The binomial name "Cryptotis meridensis" is derived from Greek and Latin. "Crypt(os)" is Greek for “hidden” or “concealed” and "otis" is Greek for “eared creature.” The species epithet, "meridensis", comes from Me’rid(a) and ensis, a Latin suffix indicative of place. Together, the two portions of the species epithet are a reference to the type locality of small-eared shrews.
The eyes and ears of Cryptotis meridensis are significantly reduced compared to other mammals in its size range. Communication in this species relies largely on its to sense its surroundings through use of vibrissae and olfaction. Like other shrews of the genus Cryptotis, small-eared shrews have vibrissae on their face. In addition to vibrissae, C. meridensis depends on its sense of smell to perceive their immediate environment.
Communication Channels: tactile ; chemical
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
Cryptotis meridensis is classified as a species of "least concern" on the IUCN's Red List of Threatened Species. In cloud forest and pa’ramo habitat, small-eared shrews are one of the most common small mammal species and are even found in association with disturbed and secondary scrub habitats. However, because it is endemic to the high-altitude Andes of only a handful of states in South America, C. meridensis is recognized as a “susceptible” species. This susceptibility increases as its high-altitude habitats become increasingly fragmented.
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
There are no known adverse effects of Cryptotis meridensis on humans.
There are no known positive effects of Cryptotis meridensis on humans.
Cryptotis meridensis is prey for a number of differnt bird and mammals species throughout its geographic range. In turn, small-eared shrews commonly act as predators on a large variety invertebrates. To a lesser extent, C. meridensis preys on nestling rodents, lizards, and the eggs and chicks of ground-nesting birds.
Cryptotis meridensis is host to a variety of parasites. Both the laelapid mite and two species of trombiculid chiggers, Eutrombicula wolfenbargeri and Hoffmannina mahuens, are ectoparasites that take common in C. meridensis. Ticks are also commonly associated with C. meridensis.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Hypogeal or underground invertebrates account for over half the diet of small-eared shrews. Of these invertebrates, beetle larvae, cockroaches, earthworms, fly larvae, isopods, snails, and moth larvae and pupae are commonly consumed. Epigeal or surface-dwelling prey account for a smaller portion of the shrew’s diet. Such prey includes crickets, grasshoppers, and spiders. Cosmopolitan prey is also included in the diet of Cryptotis meridensis. However, cosmopolitan prey represents a considerably smaller portion of its diet than do other prey categories. In fact, based on studies of the small-eared shrew, hypogeal prey represents 69.4 percent of prey items, epigeal prey represents 27.2 percent of prey items, and cosmopolitan prey represents only 3.4 percent of prey items. Small-eared shrews have also been known to consume less common prey items, including nestling rodents, lizards, and the eggs and chicks of ground-nesting birds.
Animal Foods: birds; mammals; reptiles; eggs; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks; terrestrial worms
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore , Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore )
Cryptotis meridensis occurs only in the states of Trujillo, Me’rida, and eastern Ta’chira, Venezuela. Within these states, C. meridensis is endemic to the Cordillera de los Andes.
Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native )
An inhabitant of the cloud forest and pa’ramo vegetation types, Cryptotis meridensis can be found in montane forests with moderate to high levels of moisture, such as montane rain forests. It can also be found in subalpine pa´ramo and stands of of Polylepis and Espeletia tree species surrounded by pa’ramo at high elevations in the South American Andes.
Merida small-eared shrews are found over a broad range of elevations and associated habitats. They occur at elevations of 800 to 1,700 meters, where forest is seasonal, canopy height measures 20 to 25 meters, epiphytes and lianas are few in number, and there is a regular dry season lasting a from 1 to 3 months. At elevations of 1,700 to 3,000 meters, small-eared shrews occur in cloud forest vegetation types with a canopy height measuring 25 to 35 meters and an average annual precipitation of 1,000 to 2,600 millimeters. Evergreen dry forest is an additional vegetation assemblage within which C. meridensis occurs, provided an elevation of 1,600 to 2,700 meters, a canopy height reaching 3 to 5 meters, and an average annual precipitation of 500 to 1,000 millimeters. Where elevations range from 2,800 to 4,000 meters, this species largely occurs in pa’ramo. Andean pa’ramo hosting small-eared shrews has a maximum canopy height of 0.5 to 4.0 meters, tremendous temperature fluctuations, and an annual average precipitation of 450 to 550 millimeters.
Within elevation, canopy height, and annual average precipitation restrictions, Cryptotis meridensis occupies closed-canopy habitat in cloud forest, secondary scrub bordering streams, and open pa’ramo. Due to its ability to tolerate a considerable degree of environmental disturbance, small-eared shrews are also able to occupy forest stands disturbed by burning, as well as stands that represent disturbed transitions between cloud forest and pa’ramo. C. meridensis densities increase with increased leaf litter, and increased densities of ferns, palms, creepers, and trees. Increased canopy cover and tree diameter also have a positive effect on the presence of this species.
