dcsimg

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Cryptobia Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Life Cycle

provided by Fishbase
Males are about half the size of females with colorful tail and caudal fin; the anal fin is transformed into a gonopodium for internal fertilization. Males are continuously chasing and mating females. Females can store sperms for later fertilization and may produce young every four weeks. Pregnant females are recognizable by black triangle between anal and pelvic fins. After a gestation period of four to six weeks females give birth to 20-40 live young. No parental care is exercised and parents may even prey on their young.
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Rainer Froese
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Eustrongylides Infestation 2 (Larvae). Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Camallanus Infection 12. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Bacterial Infections (general). Bacterial diseases
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Tetrahymena Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Skin Flukes. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Fin-rot Disease (late stage). Bacterial diseases
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Lernaea Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Aontheca Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Ichthyobodo Infection. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Skin Fungi (Saprolegnia sp.). Fungal diseases
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Nematode Infestation. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Columnaris Disease (e.). Bacterial diseases
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Fin Rot (early stage). Bacterial diseases
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
White spot Disease. Parasitic infestations (protozoa, worms, etc.)
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Columnaris Disease (l.). Bacterial diseases
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Congenital Deformities. Others
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Viral Diseases (general). Viral diseases
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Diseases and Parasites

provided by Fishbase
Fish tuberculosis (FishMB). Bacterial diseases
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Allan Palacio
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Morphology

provided by Fishbase
Dorsal spines (total): 0; Dorsal soft rays (total): 7 - 8; Analspines: 0; Analsoft rays: 8 - 10
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Armi G. Torres
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Trophic Strategy

provided by Fishbase
Occurs in warm springs and their effluents, weedy ditches and canals (Ref. 5723). Found in various habitats, ranging from highly turbid water in ponds, canals and ditches at low elevations to pristine mountain streams at high elevations (Ref. 11225). Has a wide salinity range but requires fairly warm temperatures (23-24 °C) and quiet vegetated water for survival (Ref. 7248, 79840). Feeds on zooplankton, small insects and detritus. Feeds mainly on insects (Ref. 6154).
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Pascualita Sa-a
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Biology

provided by Fishbase
Inhabits warm springs and their effluents, weedy ditches and canals (Ref. 5723). Found in various habitats, ranging from highly turbid water in ponds, canals and ditches at low elevations to pristine mountain streams at high elevations (Ref. 11225). Occurs in wide variety of habitats with low predation pressure, usually in very small streams and densely vegetated lakes and springs (Ref. 59043). Has a wide salinity range but requires fairly warm temperatures (23-24 °C) and quiet vegetated water for survival (Ref. 7248, 44894, 79840). Feeds on zooplankton, small insects and detritus. One of the most popular aquarium fishes with many standardized varieties. Used in genetics research. Female reaches 5 cm SL (Ref. 2847). Males mature at 2 months and females at 3 months of age (Ref. 1672). Aquarium keeping: in groups of 5 or more individuals; minimum aquarium size 60 cm (Ref. 51539). A very popular and widely available species in the aquarium trade. In Australia, wild populations were established prior to the 1970s, undoubtedly the result of thoughtless aquarists discarding unwanted pets (Ref. 44894). Maximum length for female taken from Ref. 43281.
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Rainer Froese
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

Importance

provided by Fishbase
fisheries: of no interest; aquarium: commercial
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
FishBase
Recorder
Rainer Froese
original
visit source
partner site
Fishbase

分布

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
原產於南美洲,因做觀賞用魚而引入臺灣,現已繁衍分布於臺灣西部河川下游及湖沼與溝渠中。
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
臺灣魚類資料庫
author
臺灣魚類資料庫

利用

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
普遍受歡迎的小型觀賞魚類,在人工培育下,已衍生出多樣的品系。
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
臺灣魚類資料庫
author
臺灣魚類資料庫

描述

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
體延長,前部略呈楔狀,後部側扁。雌魚的腹部膨大圓突。頭部中大,吻部短小。眼大,側位;眼間區及吻背頗為平直。口小,斜裂,下位;口裂遠不及眼前緣的下方。體被有大型的圓鱗;縱列鱗26-28;背前鱗11-13。雄魚背鰭鰭條常會延長,雌魚則小而圓,背鰭軟條數7-8;雄魚的臀鰭第3、4、5鰭條特化而成一延長的交接器,交接器僅略長於腹鰭長,雌魚則正常的扇形,起點在背鰭起點略前,鰭條數8-9;胸鰭鰭條數13-14;腹鰭腹位,鰭條數5;雄魚尾鰭外形變異很大,隨品系而有不同;雌魚則大多呈長圓形。體黃褐色,具有金色光澤,但體色的變異很大,常具有鮮麗的橘黃色或藍青色斑紋。成長後雌魚的體色較單調而半透明,如同大肚魚一般。
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
臺灣魚類資料庫
author
臺灣魚類資料庫

