dcsimg
Unresolved name

Pygmy Hog

Sus salvanius

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 14 years (captivity) Observations: In the wild, these animals have been estimated to live up to 12 years (David Macdonald 1985). One specimen lived over 14 years at Berlin Zoo (Richard Weigl 2005). They are critically endangered and hence their longevity may be underestimated.
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Joao Pedro de Magalhaes
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de Magalhaes, J. P.
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Untitled

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Sus salvanius is believed to be the only host of the pygmy hog sucking louse (Haematopinus oliver), and therefore this species has also been placed in the category of IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals.

(WWF 1997)

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bibliographic citation
Stinson, L. 2002. "Sus salvanius" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_salvanius.html
author
Laura Stinson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Stinson, L. 2002. "Sus salvanius" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_salvanius.html
author
Laura Stinson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status

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Sus salvanius was placed in the Endangered category according to IUCN in 1960. The species remained Endangered until 1996 when it was placed in the Critically Endangered category. In 1970 it was estimated that there were less than 150 pygmy hogs living in the wild. Currently Sus salvanius is protected by Schedule 1 of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. In addition, a "three-point" Action Plan was agreed upon by the Indian Central Government, and the IUCN/SSC Pigs and Peccaries Specialist Group in 1987. This plan includes conducting field surveys on the remaining wild populations and assessing areas for future reintroduction of captive bred animals.

Pygmy hogs are listed under CITES Appendix I.

(WWF 1997; Massicot 2000)

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered

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Stinson, L. 2002. "Sus salvanius" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_salvanius.html
author
Laura Stinson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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There is no information available that indicates Sus salvanius adversely affects humans.

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bibliographic citation
Stinson, L. 2002. "Sus salvanius" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_salvanius.html
author
Laura Stinson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Sus salvanius has been over-hunted, so at one point it is likely that they provided a source of food for local hunters, and possibly income if the people sold the meat. There is no information available that speaks directly about Sus salvanius positively benefiting humans.

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Stinson, L. 2002. "Sus salvanius" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_salvanius.html
author
Laura Stinson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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Pygmy hogs have well developed teeth, with upturned canines and molars with rounded cusps. This allows them to enjoy an omnivorous diet. They feed primarily on roots, tubers and other vegetative food as well as insects, eggs, young birds, and reptiles. Foraging occurs for approximately 6 to 10 hours a day, pausing midday to escape the heat.

(Chung 1997; WWF 1997; Huffman 1999; Massicot 2000)

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bibliographic citation
Stinson, L. 2002. "Sus salvanius" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_salvanius.html
author
Laura Stinson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Distribution

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The present range of Sus salvanius (commonly known as the pygmy hog) is found only in the reserve forest belts of the Manas Wildlife Sanctuary and the Barnadi Wildlife Sanctuary in northwestern Assam, India. However, they were once found in throughout northern India, Bhutan, and Nepal.

(Macdonald 1999; Massacot 2000)

Biogeographic Regions: oriental (Native )

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bibliographic citation
Stinson, L. 2002. "Sus salvanius" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_salvanius.html
author
Laura Stinson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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Pygmy hogs live in tall, dense grasslands that have a mixture of shrubs and trees. Within their home range of approximately 25 hectares (61 acres), family groups live in high dome-shaped nests made of grass and other vegetation.

This species once occupied parts of India, Bhutann and Nepal, however today they are restricted to northwest Assam in India. Their decline is believed to be caused by elimination of their habitat through human settlement, overgrazing of livestock, commercial forestry, flood control projects and agricultural encroachment. In addition, the grassland habitat is periodically burned during the dry season by Forest Deparment personnel or by herdsman and thatch collectors, leaving no cover and thus increasing vulnerability to hunters from neighboring villages.

(Sanyal 1994; Massicot 2000)

Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland

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bibliographic citation
Stinson, L. 2002. "Sus salvanius" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_salvanius.html
author
Laura Stinson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy

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Average lifespan
Status: wild:
7.5 years.

Average lifespan
Status: wild:
12.0 years.

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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Stinson, L. 2002. "Sus salvanius" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_salvanius.html
author
Laura Stinson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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Sus salvanius is the smallest suid known. Adult males are on average 65 cm long (including the head), and 25 cm tall (to the shoulder). Females are only slighly smaller. Males average 8.5 kg in weight. Their coats have blackish-brown bristles over gray-brown skin and they have no facial warts. Both sexes have a tail that is approximatly 3 cm long and females have three pairs of mammae.

(WWF 1997; Macdonald 1999)

Range mass: 0 to 0 kg.

Average mass: 8 kg.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Stinson, L. 2002. "Sus salvanius" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_salvanius.html
author
Laura Stinson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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Reproduction is strongly seasonal, and the birth peak coincides with the monsoon in late April and May. Gestation is approximately 100 days and litters range from 2 to 6 young, but are usually 3 to 4 young. Sus salvanius reaches sexual maturity at 13 to 33 months and may live 10 to 12 years in the wild.

(Huffman 1999; Massicot 2000)

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual

Average birth mass: 191.5 g.

Average gestation period: 108 days.

Average number of offspring: 3.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
700 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
700 days.

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
The Regents of the University of Michigan and its licensors
bibliographic citation
Stinson, L. 2002. "Sus salvanius" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Sus_salvanius.html
author
Laura Stinson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
author
Phil Myers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
original
visit source
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Animal Diversity Web