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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 8.8 years (wild)
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There are five subspecies of M. yumanensis in the United States: M. y. yumanensis (found in the southwestern desert), M. y. phasma ( found in Utah and Colorado), M. y. sociabilis (found in California and Canada), M. y. oxalis (found in the San Joaquin Valley), and M. y. saturatus ( found along the Northwestern Coast) (Barbour, 1969).

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Sims, K. 2000. "Myotis yumanensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myotis_yumanensis.html
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Kelly Sims, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Behavior

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Communication Channels: tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; ultrasound ; echolocation ; chemical

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Sims, K. 2000. "Myotis yumanensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myotis_yumanensis.html
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Kelly Sims, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Conservation Status

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This species of Myotis is commonly observed. There has been a slight decline in the number of these bats due to destruction of suitable roosting sites.

Temperate North American bats are now threatened by a fungal disease called “white-nose syndrome.” This disease has devastated eastern North American bat populations at hibernation sites since 2007. The fungus, Geomyces destructans, grows best in cold, humid conditions that are typical of many bat hibernacula. The fungus grows on, and in some cases invades, the bodies of hibernating bats and seems to result in disturbance from hibernation, causing a debilitating loss of important metabolic resources and mass deaths. Mortality rates at some hibernation sites have been as high as 90%. While there are currently no reports of Myotis yumanensis mortalities as a result of white-nose syndrome, the disease continues to expand its range in North America.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Sims, K. 2000. "Myotis yumanensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myotis_yumanensis.html
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Kelly Sims, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Nancy Shefferly, Animal Diversity Web
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Benefits

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All bats, including Yuma myotis, have been known to carry diseases such as rabies, as well as mites, and fleas (Creech, 1996). This becomes problematic to humans mainly if they handle wild bats without prior knowledge of their health status.

Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, causes disease in humans , carries human disease); causes or carries domestic animal disease

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Sims, K. 2000. "Myotis yumanensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myotis_yumanensis.html
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Kelly Sims, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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All insectivorous species of bats are seen as a safe and sensible means of pest control on agricultural crops. A Yuma myotis can consume up to half of its weight every night feeding on moths, beetles, flies, etc. (Nowak, 1991).

Positive Impacts: controls pest population

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Sims, K. 2000. "Myotis yumanensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myotis_yumanensis.html
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Kelly Sims, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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Myotis yumanensis is a very efficient insectivorous feeder that begins foraging at dusk and usually finishes two hours after sunset (Barbour and Davis, 1969). These bats usually feed over water, and their prey primarily consists of moths, midges, caddisflies, craneflies, beetles and other various small insects (Whitaker, 1996). Like most bats, they locate insects in flight by emitting ultrasonic sounds (echolocation). Then they either catch the insects in their mouths or use their tail membranes as a pouch in which to snare larger prey.

Animal Foods: insects

Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )

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Sims, K. 2000. "Myotis yumanensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myotis_yumanensis.html
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Kelly Sims, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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Myotis yumanensis is found in western North America, ranging from British Columbia to Central Mexico and eastward to Colorado (Whitaker, 1996) and as far east as Oklahoma (Barbour and Davis, 1969).

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Sims, K. 2000. "Myotis yumanensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myotis_yumanensis.html
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Kelly Sims, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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Myotis yumanensis is found in a variety of habitats, ranging from juniper and riparian woodlands to desert regions near open water (Nowak, 1991). One is almost guaranteed to find this species wherever there are rivers, streams, ponds, lakes, etc. In fact, M. yumanensis is more closely associated with water than any other North American species of bat (Barbour, 1969). When not near water over which to forage, these animals can be found in the thousands roosting in caves, attics, buildings, mines, underneath bridges, and other similar structures. Little is known about the migration of this species. However, it has been recorded in Texas as well as in its normal range during the winter season (Allen, 1994).

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland ; chaparral ; forest

Other Habitat Features: riparian

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Sims, K. 2000. "Myotis yumanensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myotis_yumanensis.html
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Kelly Sims, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy

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Average lifespan
Status: captivity:
8.8 years.

