in Canada and from 8 to 11 m (25 to 35 ft) in the
South. The largest individual was found in New York. It has a
diameter of 70 cm (27 in), a height of 20 m (65 ft), and a crown
spread of 20 m (66 ft) (29).
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Reaction to Competition
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American horn beam is a very
shade-tolerant species, capable of persisting in the understories
of late seral and climax communities. Tolerance is greatest among
seedlings and declines as the trees age, requiring an opening in
the canopy for the species to reach maturity. It is one of a few
species in both northern and southern forests whose abundant
reproduction assures its replacement in stands across a wide
spectrum of sites (27,35). This is evidenced by an
inverse-J-shaped diameter distribution for the species in many
stands. On certain southern sites the species is so aggressive
that it will replace overstory species lost through logging or
catastrophe and prevent larger species from reproducing (17,30).
Ecologists consider American hombeam a member of near-climax to
climax communities. In Wisconsin where climax species are
assigned a climax adaptation number of 10, American hombeam is
rated 7 and 8 on uplands and 8 and 9 on lowlands for the northern
and southern parts of the State, respectively (16). Similarly the
species is rated 7 in New Jersey (11). It is ranked fifth highest
among 79 Central States species on the basis of a multivariate
analysis of various species characteristics that favor
establishment and growth under climax forest conditions (58).
American hornbeam first appeared in seral communities developing
on old fields about 12 to 18 years after the sites were abandoned
in North Carolina (41) and about 25 to 40 years after the sites
were sapling-sizeabandoned in New Jersey (26). It enters these
communities as a minor component when a sapling-size tree-shrub
community is dominant. In much older stands in North Carolina it
is more abundant. In maturing second-growth hardwood stands in
Connecticut, hornbeam had initially been an important species,
the most abundant one, in fact, on moist sites. But, over a
50-year period it declined in density, basal area, and ingrowth,
eventually becoming a minor component of all stands (53).
In forests managed for commercial timber production, American
hornbeam is considered a weed and is discriminated against in
stand improvement. Although hornbeam is considered difficult to
kill, herbicides have been effective. Mistblowing a mixture of
2,4-D and 2,4,5-T and injecting 2,4-D, Tordon 101, and Tordon 144
have killed 90 percent or more of the tops (43,44). Prescribed
burning is used to control the understory hardwoods, including
American hornbeam, that become established under southern pines.
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Rooting Habit
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No information available.
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Seed Production and Dissemination
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The fruit is an ovoid,
ribbed, 5 to 8 mm (0.2 to 0.3 in) long nutlet. It matures in one
season, changing from green to light-greenish-brown or brown on
maturity. The nutlet is borne at the base of a distinctive
three-lobed involucre, about 2.5 cm (I in) long; these occur in
clusters 5 to 10 cm. (2 to 4 in) long. The averages reported for
nutlets per kilogram range from 66,000 to 88,000 (30,000 to
40,000/lb), while the range is between 33,000 and 143,000 (15,000
and 65,000/lb) (48,62). Large seed crops occur at 3- to 5-year
intervals. Seeds are primarily dispersed by birds but are also
dispersed short distances by wind. Germination is epigeal.
Germination capacity of stratified seed is low-usually less than
60 percent and occasionally as low as 1 to 5 percent-but 100
percent germination was obtained using immature green seed (54).
Dormancy occurs in both the embryo and endosperm (48).
Stratification at 4° C (40° F) for 18 weeks,
stratification plus gibberellic acid treatment, and scarification
of the seed coat plus gibberellic acid treatment all improve
germination (9).
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Seedling Development
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The types of seedbeds and
environments favorable to establishment under natural conditions
has to be surmised from nursery experience and the habitat
preference of established plants. The optimum nursery seedbed has
soils that are rich, loamy, and continuously moist and the site
is free of extreme environmental change (48). This approximates
natural conditions where the species is most frequently found.
