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All Biocode files are based on field identifications to the best of the researcher’s ability at the time.
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This species was found to be very abundant in deeper, more marine parts of the Sandebukta (part of the Oslofjord), Norway. Image courtesy of Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Originally published in J. Foram. Res. 16: 261-284; used with permission.
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Individual isolated from the Hamble estuary, southern England. Image courtesy of Dr. Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Citation: Alve, E. and Murray, J.W. Ecology and taphonomy of benthic foraminifera in a temperate mesotidal inlet. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 24:18-27.
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Collected on a mudflat in Sandebukta, Oskofjord, Norway. Image courtesy of Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Originally published in J. Foram. Res. 16: 261-284; used with permission.
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The outer surface of the test is much smoother on this specimen than in most members of its species. Image courtesy of Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Originally published in J. Foram. Res. 16: 261-284; used with permission.
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This view has the aperture facing away from the viewer, at top. Image courtesy of Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Originally published in J. Foram. Res. 16: 261-284; used with permission.
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A closer view of the aperture. Aperture morphology is one of the important diagnostic characteristics for foram identification. Image courtesy of Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Originally published in J. Foram. Res. 16: 261-284; used with permission.
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The typical chamber arrangement of this genus (planispiral in the early chambers, at the base, and biserial later) is evident here. Image courtesy of Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Originally published in J. Foram. Res. 16: 261-284; used with permission.
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Individual isolated from the Hamble estuary, southern England. Image courtesy of Dr. Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Citation: Alve, E. and Murray, J.W. Ecology and taphonomy of benthic foraminifera in a temperate mesotidal inlet. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 24:18-27.
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Collected in Sandebukta, an inlet of the Oslofjord in Norway. Image courtesy of Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Originally published in J. Foram. Res. 16: 261-284; used with permission.
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This individual shows an unusual bending of the early chambers. Individual collected in Saanich Inlet, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Image courtesy of R. Timothy Patterson, Carleton University. This image first appeared in J. Foram. Res. 28:201-219 and is used with permission.
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Slo.: brazdasta grivaa - syn.: Clavaria rugosa Bull. ex Fr. - Habitat: mixed wood, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies dominant trees; SE oriented, moderately inclined mountain slope; shallow, skeletal soil layer, overgrown sandy calcareous ground with stones and rocks; relatively warm place; in shade; partly protected from direct rain by tree canopies; average precipitations ~ 3.000 mm/year, average temperature 7-8 deg C, elevation 658 m (2.150 feet), alpine phytogeographical region. - Substratum: forest soil, rotten leaves, among stones and mosses. - Comments: To distinguish among four species of genus Clavulina - namely Clavulina cinerea, Clavulina cristata (syn.: C. coralloides), Clavulina rugosa and Clavulina amethystina - growing in Slovenia is not always simple. All have very variable habitus and many times intermediate forms appear. In addition, often they are infested by parasitic fungi, which change their appearance particularly color. - Generally Clavulina cinerea is supposed to be some shade of gray (German common name Graue Koralle), richly branched with dense, slender branches, with more or less stout 'trunk' and rather tough flesh. Clavulina cristata forms densely branched tufts and tips of the branches are fringed and cristate. Clavulina rugosa is white to cream, simple or with much fewer side branches with blunt tips. It has no or barely noticeable 'trunk', distinctly uneven surface of branches and rather fragile flesh. Clavulina amethystina is violet. - Habitus of fruit bodies found clearly fit to Clavulina rugosa. Initially, I was almost sure in this determination - until I looked at spores. Their shape and a single large oil drop in each fit perfectly to Clavulina rugosa according to (Ref.:2). However, spores compared to all sources I've checked are markedly too small (see Figs. M2a and M2b) and actually dimensionally correspond much better to Clavulina cinerea (which spores, on other side, contain several smaller drops (Ref.2)). I have no explanation for this discrepancy and also lack knowledge to judge how important it is. Still, habitus of the fungi found seems to me hard to interpret as Clavulina cinerea. Of cause, this may not be the only option? - Growing scattered solitary and in small groups of a few individual fruit bodies; more than 15 fruit bodies on an area of 2 x 2 m; fruit bodies up to 5 cm tall and 2.5 cm wide; branches around 1.5-2 mm in diameter; taste and smell indistinctive; flesh brittle; SP white with slight yellow tint, oac5. - Spores smooth. Dimensions: 7.7 [8.4 ; 8.7] 9.4 x 6.7 [7.2 ; 7.4] 8 microns; Q = 1.1 [1.2] 1.3; N = 37; C = 95%; Me = 8.6 x 7.3 microns; Qe = 1.2. Olympus CH20, NEA 100x/1.25, magnification 1.000 x, oil, in water, live material. AmScope MA500 digital camera. - Herbarium: Mycotheca and lichen herbarium (LJU-Li) of Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vena pot 2, Ljubljana, Index Herbariorum LJF - Ref.: (1) G.J. Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Die Grosspilze Baden-Wrttembergs, Band 2., Ulmer (2000), p 56. (2) J.Breitenbach, F.Kraenzlin, Eds., Fungi of Switzerland, Vol.2. Verlag Mykologia (1984), p 354. (3) S. Buczacki, Collins Fungi Guide, Collins (2012), p 456. (4) R. Phillips, Mushrooms, Macmillan (2006), p 345.(5) M. Bon, Parey's Buch der Pilze, Kosmos (2005), p 308. S C. cinerea, 'Graue Koralle' Asch grau, 10/9 (6) D. Arora, Mushrooms Demystified, Ten Speed Press, Berkeley (1986), p 642.
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The genus name "Ammobaculites" means "sandy walking stick". As you can seem the early chambers (at bottom) coil like the top of a cane, but later chambers grow in a straight line. Individual isolated from the Hamble estuary, southern England. Image courtesy of Dr. Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Citation: Alve, E. and Murray, J.W. Ecology and taphonomy of benthic foraminifera in a temperate mesotidal inlet. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 24:18-27.
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A closeup of the aperture, which lies at the top of the largest chamber. Image courtesy of Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Originally published in J. Foram. Res. 16: 261-284; used with permission.
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Individual collected in Saanich Inlet, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. This species was most common in deep water in the center of the inlet. Image courtesy of R. Timothy Patterson, Carleton University. This image first appeared in J. Foram. Res. 28:201-219 and is used with permission.
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Reophax (ree-owe-fax), one of the foraminifera in which the series of chambers forms a linear structure rather than forming a spiral structure - which is more usual. This is the vacated test. Phase contrast.
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This unusual specimen has an enlarged final chamber (the one on top left). Image courtesy of Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Originally published in J. Foram. Res. 16: 261-284; used with permission.
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Foraminiferans living in polluted environments often show alterations in the morphology of their tests. This individual, isolated from a site in Norway which is contaminated with heavy metals, has an extra lump on the test (lower right) which disrupts the normal coiling pattern. Image courtesy of Dr. Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Citation: Alve, E. Benthic foraminifera reflecting pollution. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 21:1-19.
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Ammotium species are important in estuarine environments; they often dominate shallow, hyposaline sediments. This sample was collected in an inlet of the Oslofjord, Norway. Image courtesy of Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Originally published in J. Foram. Res. 16: 261-284; used with permission.
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Foraminiferans living in polluted environments often show alterations in the morphology of their tests. This individual, isolated from a site in Norway which is contaminated with heavy metals, shows severe disruption to its coiling pattern and has multiple apertures (the aperture is the opening through which the foraminiferan sends its reticulopods). Image courtesy of Dr. Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Citation: Alve, E. Benthic foraminifera reflecting pollution. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 21:1-19.
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The multiple chambers of the test are less easily seen here than in most other Reophax species. Image courtesy of Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Originally published in J. Foram. Res. 16: 261-284; used with permission.
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Foraminiferans living in polluted environments often show alterations in the morphology of their tests. This individual, isolated from a site in Norway which is contaminated with heavy metals, has a shrunken last chamber (lower right). Image courtesy of Dr. Elisabeth Alve, University of Oslo. Citation: Alve, E. Benthic foraminifera reflecting pollution. Journal of Foraminiferal Research 21:1-19.
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Collected in Nueces Bay, on the Texas Gulf Coast. Image courtesy of Pamela Stephens, Midwestern State University.
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Reophax species have a relatively simple, linear chamber arrangement. This specimen was harvested in Nueces Bay, South Texas. Image courtesy of Pamela Stephens, Midwestern State University.