棲地

provided by The Fish Database of Taiwan
棲地多樣化,主要棲息於淡水流域及湖沼之外,甚至在市鎮的下水溝可發現。孔雀魚繁殖能力強,並能耐受污染的水域,具群集性。雜食性小型魚種,以藻類、水生昆蟲及有機碎屑等為食。
license
cc-by-nc
copyright
臺灣魚類資料庫
author
臺灣魚類資料庫

Guppy

provided by wikipedia EN

The guppy (Poecilia reticulata), also known as millionfish and rainbow fish,[3] is one of the world's most widely distributed tropical fish and one of the most popular freshwater aquarium fish species. It is a member of the family Poeciliidae and, like almost all American members of the family, is live-bearing.[4] Guppies originate from northeast South America, but have been introduced to many environments and are now found all over the world. They are highly adaptable and thrive in many different environmental and ecological conditions.[5] Male guppies, which are smaller than females, have ornamental caudal and dorsal fins. Wild guppies generally feed on a variety of food sources, including benthic algae and aquatic insect larvae.[6] Guppies are used as a model organism in the fields of ecology, evolution, and behavioural studies.[5]

Taxonomy

Guppies were first described in Venezuela as Poecilia reticulata by Wilhelm Peters in 1859 and as Lebistes poecilioides in Barbados by De Filippi in 1861. It was named Girardinus guppii by Albert Günther in honor of Robert John Lechmere Guppy, who sent specimens of the species from Trinidad to the Natural History Museum in London.[7] It was reclassified as Lebistes reticulatus by Regan in 1913. Then in 1963, Rosen and Bailey brought it back to its original name, Poecilia reticulata. While the taxonomy of the species was frequently changed and resulted in many synonyms, "guppy" remains the common name even as Girardinus guppii is now considered a junior synonym of Poecilia reticulata.[5]

Distribution and habitat

Guppies are native to Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Suriname, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.[8][9] However, guppies have been introduced to many different countries on every continent except Antarctica. Sometimes this has occurred accidentally, but most often as a means of mosquito control. The guppies were expected to eat the mosquito larvae and help slow the spread of malaria, but in many cases, these guppies have had a negative impact on native fish populations.[10] Field studies reveal that guppies have colonized almost every freshwater body accessible to them in their natural ranges, especially in the streams located near the coastal fringes of mainland South America. Although not typically found there, guppies also have tolerance to brackish water and have colonized some brackish environments.[5] They tend to be more abundant in smaller streams and pools than in large, deep, or fast-flowing rivers.[11] They also are capable of being acclimated to full saltwater as well as being used to cycle saltwater aquariums like their molly cousins.

Description

Sexual polymorphism exhibited in the Trinidadian guppy (above male, below female)
Guppy breeds

Guppies exhibit sexual dimorphism. While wild-type females are grey in body color, males have splashes, spots, or stripes that can be any of a wide variety of colors.[12] The development and exhibiting of color patterns in male guppies is usually due to the amount of thyroid hormone that they contain. The thyroid hormones not only influence color pattern, but control endocrine function in response to their environment.[13] The size of guppies vary, but males are typically 1.5–3.5 cm (0.6–1.4 in) long, while females are 3–6 cm (1.2–2.4 in) long.

A variety of guppy strains are produced by breeders through selective breeding, characterized by different colours, patterns, shapes, and sizes of fins, such as snakeskin and grass varieties. Many domestic strains have morphological traits that are very distinct from the wild-type antecedents. Males and females of many domestic strains usually have larger body size and are much more lavishly ornamented than their wild-type antecedents.[14]

Guppies have 23 pairs of chromosomes, including one pair of sex chromosomes, the same number as humans.[15] The genes responsible for male guppies' ornamentations are Y-chromosome linked and are heritable.[16]

Lifecycle

Two generations of guppies per year occur in the wild. Guppies are well developed and capable of independent existence without further parental care by the time they are born. Young guppies school together and perform antipredator tactics. Brood size is extremely variable, yet some consistent differences exist among populations depending on the predation level and other factors.[5] Females of matching body sizes tend to produce more numerous but smaller-sized offspring in high-predation conditions. Female guppies first produce offspring at 10–20 weeks of age, and they continue to reproduce until 20–34 months of age. Male guppies mature in 7 weeks or less.[5] Total lifespan of guppies in the wild varies greatly, but it is typically around 2 years.[17] Variations in such life historic characteristics of guppies are observed in different populations, indicating that different evolutionary pressures exist.