Abundant natural reproduction in undisturbed forests indicates
the species ability to become established on leaf litter seedbeds
under deep shade and with competition from other species (12,50).
The species also becomes established on sites that are wetter and
drier than optimum, as well as on open sites.
American hornbeam responds well to various degrees of overstory
removal in regeneration harvests. In two hardwood seed-tree
harvest areas in southeastern Arkansas, the proportion of
American hornbeam in the reproduction increased during the 18
years after cutting (30). Regeneration of the species consisted
of advance reproduction, new seedlings, stump sprouts, and root
suckers. Sprouts grew from 1.2 to 1.5 m (4 to 5 ft) in the first
year. By the 18th year, American hornbeam was becoming
subordinate in diameter to sweetgum and the red oaks. The species
also responded well to release after clearcutting
hemlock-hardwoods in southern New England (34). However, density
and basal area stocking of American hornbeam in relation to other
species were unaffected after a partial harvest of a
pine-hardwood stand in Louisiana (6).
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Soils and Topography
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Best growth and development of American hornbeam occurs on rich,
wet-mesic sites, but it is not restricted to such sites and can
tolerate a wide variety of conditions. Habitat requirements and
tolerances of the species are similar across its range.
Soils primarily associated with the species are in the orders
Alfisols, Ultisols, and Inceptisols but American hornbeam also
occurs on Entisols, Spodosols, Histosols, and Mollisols.
The best sites may be characterized as having abundant soil
moisture but sufficient drainage to prevent saturation and poor
aeration of the soil during the growing season (4,51). Typically,
the best sites are alluvial or colluvial soils in the transition
zone between mesic and wet areas (46), as near lakes and swamps
(35), on well-drained terraces of rivers (32,45), terraces or
steep slopes of minor streams with some gradient (39), coves,
ravine bottoms (33), and rises in lowlands (40). Surface soil
layers are somewhat poorly to well drained but the subsoil may
not be as well drained, may have a high fluctuating water table,
or may be of heavier texture. Soil water-holding capacity usually
is high (15,49). Upper soil horizons are primarily loams or of
loam-influenced textures. Nutrients and organic matter tend to
accumulate on these sites (36), and calcium and magnesium in
particular are normally more abundant than in surrounding soils
(13). Soil pH tends to be acidic-normally from 4.0 to 5.6-but can
be as high as 7.4 (35).
The species also grows well on wetter sites, such as hardwood
swamps on mineral soils or mucks (3,37). The key appears to be
improving soil moisture conditions through the growing season
because the species is only moderately tolerant of flooding (14).
It is eliminated from sites inundated more than 25 percent of the
time (24). Accordingly, it is absent or rare on the wettest
sites, such as lower floodplain terraces, permanently inundated
areas, and swamps with peat soils.
American hornbeam also grows, to a lesser extent, on mesic to
xeric sites (5,19). In Florida and Ontario the species occurs
more often on dry-mesic than on mesic or xeric sites. The
dry-mesic sites in Ontario have a higher soil moisture retaining
capacity than the others (35). In hilly terrain it is found most
frequently on north aspects but also grows on ridge tops and on
south aspects where subirrigation of the site improves soil
moisture (51).
The upper altitudinal limit of American hornbeam is 910 m (3,000
ft) in the Great Smoky Mountains ' but it is much more common at
about 490 in (1,600 ft) (59).
Concentrations of potassium, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus in
the foliage of the species are low in comparison to those of
other species (2). American hornbeam leaf litter, on the other
hand, has high concentrations of these nutrients in relation to
other species (57).
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Special Uses
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American hornbeam is an important food of gray squirrels in
southern bottom-land hardwoods; otherwise it is of secondary
importance to wildlife (25). Seeds, buds, or catkins are eaten by
a number of songbirds, ruffed grouse, ring-necked pheasants,
bobwhite, turkey, and fox and gray squirrels. Leaves, twigs, and
larger stems are consumed by cottontails, beaver, and
white-tailed deer (18,25).