Range elevation: 800 to 4,000 m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest ; scrub forest ; mountains
No information is available regarding the lifespan of Cryptotis meridensis, but a close relative, Cryptotis parva, is thought to live for about 18 months in the wild and is known to survive 33 months in captivity.
As the largest shrew species in its genus, Cryptotis meridensis has a head and body length ranging from 70 to 102 millimeters, with an average head and body length of 88 millimeters. It has a long tail that measures from 25 to 41 millimeters in length, with an average of 33 millimeters. Total length, including head, body, and tail of C. meridensis, ranges from 100 to 135 millimeters and averages 122 millimeters. Cryptotis meridensis weighs from 8.5 to 18 grams, with an average weight of 12.3 grams. Dorsal pelage is thick and measures 4 to 6 millimeters in length. The chocolate brown dorsum stands in sharp contrast to its olive brown venter, which appears pale in comparison. The forepaws are enlarged and the foreclaws elongated. Males and females of this species are very similar in appearance and are difficult to distinguish using external characteristics.
Range mass: 8.5 to 18 g.
Average mass: 12.3 g.
Range length: 100 to 135 mm.
Average length: 122 mm.
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
Barn owls are the primary predator of Cryptotis meridensis. Other predators include black-and-white hawk-eagles, white-rumped hawks, white-eared opossums, southern opossums, long-tailed weasels, and mountain coatis.
Known Predators:
The mating behavior of Cryptotis meridensis has not been described. However its close relative, Cryptotis parva, is known to exhibit polygamy.
Little information is available concerning the reproductive behavior of Cryptotis meridensis. Trapping data from a number of sites suggest two reproductive periods. The first breeding season appears to be restricted to March and April. The second breeding season, however, appears more variable in timing, with breeding occurring between the months of July and December. Small-eared shrews of the Monte Zerpa cloud forest appear to breed on a year-round basis. Regardless of breeding season, C. meridensis usually has 3 pups per litter.
Breeding interval: Small-eared shrews twice yearly.
Breeding season: While some small-eared shrews appear to breed year-round, the majority breed two times a year, from March and April and from July to December.
Average number of offspring: 3.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous
There is no information available regarding parental investment in Cryptotis meridensis. However, females of a closely related species, Cryptotis parva, nurse pups for nearly a month, and young stay in close contact with their mother for 20 to 23 days. If pups become separated from their mother prior to weaning, the mother exhibits behaviors suggesting panic until she is able to locate all of her pups.
The Merida small-eared shrew (Cryptotis meridensis) is a species of shrew that is endemic to Venezuela.[2]
C. meridensis is one of the largest small-eared shrews, with a head-body length of 7 to 10 cm (2.8 to 3.9 in) and a tail 2.5 to 4.0 cm (0.98 to 1.57 in) long. Males and females are of similar size, with adults weighing between 9 and 18 grams (0.32 and 0.63 oz). The fur is long, and chocolate brown over most of the body, fading to olive brown on the underside. Both the eyes and the ears are relatively small and are indistinct on external examination. The forepaws are large compared with other shrews, and have long claws. However, the species may be most easily distinguished from other small-eared shrews living in the same area by its upper canine teeth, which are unusually small, and are missing on one or both sides of the mouth in about 25% of individuals. Females have four teats, located on the inguinal region, while males have small, indistinct, scent glands on the flanks.[3]
Merida small-eared shrews are found only in mountainous regions of the Venezuelan states of Trujillo, Mérida, and Táchira. They inhabit cloud forests and sub-alpine páramo habitats between 1,640 and 3,950 metres (5,380 and 12,960 ft) elevation. It may also be found in areas of disturbed forest or secondary scrubland bordering its natural habitat, but is more commonly found where vegetation is dense and leaf-litter is thick.[3]
There are no recognised subspecies.
The Merida small-eared shrews feed primarily on invertebrates, such as earthworms, insects, spiders, centipedes and snails. They are relatively indiscriminate in the invertebrates they prey on, but about 70% of their diet consists of creatures found below the soil, rather than on the surface. They have also been reported to scavenge on dead vertebrates, and occasionally to feed on eggs or newborn rodents.[3]
Although restricted to a relatively small geographic area, Merida small-eared shrews are common within their habitat, with population densities of up to 4.5 per hectare (1.8/acre) having been reported. Predators include barn owls, hawks, opossums, long-tailed weasels, and mountain coatis.[3]
Reproduction apparently continues throughout the year, although it may be more common between March and April, and again between July and October. Litters range from two to four pups, with three being typical.[3]
The Merida small-eared shrew (Cryptotis meridensis) is a species of shrew that is endemic to Venezuela.