Maturity

Guppies' body sizes are positively correlated with age, and their size at maturation varies highly depending on the predation risk of the occupied environments. Male and female guppies from high-predation regions mature faster and start reproducing earlier, and they devote more resources to reproduction than those from low-predation regions.[18] Females from high-predation regions reproduce more frequently and produce more offspring per litter, indicating that they are more fecund than low-predation females. Female guppies' reproductive success is also related to age. Older females produce offspring with reduced size and at increased interbrood intervals.[19]

Senescence

One major factor that affects wild guppies' senescence patterns is the mortality rate caused by predation. Guppies from high-predation environments suffer high extrinsic mortality rate because they are more likely to be killed by predators. Female guppies from high-predation environments experience a significant increase in mortality at 6 months of age, while those from low-predation environments do not suffer increased mortality until 16 months. However, guppies from high-predation environments were found to have longer lifespans because their reproductive lifespans are longer. No significant difference is seen in postreproductive lifespans.[17]

Population regulations

In addition to senescence pattern, resource availability and density also matter in regulation of guppy populations. Guppies reduce their fecundity and reproductive allocation in response to scarce food. When food is abundant, they increase brood size.[20] Differential reproductive allocation can be the cause of seasonality of life-history characteristics in some guppy populations. For example, during the wet season from May to December, guppies in the Northern Range of Trinidad reduce their investment in reproduction regardless of predation level, possibly in response to decreased food resources.[21] Population density also matters in simpler environments because higher intraspecific competition causes a decrease in reproductive rate and somatic growth rate, and a corresponding increase in juvenile mortality rate due to cannibalism.[22] It was confirmed that in low-predation environments, guppy populations are in part regulated by density.[23]

Ecology and behavior

Mating

Female and male adults of an ornamental strain

Guppies have the mating system called polyandry, where females mate with multiple males.[24] Multiple mating is beneficial for males because the males' reproductive success is directly related to how many times they mate. The cost of multiple mating for males is very low because they do not provide material benefit to the females or parental care to the offspring. Conversely, multiple mating can be disadvantageous for females because it reduces foraging efficiency and increases the chances of predation and parasitic infection.[25] However, females gain some potential benefits from multiple mating. For example, females that mate multiple times are found to be able to produce more offspring in shorter gestation time, and their offspring tend to have better qualities such as enhanced schooling and predator evasion abilities.[25]

Female guppies mate again more actively and delay the development of a brood when the anticipated second mate is more attractive than the first male. Experiments show that remating females prefer a novel male to the original male or a brother of the original male with similar phenotypes. Females' preference for novel males in remating can explain the excessive phenotypic polymorphism in male guppies.[26]

Inbreeding avoidance

Inbreeding ordinarily has negative fitness consequences (inbreeding depression), and as a result species have evolved mechanisms to avoid inbreeding. Inbreeding depression is considered to be due largely to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations.[27] Numerous inbreeding avoidance mechanisms operating prior to mating have been described. However, inbreeding avoidance mechanisms that operate subsequent to copulation are less well known. In guppies, a post-copulatory mechanism of inbreeding avoidance occurs based on competition between sperm of rival males for achieving fertilization.[28] In competitions between sperm from an unrelated male and from a full sibling male, a significant bias in paternity towards the unrelated male was observed.[28]

Females' mating choice

Female guppy choice plays an important role in multiple mating. Female guppies are attracted to brightly colored males, especially ones with orange spots on the flank.[29] Orange spots can serve as an indicator of better physical fitness, as orange-spotted males are observed to swim longer in a strong current.[30] There is also the concept of color association to possibly explain mate choice since one of the food sources wild guppies compete vigorously for is the fruit of cabrehash trees (Sloanea laurifolia), an orange carotenoid-containing fruit.[31] The orange coloration that female guppies select for in males is composed of carotenoids, the saturation of which is affected by the male's carotenoid ingestion and parasite load.[32] Guppies cannot synthesize these pigments by themselves and must obtain them through their diet. Because of this connection, females are possibly selecting for healthy males with superior foraging abilities by choosing mates with bright orange carotinoid pigments, thus increasing the survival chance of her offspring.[32] Due to the advantage in mating, male guppies evolve to have more ornamentation across generations in low-predation environments where the cost of being conspicuous is lower. The rate and duration of courtship display of male guppies also play an important role in female guppies' mating choice. Courtship behavior is another indicator of fitness due to the physical strength involved in maintaining the courtship dance, called sigmoid display, in which the males flex their bodies into an S shape and vibrate rapidly.[33]

Sigmoid display of male guppy

Female mating choice may also be influenced by another female's choice. In an experiment, female guppies watched two males, one solitary and the other actively courting another female, and were given a choice between the two. Most females spent a longer time next to the male that was courting.[34] Female guppies' preference for fit males allows their descendants to inherit better physical fitness and better chance of survival.