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Sims, K. 2000. "Myotis yumanensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myotis_yumanensis.html
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Kelly Sims, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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Myotis yumanensis is a small species of Myotis, with a body length of 84 to 99 mm and a tail length from 32 to 45 mm. Their forearms are 33 to 37 mm long and the overall wingspan is about 235 mm (Barbour, 1969). The skull is shortened (usually less than 14 mm) and does not have a sagittal crest. Teeth include somewhat small and separated incisors with dilambdodont molars. Other distinguishing features include an unkeeled calcar and no nose leaf (Nowak, 1991).

Myotis yumanensis has short fur shaded tan or brown on top, with whitish or buffy underparts (Whitaker, 1996). Yuma myotis resemble M. lucifugus but the latter is larger and has shinier fur.

Range mass: 5 to 7 g.

Range length: 84 to 99 mm.

Average wingspan: 235 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; heterothermic ; bilateral symmetry

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

Average basal metabolic rate: 0.047 W.

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Sims, K. 2000. "Myotis yumanensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myotis_yumanensis.html
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Kelly Sims, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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Mating System: polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Ovulation and fertilization occur only in the spring (Nowak, 1991). Sperm are held in the reproductive tract of females over the winter. Females give birth to only one young and usually do so between May and June (Allen, 1994). During birth, they sit upright and catch the newborn with the uropatagium (Creech, 1996). Females aggregate (in caves, abandoned buildings, or anywhere else that has a high and stable temperature of 86 to 131 F) in maternity roosts sometime around April (Whitaker, 1996). Males are usually absent from these maternity colonies and remain solitary as the young are being reared. During this time, almost all of the females in the population have a newborn (Barbour and Davis, 1969).

Breeding interval: Breeding occurs annually in these bats.

Breeding season: Breeding occurs in the fall, but ovulation and fertilization do not occur until the following spring.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous ; sperm-storing

Average number of offspring: 1.

Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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Sims, K. 2000. "Myotis yumanensis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myotis_yumanensis.html
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Kelly Sims, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Yuma myotis

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The Yuma myotis (Myotis yumanensis) is a species of vesper bat native to western North America.

Description

The Yuma myotis is a relatively small myotis, measuring 3.9 to 4.8 cm (1.5 to 1.9 in) in head-body length, with an average wingspan of 24 cm (9.4 in) and a weight of about 6 g (0.21 oz). The simple dental formula of a bat species in the genus Myotis is 2.1.3.33.1.3.3, for a total of 38 teeth. This dental formula applies to Myotis yumanensis as well. Individuals vary in color across their range, and can be anything from dark brown to pale tan, or even greyish. The fur is short and dull, and significantly paler, sometimes even whitish, on the underside of the animal. The tail is 2.7 to 4.0 cm (1.1 to 1.6 in) in length, with only the tip extending beyond the edge of the uropatagium. The calcar is long, extending about 60% of the distance from the ankle to the tail, and, unlike that of many other North American species of Myotis, lacks a keel. The feet are large and broad, and the ears moderately long, with a slim, straight tragus. The head has a short, broad snout, and a rounded cranium.[2]

It is similar to Myotis occultus,[3] but most closely resembles the little brown bat, from which it can only be distinguished through the examination of a number of different features considered together.[4]

Distribution and habitat

First described from specimens captured near Fort Yuma, the Yuma myotis is found throughout much of western North America.[1] It is found in a variety of western lowland habitats, from arid thorn scrub to coniferous forest, but always close to standing water such as lakes and ponds.[5] When not close to a body of water, the Yuma Myotis can be found in the thousands roosting in caves, attics, buildings, mines, underneath bridges, and other similar structures. There is little information on the migration of this species, but there have been recordings in Texas during the winter season.[6][7]

Six subspecies are recognized:[2]

Biology and behavior

Yuma myotis are nocturnal, and forage for insects above the surface of slow moving water or in vegetation close to the water's edge. They are maneuverable fliers, with a wing aspect ratio of about 6.45, and can fly at up to 9 mph (14 km/h).[8] Food foraging begins at dusk and finishes a few hours after sunset.[9] They feed on beetles and soft-bodied insects, but are opportunistic hunters with no preference for particular prey. Instead, they feed on whatever is most common in their areas; for example, they feed primarily on moths in Texas,[10] but on flies in Oregon.[2] Like most bats, the Yuma Myotis will locate insects in flight by emitting ultrasonic sounds known as echolocation, then they either catch the insects in their mouths or use their tail membranes as a pouch to snag larger insect prey.[11]