Reproduction is browsed by white-tailed deer throughout the
species range but it is not a preferred food (7,28). The species
is heavily used by beaver because it is readily available in
typical beaver habitat (38).
The orange and scarlet coloration in the fall make this an
attractive ornamental tree. It is not widely used, however,
because it is difficult to transplant and does not do well on
exposed sites (60).
The wood of American hornbeam is not important in commerce because
the tree is too small, but its tough, dense, and close-grained
wood is used for tool handles, levers, wedges, and mallets.
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Vegetative Reproduction
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No information available.
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Brief Summary
provided by Silvics of North America
Betulaceae -- Birch family
F. T. Metzger
American hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana), also called
blue-beech, ironwood, water-beech, or lechillo (Spanish), is a
small slow-growing short-lived tree in the understory of eastern
mixed hardwood forests. The short, often crooked trunk covered
with a smooth slate gray bark is characteristically ridged,
resembling the muscles of a flexed arm. The wood is
close-grained, very hard, and heavy but little used because such
a small tree is rarely converted into sawed products.
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Distribution
provided by Silvics of North America
American hornbeam is native to most of the eastern United States
and extends into Canada in southwest Quebec and southeast
Ontario. Its western limit is just beyond the Mississippi River
from north-central Minnesota to the Missouri River, where it
ranges southwestward into much of the Ozark and Ouachita
Mountains and eastern Texas. It grows throughout much of the
South but is absent from the Mississippi River bottom land south
of Missouri, the lowermost Gulf Coastal Plain, and the southern
two-thirds of Florida. Northward along the east coast, it is not
found in the New Jersey pine barrens, much of Long Island, Cape
Cod, northern and eastern Maine, and the White and Adirondack
Mountains. It is found in central and southern Mexico, Guatemala,
and western Honduras.
-The native range of American hornbeam.
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Carpinus caroliniana
provided by wikipedia EN
Carpinus caroliniana, the American hornbeam, is a small hardwood tree in the genus Carpinus. It is also known as blue-beech, ironwood, musclewood and muscle beech. It is native to eastern North America, from Minnesota and southern Ontario east to Maine, and south to eastern Texas and northern Florida, and can also grow in Canada (southwest Quebec and southeast Ontario).[3][4] It occurs naturally in shaded areas with moist soil, particularly near the banks of streams or rivers, and is often a natural constituent understory species of the riverine and maritime forests of eastern temperate North America.
Description
Carpinus caroliniana (American hornbeam) is a small tree reaching heights of 10–15 meters (35–50 ft), rarely 20 meters (65 ft), and often has a fluted and crooked trunk. The bark is smooth and greenish-grey, becoming shallowly fissured in all old trees. The leaves are alternate, 3–12 centimeters (1+1⁄4–4+3⁄4 in) long, with prominent veins giving a distinctive corrugated texture, and a serrated margin. The male and female catkins appear in spring at the same time as the leaves. The fruit is a small 7–8-millimeter (9⁄32–5⁄16-inch) long nut, partially surrounded by a three to seven-pointed leafy involucre 2–3 centimeters (3⁄4–1+1⁄4 in) long; it matures in autumn. The seeds often do not germinate till the spring of the second year after maturating.
- Bark: On old trees near the base, furrowed. Young trees and branches smooth, dark bluish gray, sometimes furrowed, light and dark gray. Branchlets at first pale green, changing to reddish brown, ultimately dull gray.
- Wood: Light brown, sapwood nearly white; heavy, hard, close-grained, very strong. Used for levers, handles of tools. Specific gravity, 0.7286; density 45.41 pounds per cubic foot (0.7274 g/cm3).
- Winter buds: Ovate, acute, chestnut brown, 1⁄8 inch (3 mm) long. The inner scales enlarge when spring growth begins. No terminal bud is formed.