Predation

Aequidens pulcher, a common predator of guppies

Guppies have many predators, such as larger fish and birds, in their native range. Some of their common predators in the wild are Crenicichla alta, Anablepsoides hartii, and Aequidens pulcher.[35] Guppies' small bodies and the bright coloration of males make them easy prey, and like many fish, they often school together to avoid predation. Schooling is more favored by evolution in populations of guppies under high predation pressure, exerted either by predator type or predator density.[36] Coloration of guppies also evolves differentially in response to predation. Male guppies that are brighter in color have an advantage in mating as they attract more females in general, but they have a higher risk of being noticed by predators than duller males. Male guppies evolve to be more dull in color and have fewer, smaller spots under intense predation both in wild and in laboratory settings.[37] Female guppies in a high-predation environment also evolve to prefer brightly colored males less, often rejecting them.[38]

Predator inspection

When guppies encounter a potential predator, some of them approach the predator to assess danger. This behavior, called predator inspection, benefits the inspector since it gains information, but puts the inspector at a risk of predation. To reduce the risk, inspectors avoid the predator's mouth area—called the 'attack cone'—and approach the predator from the side or back. They may also form a group for protection, the size of which is larger in high-predation populations. Although evidence indicates predators are less likely to attack an inspector than a non-inspector, the inspectors remain at higher risk due to proximity to the predator.[39]

Risk-taking behaviors such as predator inspection can be evolutionarily stable only when a mechanism prevents selfish individuals from taking advantage of "altruistic" individuals. Guppies may adopt a conditional-approach strategy that resembles tit for tat. According to this hypothesis, guppies would inspect the predator on the first move, but if their co-inspectors do not participate in the predator inspection visits or do not approach the predator close enough, they can retaliate at the trailers by copying the trailer's last move in the next predator inspection visit. The hypothesis was supported in laboratory experiments.[40]

Predator diversion

When guppies detect a predator, their irises rapidly darken from silver to jet black, which draws predators to attack the guppies' head instead of their body's center of mass.[41][42] Perhaps counterintuitively, this predator divertive behavior allows guppies to rapidly pivot out of the way as predators lunge where the guppies' head was; this "matador-like" anti-predator behavior was first described in guppies but may be found in other animal species with bright, attention-grabbing coloration located on vital organs, such as epaulette sharks.[42][41]

Parasites

Guppies are also host to a range of parasites and one of these, Gyrodactylus turnbulli, has been used as a model system for studying host-parasite interactions.[43] Recent work on this has shown that the interaction between exposure to chronic anthropogenic noise and G. turnbulli can decrease guppy survival. While a short burst of underwater noise has positive effects on parasite densities on the host. Most likely resulting in negative fitness effects for guppies.[43]

Feeding

Wild guppies feed on algal remains, diatoms, invertebrates, zooplankton, detritus,[44] plant fragments, mineral particles, aquatic insect larvae, and other sources. Algal remains constitute the biggest proportion of wild guppy diet in most cases, but diets vary depending on the specific conditions of food availability in the habitat.[6][45] For example, a study on wild Trinidad guppies showed that guppies collected from an oligotrophic upstream region (upper Aripo River) mainly consumed invertebrates, while guppies from a eutrophic downstream region (lower Tacarigua River) consumed mostly diatoms and mineral particles. Algae are less nutritious than invertebrates, and the guppies that feed mainly on algae have poor diets.[5]

Guppy food - Daphnia magna

Guppies have also been observed eating native fishes’ eggs, occasionally expressing cannibalism, also eating its own young, when kept in laboratory conditions.[44]

Guppies' diet preference is not simply correlated to the abundance of a particular food. Laboratory experiments confirmed that guppies show 'diet switching' behavior, in which they feed disproportionately on the more abundant food when they are offered two food choices. The result shows that different groups of guppies have weak and variable food preference.[46] Diet preference in guppies could be related to factors such as the presence of competitors. For example, the lower Tacarigua River has a larger variety of species and competition for invertebrate prey is higher; therefore, the proportion of invertebrates is small in the diets of those guppies.[5]

Foraging

Guppies often forage in groups because they can find food more easily. Shoaling guppies spend less time and energy on antipredatory behavior than solitary ones and spend more time on feeding. However, such behavior results in food that is found being shared with other members of the group. Studies also show when an evolutionary cost exists, guppies that tend to shoal are less aggressive and less competitive with regards to scarce resources.[47] Therefore, shoaling is preferred in high-predation regions, but not in low-predation regions. When guppies with a high tendency to shoal were isolated from high-predation regions and were relocated to predator-free environments, over time, they decreased their shoaling behavior, supporting the hypothesis that shoaling is less preferred in low-predation environments.[48]

Reproduction

Birth of guppy fry
A guppy fry in an aquarium at one week of age

Guppies are highly prolific livebearers.[49] The gestation period of guppies varies considerably, ranging from 20 to 60 days at 25 to 27 C and depending on several environmental factors.[50][51] Reproduction typically continues through the year, and the female becomes ready for conception again quickly after parturition.[5] Male guppies, like other members of the family Poeciliidae, possess a modified tubular anal fin called the gonopodium, located directly behind the ventral fin. The gonopodium has a channel-like structure through which bundles of spermatozoa, called spermatozeugmata, are transferred to females. In courted mating, where the female shows receptive behavior following the male's courtship display, the male briefly inserts the gonopodium into the female's genital pore for internal fertilization. However, in the case of sneaky mating where copulation is forced, the male approaches the female and thrusts the gonopodium at the female's urogenital pore.[52]