Although their natural roosts include caves, rock crevices, and hollow trees, they are more commonly found today in artificial structures close to water. In suitable locations, they have been reported to establish colonies with as many as 10,000 members.[2] They are relatively inactive during the winter,[12] spending some of the time in torpor, but probably do not migrate any significant distance.[13] The echolocation calls of Yuma myotis are frequency modulated and sweep abruptly from 59 to 72 kHz down to 45 to 50 kHz.[2]

Yuma myotis typically undergo a polygynandrous mating system, where a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females. Males and females are usually around 1 year old at the time of sexual and reproductive maturity, and they will only produce 1 offspring.[14] Mating occurs in the fall, but the females retain the sperm for several months, so ovulation and fertilization will not occur immediately. Young are born between late May and late June, and weigh around 1.4 g (0.05 oz) at birth. Initially blind and hairless, their eyes open around the fifth day, and they are completely furred by day nine.[2]

Conservation

In May 2017, the lethal fungal disease white-nose syndrome was recorded in this species for the first time, in the second recorded case in Washington state.[15] This discovery brings the total number of bat species affected by the disease up to eight (an additional seven species have been documented with the spores on their bodies, but without the symptoms of the disease).[16]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Solari, S. (2019). "Myotis yumanensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T14213A22068335. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T14213A22068335.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Braun, J.K.; et al. (June 2015). "Myotis yumanensis (Chiroptera: Vespertilioindae)". Mammalian Species. 47 (918): 1–14. doi:10.1093/mspecies/sev001.
  3. ^ The Mammals of Texas (2004) by David J. Schmidly and William B. Davis, page 90.
  4. ^ Rodhouse, T.J.; et al. (December 2008). "Field identification of Myotis yumanensis and Myotis lucifugus: a morphological evaluation". Western North American Naturalist. 68 (4): 437–443. doi:10.3398/1527-0904-68.4.437. S2CID 54658662.
  5. ^ Duff, A.A. & Morrell, T.E. (May 2007). "Predictive occurrence models for bat species in California". Journal of Wildlife Management. 71 (3): 693–700. doi:10.2193/2005-692. S2CID 83481662.
  6. ^ H., Allen (1994). "The Mammals of Texas - Online Edition".
  7. ^ Sims, Kelly (2000). "Myotis yumanensis". Animal Diversity Web.
  8. ^ Hayward, B. & Davis, R. (May 1964). "Flight speeds in western bats". Journal of Mammalogy. 45 (2): 236–242. doi:10.2307/1376986. JSTOR 1376986.
  9. ^ Barbour, Roger W.; Davis, Wayne H. (1969). Bats of America. Lexington, Kentucky:The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0813111865.
  10. ^ Easteria, D.A. & Whitaker, J.O. (November 1972). "Food habits of some bats from Big Bend National Park, Texas". Journal of Mammalogy. 53 (4): 887–890. doi:10.2307/1379227. JSTOR 1379227.
  11. ^ Sims, Kelly (2000). "Myotis yumanensis". Animal Diversity Web.
  12. ^ Boyles, J.G.; Dunbar, M.B. & Whitaker, J.O. (October 2006). "Activity following arousal in winter in North American vespertilionid bats". Mammal Review. 36 (4): 267–280. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2006.00095.x.
  13. ^ Dalquest, W.W. (July 1947). "Notes on the natural history of the bat Myotis yumanensis in California, with a description of a new race". The American Midland Naturalist. 38 (1): 224–247. doi:10.2307/2421638. JSTOR 2421638.
  14. ^ Sims, Kelly (2000). "Myotis yumanensis". Animal Diversity Web.
  15. ^ Froschauer, Ann (May 11, 2017). "Researchers work to stop the spread of white-nose syndrome in Washington". white-nose syndrome.org. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
  16. ^ "Bats affected by WNS". White-Nose Syndrome.org. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
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Yuma myotis: Brief Summary

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The Yuma myotis (Myotis yumanensis) is a species of vesper bat native to western North America.

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