The Pitheciidae (/pɪθɪˈsaɪ.ɪdiː/) are one of the five families of New World monkeys now recognised. Formerly, they were included in the family Atelidae. The family includes the titis, saki monkeys and uakaris. Most species are native to the Amazon region of Brazil, with some being found from Colombia in the north to Bolivia in the south.
Characteristics
Pitheciids are small to medium-sized monkeys, ranging from 23 cm in head-body length for the smaller titis, to 44–49 cm for the uakaris. They have medium to long fur, in a wide range of colors, often with contrasting patches, especially on the face.
They are diurnal and arboreal animals, found in tropical forests from low-lying swamp to mountain slopes. They are predominantly herbivorous, eating mostly fruit and seeds, although some species will also eat a small number of insects. Sakis and uakaris have a diastema between the canine and premolar teeth, but the titis, which have unusually small canines for New World monkeys, do not.[2] All species have the dental formula: 2.1.3.32.1.3.3
Females give birth to a single young after a gestation period of between four and six months, depending on species. The uakaris and bearded sakis are polygamous, living in groups of 8-30 individuals. Each group has multiple males, which establish a dominance hierarchy amongst themselves. The titis and Pithecia sakis, by contrast, are monogamous and live in much smaller family groups.[2]
Classification
There are 54 currently recognized extant species of pitheciid monkey, grouped into two subfamilies and six genera.[1][3] Eleven extinct genera known from the fossil record are placed in the family, extending the age of the family to the Miocene.[4][5]
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Family Pitheciidae: titis, sakis and uakaris
- Subfamily Callicebinae, titis
- Genus Plecturocebus
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White-eared titi, Plecturocebus donacophilus
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Rio Beni titi, Plecturocebus modestus
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Rio Mayo titi, Plecturocebus oenanthe
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Ollala brothers's titi, Plecturocebus olallae
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White-coated titi, Plecturocebus pallescens
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Urubamba brown titi, Plecturocebus urubambensis
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Baptista Lake titi, Plecturocebus baptista
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Prince Bernhard's titi, Plecturocebus bernhardi
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Brown titi, Plecturocebus brunneus
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Parecis titi, Plecturocebus parecis
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Ashy black titi, Plecturocebus cinerascens
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Hoffmanns's titi, Plecturocebus hoffmannsi
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Red-bellied titi, Plecturocebus moloch
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Vieira's titi, Plecturocebus vieirai
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Milton's titi, Plecturocebus miltoni
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Chestnut-bellied titi, Plecturocebus caligatus
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Coppery titi, Plecturocebus cupreus
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Toppin's titi, Plecturocebus toppini
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Madidi titi, Plecturocebus aureipalatii
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Caquetá titi, Plecturocebus caquetensis
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White-tailed titi, Plecturocebus discolor
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Hershkovitz's titi, Plecturocebus dubius
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Ornate titi, Plecturocebus ornatus
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Stephen Nash's titi, Plecturocebus stephennashi
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Alta Floresta titi, Plecturocebus grovesi
- Genus Callicebus
- Genus †Miocallicebus
- Genus Cheracebus
- Genus †Carlocebus
- Genus †Homunculus
- Subfamily Pitheciinae
- Genus Cacajao, uakaris
- Genus †Cebupithecia
- Genus Chiropotes, bearded sakis
- Genus †Nuciruptor
- Genus †Mazzonicebus
- †Mazzonicebus almendrae]]
- Genus Pithecia, sakis
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Equatorial saki, Pithecia aequatorialis
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White-footed saki or buffy saki, Pithecia albicans
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Cazuza's saki, Pithecia cazuzai
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Golden-faced saki, Pithecia chrysocephala
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Hairy saki, Pithecia hirsuta
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Burnished saki, Pithecia inusta
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Rio Tapajós saki or Gray's bald-faced saki, Pithecia irrorata
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Isabel's saki, Pithecia isabela
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Monk saki, Pithecia monachus
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Miller's saki, Pithecia milleri
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Mittermeier's Tapajós saki, Pithecia mittermeieri (disputed)[6]
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Napo saki, Pithecia napensis
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Pissinatti's saki, Pithecia pissinattii (disputed)[6]
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White-faced saki, Pithecia pithecia
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Rylands' bald-faced saki, Pithecia rylandsi (disputed)[6]
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Vanzolini's bald-faced saki, Pithecia vanzolinii
- Genus †Proteropithecia
- †Proteropithecia neuquenensis
- Genus †Soriacebus
- †Soriacebus ameghinorum
- †Soriacebus adrianae
- †Genus Xenothrix
- †Genus Antillothrix
- †Hispaniolan monkey, Antillothrix bernensis
- †Genus Insulacebus
- †Insulacebus toussentiana
*Newly described species.[3] †Extinct taxa.
Silvestro etal 2017 showed the relationship among the extinct and extant pitheciid genera:[5]
stem Pitheciidae stem Callicebinae
Homunculus
Carlocebus
Callicebinae
Cheracebus
Miocallicebus
Callicebus
Plecturocebus
stem Pitheciinae Xenothrini
Antillothrix
Xenothrix
Insulacebus
Pitheciinae
Mazzonicebus
Nuciruptor
Soriacebus
Pithecia
Cebupithecia
Proteropithecia
Chiropotes
Cacajao
References
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^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 141–148. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
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^ a b Macdonald, D., ed. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 358–361. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
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^ a b c d Boubli, J. P.; M. N. F. Da Silva; M. V. Amado; T. Hrbek; F. B. Pontual; I. P. Farias (2008). "A Taxonomic Reassessment of Cacajao melanocephalus Humboldt (1811), with the Description of Two New Species". International Journal of Primatology. 29 (3): 723–741. doi:10.1007/s10764-008-9248-7. S2CID 26561719.
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^ The Paleobiology Database Pitheciidae entry accessed on 6 April 2010
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^ a b Silvestro, Daniele; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Serrano Serrano, Martha L.; Loiseau, Oriane; Rossier, Victor; Rolland, Jonathan; Zizka, Alexander; Antonelli, Alexandre; Salamin, Nicolas (2017). "Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data". bioRxiv 10.1101/178111.
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^ a b c Serrano-Villavicencio, J.E.; Murtado, C.M.; Vendramel, R.L.; Oliveira do Nascimento, F. (January 2019). "Reconsidering the taxonomy of the Pithecia irrorata species group (Primates: Pitheciidae)". Journal of Mammalogy. 100 (1): 130–141. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy167.