Once inseminated, female guppies can store sperm in their ovaries and gonoducts, which can continue to fertilize ova up to eight months.[53] Because of the sperm-storage mechanism, males are capable of posthumous reproduction, meaning the female mate can give birth to the male's offspring long after the male's death, which contributes significantly to the reproductive dynamics of the wild guppy populations.[54]

The guppy has been successfully hybridised with various species of molly (Poecilia latipinna or P. velifera), e.g., male guppy and female molly. However, the hybrids are always male and appear to be infertile.[55] The guppy has also been hybridised with the Endler's livebearer (Poecilia wingei) to produce fertile offspring, with the suggestion that, despite physical and behavioural differences, Endler's may represent a subspecies of Poecilia reticulata rather than a distinct species.[56][57]

Inbreeding depression

Due to the extensive selective breeding of guppies for desirable traits such as greater size and colour, some strains of the fish have become less hardy than their wild counterparts. Immense inbreeding of guppies has been found to affect body size, fertility and susceptibility to diseases.[58]

In the aquarium

Guppy standards

Large strains:
A - Veil tail
B - Triangle tail
C - Fan tail
D - Flag tail

Sword strains:
E - Double sword
F - Upper sword
G - Lower sword
H - Lyre tail

Short strains:
I - Spade tail
J - Spear tail
K - Round tail
L - Pin tail

Guppies prefer a hard-water aquarium with a temperature between 25.5 and 27.8 °C (78 and 82 °F) and salt levels equivalent to one tablespoon per 19 L (5 US gal).[59] They can withstand levels of salinity up to 150% that of normal seawater,[60] which has led to them being occasionally included in marine tropical community tanks, as well as in freshwater tropical tanks. Guppies are generally peaceful, though nipping behaviour is sometimes exhibited between male guppies or towards other top swimmers like members of the genus Xiphophorus (platies and swordtails), and occasionally other fish with prominent fins, such as angelfish. Guppies should not be kept as a single fish in an aquarium because both males and females show signs of shoaling, and are usually found in large groups in the wild.[61] Its most famous characteristic is its propensity for breeding, and it can breed in both freshwater and marine aquaria.[62]

Guppies prefer water temperatures around 22.2–26.1 °C (72–79 °F) for reproduction. Pregnant female guppies have enlarged and darkened gravid spots near their anal vents. Just before birth, the eyes of fry may be seen through the translucent skin in this area of the female's body.[63] When birth occurs, individual offspring are dropped in sequence, typically over a period of one to six hours. The female guppy has drops of two to 200 fry at a time, typically ranging between 30 and 60.[64]

Well-fed adults do not often eat their own young, although sometimes safe zones are required for the fry. Specially designed livebearer birthing tanks, which can be suspended inside the aquarium, are available from aquatic retailers. These also serve to shield the pregnant female from further attention from the males, which is important because the males sometimes attack the females while they are giving birth.[65] It also provides a separate area for the newborn young as protection from being eaten by their mother.[66] However, if a female is put in the breeder box too early, it may cause her to have a miscarriage. Well-planted tanks that offer barriers to adult guppies shelter the young quite well. Guppy grass, water sprite, water wisteria, duckweed, and java moss are all good choices. A continuous supply of live food, such as Daphnia or brine shrimp, keep adult fish full and may spare the fry when they are born.[67] Young fry take roughly three or four months to reach maturity. Feeding fry live foods, such as baby brine shrimp, microworms, infusoria and vinegar eels, is recommended. Alternatives include finely ground flake food, egg yolk, and liquid fish food, though the particulates in these may be too large for the youngest fry to eat.[68]