- Leaves: Alternate, two to four inches long, ovate-oblong, rounded, wedge-shaped, or rarely subcordate and often unequal at base, sharply and doubly serrate, acute or acuminate. They come out of the bud pale bronze green and hairy; when full grown they are dull deep green above, paler beneath; feather-veined, midrib and veins very prominent on under side. In autumn bright red, deep scarlet and orange. Petioles short, slender, hairy. Stipules caducous.
- Flowers: they blossom in April. Monoecious, without petals, the staminate spike naked in pendulous catkins (aments). The staminate ament buds are axillary and form in the autumn. During the winter they resemble leaf-buds, only twice as large. They begin to lengthen very early in the spring, and when full grown are about 1+1⁄2 inches (4 cm) long. The staminate flower is composed of three to twenty stamens crowded on a hairy torus, adnate to the base of a broadly ovate, acute boot-shaped scale, green below the middle, bright red at apex. The pistillate aments are one-half to three-fourths of an inch long with ovate, acute, hairy, green scales and bright scarlet styles.
- Fruit: Clusters of involucres, hanging from the ends of leafy branches. Each involucre slightly encloses a small oval nut. The involucres are short stalked, usually three-lobed, though one lobe is often wanting; halberd-shaped, coarsely serrated on one margin, or entire.[5]
Subdivisions
There are two subspecies, which intergrade extensively where they meet:
-
Carpinus caroliniana subsp. caroliniana. Atlantic coastal plain north to Delaware, and lower Mississippi Valley west to eastern Texas. Leaves mostly smaller, 3–9 cm (1+1⁄4–3+1⁄2 in) long, and relatively broader, 3–6 cm (1+1⁄4–2+1⁄4 in) broad.
-
Carpinus caroliniana subsp. virginiana. Appalachian Mountains and west to Minnesota and south to Arkansas. Leaves mostly larger, 8–12 cm (3+1⁄4–4+3⁄4 in) long, and relatively narrower, 3.5–6 cm (1+3⁄8–2+3⁄8 in) broad.
Ecology
They are shade-loving trees, preferring moderate soil fertility and moisture. It has a shallow, wide-spreading root system. The leaves are eaten by the caterpillars of some Lepidoptera, for example the Io moth (Automeris io).
Common along the borders of streams and swamps, loves a deep moist soil.[4] Varies from shrub to small tree, and ranges throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains.
Deer browse the foliage and twigs, while game birds eat the nutlets.[6]
Uses
The wood is heavy and hard, and is used for tool handles,[4] longbows, walking sticks, walking canes and golf clubs.
References
-
^ Stritch, L.; Shaw, K.; Roy , S.; Wilson, B. (2014). "Carpinus caroliniana". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T194277A2308692. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T194277A2308692.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
-
^ "Carpinus caroliniana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 1 April 2015 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
-
^ "Carpinus caroliniana". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
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^ a b c Metzger, F. T. (1990). "Carpinus caroliniana". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.). Hardwoods. Silvics of North America. Washington, D.C.: United States Forest Service (USFS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Vol. 2 – via Southern Research Station.
-
^ Keeler, Harriet L. (1900). Our Native Trees and How to Identify Them. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 319–322.
-
^ Little, Elbert L. (1980). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Trees: Eastern Region. New York: Knopf. p. 373. ISBN 0-394-50760-6.
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Carpinus caroliniana: Brief Summary
provided by wikipedia EN
Carpinus caroliniana, the American hornbeam, is a small hardwood tree in the genus Carpinus. It is also known as blue-beech, ironwood, musclewood and muscle beech. It is native to eastern North America, from Minnesota and southern Ontario east to Maine, and south to eastern Texas and northern Florida, and can also grow in Canada (southwest Quebec and southeast Ontario). It occurs naturally in shaded areas with moist soil, particularly near the banks of streams or rivers, and is often a natural constituent understory species of the riverine and maritime forests of eastern temperate North America.
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