References

  1. ^ "Poecilia reticulata: Lyons, T.J." IUCN Red List. 2020. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T60444A3100119.en. S2CID 242029263. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  2. ^ "Synonyms of Poecilia reticulata". FishBase.org. Archived from the original on 22 September 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  3. ^ "Common Names of Poecilia reticulata". FishBase.org. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  4. ^ "Guppy Fish". AquaticCommunity.com. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Magurran, Anne E. (2005). Evolutionary Ecology: The Trinidadian Guppy. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852786-2.
  6. ^ a b Dussault, Gertrude V.; Kramer, Donald L. (1981). "Food and feeding behavior of the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Pisces: Poeciliidae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 59 (4): 684–701. doi:10.1139/z81-098.
  7. ^ Günther, Albert (1866). Catalogue of the Fishes in the British Museum. Vol. 6. London: Taylor and Francis. p. 353.
  8. ^ "Countries where Poecilia reticulata is found". FishBase.org. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2010.
  9. ^ "Poecilia reticulata (fish)". Global Invasive Species Database. 27 October 2006. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 27 August 2010.
  10. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Poecilia reticulata" in FishBase. April 2007 version.
  11. ^ Magurran, Anne E.; Phillip, Dawn A. T. (2001). "Evolutionary implications of large-scale patterns in the ecology of Trinidadian guppies, Poecilia reticulata". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 73: 1–9. doi:10.1006/bijl.2000.0519.
  12. ^ "Poecilia reticulata: Guppy". SeriouslyFish.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  13. ^ Prazdnikov, Denis V. (28 May 2021). "Role of thyroid hormones in color diversity of male guppies: experimental data on Endler's guppy (Poecilia wingei)". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 104 (June 2021): 675-688. doi:10.1007/s10641-021-01102-x. S2CID 236416650.
  14. ^ "Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1860". Viviparos.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  15. ^ Khoo, Gideon; Lim, Tit Meng; Chan, Woon-Khiong; Phang, Violet P. E. (1999). "Genetic Basis of the Variegated Tail Pattern in the Guppy, Poecilia reticulata". Zoological Science. 16 (3): 431–437. doi:10.2108/zsj.16.431. S2CID 73606453.
  16. ^ Brooks, Robert (2000). "Negative genetic correlation between male sexual attractiveness and survival". Nature. 406 (6791): 67–70. Bibcode:2000Natur.406...67B. doi:10.1038/35017552. PMID 10894542. S2CID 4385649.
  17. ^ a b Reznick, David N.; Bryant, Michael; Holmes, Donna (2006). "The Evolution of Senescence and Post-Reproductive Lifespan in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata)". PLOS Biology. 4 (1): 136–143. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040007. PMC 1318473. PMID 16363919.
  18. ^ Reznick, David N.; Butler, Mark J., IV; Rodd, F. Helen; Ross, Patrick (1996). "Life-History Evolution in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) 6. Differential Mortality as a Mechanism for Natural Selection". Evolution. 50 (4): 1651–1660. doi:10.2307/2410901. JSTOR 2410901. PMID 28565709.
  19. ^ Reznick, David N.; Buckwalter, G.; Groff, J.; Elder, D. (2001). "The evolution of senescence in natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata): a comparative approach". Experimental Gerontology. 36 (4–6): 791–812. doi:10.1016/S0531-5565(00)00241-2. PMID 11295514. S2CID 23359090.
  20. ^ Reznick, David N. (1983). "The Structure of Guppy Life Histories: The Tradeoff between Growth and Reproduction". Ecology. 64 (4): 862–873. doi:10.2307/1937209. JSTOR 1937209.
  21. ^ Reznick, David N. (1989). "Life-History Evolution in Guppies: 2. Repeatability of Field Observations and the Effects of Season on Life Histories". Evolution. 43 (6): 1285–1297. doi:10.2307/2409363. JSTOR 2409363. PMID 28564499.
  22. ^ Barlow, Jay (1992). "Nonlinear and Logistic Growth in Experimental Populations of Guppies" (PDF). Ecology. 73 (3): 941–950. doi:10.2307/1940170. JSTOR 1940170. S2CID 51902589.
  23. ^ Bronikowski, Anne M.; Clark, Mark E.; Rodd, F. Helen; Reznick, David N. (2002). "Population-Dynamic Consequences of Predator-Induced Life History Variation in the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata)". Ecology. 83 (8): 2194–2204. doi:10.2307/3072051. JSTOR 3072051.
  24. ^ Barbosa, Miguel; Magurran, Anne E. (2011). "Evidence of female-promoted polyandry in Trinidadian guppies". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 90 (1): 95–102. doi:10.1007/s10641-010-9721-y. S2CID 27300353.
  25. ^ a b Evans, J. P.; Magurran, Anne E. (2000). "Multiple benefits of multiple mating in guppies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 97 (18): 10074–10076. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9710074E. doi:10.1073/pnas.180207297. PMC 27698. PMID 10954750.
  26. ^ Eakley, Angela L.; Houde, Anne E. (2004). "Possible role of female discrimination against 'redundant' males in the evolution of colour pattern polymorphism in guppies". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 271 (Suppl 5): S299–S301. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0165. PMC 1810072. PMID 15504000.
  27. ^ Charlesworth, Deborah; Willis, John H. (November 2009). "The genetics of inbreeding depression". Nature Reviews Genetics. 10 (11): 783–96. doi:10.1038/nrg2664. PMID 19834483. S2CID 771357.
  28. ^ a b Fitzpatrick, J. L.; Evans, J. P. (December 2014). "Postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance in guppies" (PDF). Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 27 (12): 2585–94. doi:10.1111/jeb.12545. PMID 25387854. S2CID 934203.
  29. ^ Houde, Anne E. (April 1988). "Genetic difference in female choice between two guppy populations". Animal Behaviour. 36 (2): 511–516. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(88)80022-8. S2CID 53157095.
  30. ^ Nicoletto, Paul F. (June 1991). "The relationship between male ornamentation and swimming performance in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 28 (5): 365–370. doi:10.1007/BF00164386. S2CID 22006110.
  31. ^ Cole, Gemma L.; Endler, John A. (7 April 2015). "Artificial selection for food colour preferences". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1804). 20143108. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.3108. PMC 4375879. PMID 25740894.
  32. ^ a b Rodd, F. Helen; Hughes, Kimberly A.; Grether, Gregory F.; Baril, Colette T. (7 March 2002). "A possible non-sexual origin of mate preference: are male guppies mimicking fruit?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 269 (1490): 475–481. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1891. PMC 1690917. PMID 11886639.
  33. ^ Nicoletto, Paul F. (1996). "The influence of water velocity on the display behavior of male guppies, Poecilia reticulata". Behavioral Ecology. 7 (3): 272–278. doi:10.1093/beheco/7.3.272.
  34. ^ Dugatkin, L. A. (1992). "Sexual selection and imitation: Females copy the mate choice of others". The American Naturalist. 139 (6): 1384–1389. doi:10.1086/285392. S2CID 84747983.
  35. ^ "Sex and the single guppy". PBS. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  36. ^ Seghers, Benoni H. (September 1974). "Schooling Behavior in the Guppy (Poecilia reticulata): An Evolutionary Response to Predation". Evolution. 28 (3): 486–489. doi:10.2307/2407174. JSTOR 2407174. PMID 28564850.
  37. ^ Endler, John A. (January 1980). "Natural Selection on Color Patterns in Poecilia reticulata". Evolution. 34 (1): 76–91. doi:10.2307/2408316. JSTOR 2408316. PMID 28563214.
  38. ^ Stoner, Gregory; Breden, Felix (April 1988). "Phenotypic differentiation in female preference related to geographic variation in male predation risk in the Trinidad guppy (Poecilia reticulata)". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 22 (4): 285–291. doi:10.1007/BF00299844. S2CID 24521306.
  39. ^ Magurran, Anne E.; Seghers, Benoni H. (September 1990). "Population differences in predator recognition and attack cone avoidance in the guppy Poecilia reticulata". Animal Behaviour. 40 (3): 443–452. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80524-X. S2CID 53258954.
  40. ^ Dugatkin, Lee A.; Alfieri, Michael (July 1991). "Tit-For-Tat in guppies (Poecilia reticulata): the relative nature of cooperation and defection during predator inspection". Evolutionary Ecology. 5 (3): 300–309. doi:10.1007/BF02214234. S2CID 23482076.
  41. ^ a b Heathcote, Robert J. P.; Troscianko, Jolyon; Darden, Safi K.; Naisbett-Jones, Lewis C.; Laker, Philippa R.; Brown, Antony M.; Ramnarine, Indar W.; Walker, Jeffrey; Croft, Darren P. (20 July 2020). "A Matador-like Predator Diversion Strategy Driven by Conspicuous Coloration in Guppies". Current Biology. 30 (14): 2844–2851.e8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.017. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 32531279. S2CID 219572283.
  42. ^ a b Sima, Richard. "The Matador in Your Fish Tank". Scientific American.
  43. ^ a b Masud, Numair; Hayes, Laura; Crivelli, Davide; Grigg, Stephen; Cable, Jo (2020). "Noise pollution: acute noise exposure increases susceptibility to disease and chronic exposure reduces host survival". Royal Society Open Science. 7 (9): 200172. Bibcode:2020RSOS....700172M. doi:10.1098/rsos.200172. PMC 7540788. PMID 33047012.
  44. ^ a b "Online Guide to the Animals of Trinidad and Tobago [OGATT] - Guppy" (PDF). Sta.uwi.edu. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
  45. ^ Lawal, M. O.; Edokpayi, C. A.; Osibona, A. O. (2012). "Food and Feeding Habits of the Guppy, Poecilia reticulata, from Drainage Canal Systems in Lagos, Southwestern Nigeria". West African Journal of Applied Ecology. 20 (2): 1–9. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013.
  46. ^ Murduch, William W.; Avery, S.; Smyth, Michael E. B. (1975). "Switching in Predatory Fish". Ecology. 56 (5): 1094–1105. doi:10.2307/1936149. JSTOR 1936149.
  47. ^ Magurran, Anne E.; Seghers, Benoni H. (1991). "Variation in schooling and aggression amongst guppy (Poecilia reticulata) populations in Trinidad" (PDF). Behaviour. 118 (3/4): 214–234. doi:10.1163/156853991X00292. JSTOR 4534965. S2CID 84573662. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 February 2020.
  48. ^ Magurran, Anne E.; Seghers, Benoni H.; Carvalho, Gary R.; Shaw, Paul W. (1992). "Behavioural Consequences of an Artificial Introduction of Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in N. Trinidad: Evidence for the Evolution of Anti-Predator Behaviour in the Wild". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 248 (1322): 117–122. doi:10.1098/rspb.1992.0050. S2CID 85844006.
  49. ^ "Guppy". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2007. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 7 May 2007.
  50. ^ Evans, J. P.; Magurran, A. E. (2000). "Multiple benefits of multiple mating in guppies". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (18): 10074–10076. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9710074E. doi:10.1073/pnas.180207297. PMC 27698. PMID 10954750.
  51. ^ Sato, Aya; Aihara, Ryu-ichi; Karino, Kenji (2021). "Male coloration affects female gestation period and timing of fertilization in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)". PLOS ONE. 16 (12): e0261004. Bibcode:2021PLoSO..1661004S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0261004. PMC 8639057. PMID 34855912.
  52. ^ Reynolds, John D.; Gross, Mart R.; Coombs, Mark J. (1993). "Environmental conditions and male morphology determine alternative mating behavior in Trinidadian guppies" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 45 (1): 145–152. doi:10.1006/anbe.1993.1013. S2CID 53174560. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2019.
  53. ^ Winge, Ö. (1937). "Succession of broods in Lebistes". Nature. 140 (3541): 467. Bibcode:1937Natur.140..467W. doi:10.1038/140467b0. S2CID 4092610.
  54. ^ López-Sepulcre, Andrés; Gordon, Swanne P.; Paterson, Ian G.; Bentzen, Paul; Reznick, David N. (2013). "Beyond lifetime reproductive success: the posthumous reproductive dynamics of male Trinidadian guppies". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 280 (1763): 20131116. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1116. PMC 3774245. PMID 23740786.
  55. ^ Ghadially, F. N.; Gordon, M. (July 1957). "A Localized Melanoma in a Hybrid Fish Lebistes × Mollienesia". Cancer Research. 17 (6): 597–599. PMID 13446844.
  56. ^ Griffitts, Tony (1997). "Endler's Livebearer". Aquaworld Aquarium. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  57. ^ Griffitts, Tony (2011). "Endler's Livebearer: It's a Guppy!". Aquaworld Aquarium. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  58. ^ Van Oosterhout, Cock; et al. (December 2007). "The Guppy as a Conservation Model: Implications of Parasitism and Inbreeding for Reintroduction Success". Conservation Biology. 21 (6): 1573–1583. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00809.x. JSTOR 4621001. PMID 18173481. S2CID 23388119.
  59. ^ Hargrove, Maddy; Hargrove, Mic (2006). Freshwater Aquariums for Dummies (2nd ed.). Hoboken: Wiley. p. 99. ISBN 978-0-470-05103-0.
  60. ^ Chervinski, J. (April 1984). "Salinity tolerance of the guppy, Poecilia Reticulata Peters". Journal of Fish Biology. 24 (4): 449–452. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1984.tb04815.x.
  61. ^ Smirnova, Victoria (8 April 2020). "Guppy Tank Mates". ThePets.net. doi:10.1007/BF00300143. S2CID 13158363.
  62. ^ Shikano, Takahito; Fujio, Yoshihisa (August 1997). "Successful Propagation in Seawater of the Guppy Poecilia reticulata with Reference to High Salinity Tolerance at Birth". Fisheries Science. 63 (4): 573–575. doi:10.2331/fishsci.63.573.
  63. ^ Mayntz, Melissa. "Gestation Period for Guppies". LoveToKnow.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  64. ^ Donovan, Dave. "Pregnant Guppy Fish". LoveToKnow.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2013.
  65. ^ "Breed Guppies – Tips You Need to Know". Guppybreeding.net. 20 April 2012. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  66. ^ "Guppy fry care: how to look after baby guppies". Guppyfishcare.com. 12 October 2013. Archived from the original on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  67. ^ "Livebearers: Guppies". TropicalFauna.info. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2012.
  68. ^ Carroll, Fussell. "Tiny Foods For Small Fry". FishChannel.com. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Guppy: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

The guppy (Poecilia reticulata), also known as millionfish and rainbow fish, is one of the world's most widely distributed tropical fish and one of the most popular freshwater aquarium fish species. It is a member of the family Poeciliidae and, like almost all American members of the family, is live-bearing. Guppies originate from northeast South America, but have been introduced to many environments and are now found all over the world. They are highly adaptable and thrive in many different environmental and ecological conditions. Male guppies, which are smaller than females, have ornamental caudal and dorsal fins. Wild guppies generally feed on a variety of food sources, including benthic algae and aquatic insect larvae. Guppies are used as a model organism in the fields of ecology, evolution, and behavioural studies.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN