Predation of adult carolina wrens has not been documented. However, birds such as blue jays, Cooper's hawks and sharp-shinned hawks are likely predators.
Carolina wren eggs and nestlings are vulnerable to predation by raccoons, black rat snakes, gray squirrels, mink, gray foxes and eastern chipmunks.
When approached by a predator, Carolina wrens may call in alarm or chase after the predator, sometimes pecking at it.
Known Predators:
Carolina wrens are small birds, though they are large relative to other wrens. They weigh about 20 g and are 12 to 14 cm long. Carolina wrens have a deep rusty-brown back and a lighter cinnamon-colored underside that is unbarred. The throat and chin are white, and the wings, tail and undertail are barred black (in addition to white barring on the wings). This distinct coloring along with a distinctive broad white stripe above each eye distinguish Carolina wrens from other wren species. Carolina wrens have long, thin, slightly decurved bills with a dark upper mandible and a light-yellow lower mandible. Their legs are pink, and their tails are relatively long.
Male and female Carolina wrens are very similar, though males are, on average, slightly heavier. Males often have somewhat more prominent features, including longer bills, wings and tails. Juveniles are very similar to adults, with slightly lighter plumage.
Four subspecies of Thryothorus ludovicianus are recognized by the American Ornithologists' Union. These subspecies are largely distinguished by size, plumage and geographic variation.
Average mass: 20 g.
Range length: 12 to 14 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; polymorphic
Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike; male larger; sexes shaped differently
Average mass: 17.5 g.
The oldest known Carolina wren lived at least 6 years and 1 month.
Range lifespan
Status: wild: 6.1 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 111 months.
Carolina wrens inhabit a wide variety of habitat types from brushy clearcuts to wooded swamps. Moist woodlands are a preferred habitat type, and moderate to dense shrub or brushy cover is an important habitat requirement. Examples of Carolina wren habitats include wooded riparian zones, wooded swamps, thickets, shrubbery, undergrowth, masses of logs, decaying timber, farmyards, forests, suburban gardens, live oak and palmetto hummocks, isolated clumps of trees in prairies, and old sheds.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: savanna or grassland ; forest ; scrub forest
Wetlands: swamp
Other Habitat Features: suburban ; agricultural ; riparian
Carolina wrens are year-round residents of the southeastern United States. The distribution of this species stretches from the Atlantic seashore to as far west as Texas, Nebraska, Kansas and eastern Oklahoma. It is bounded in the north by southern Michigan, New York, Massachusetts, and in extreme cases, Ontario Canada. The species has trickled as far southward as the northeast corner of Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula, as well as parts of Central America. In unprecedented cases, Carolina wrens have been recorded as far west as New Mexico and Colorado, and as far north as Quebec, New Brunswick, and Maine.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); neotropical (Native )
Carolina wrens are ground-foraging insectivores. They eat a large variety of insects and spiders opportunistically, without showing much preference. Carolina wrens search for food by using their bills to move brush and vegetation, to search under brush piles, in masses of logs and decaying timber, under upturned roots, under tree bark, and around the banks of swamps. As ground feeders, Carolina wrens are vulnerable to harsh winters. During long winters, this species is often forced to retreat to man-made feeding stations and brush piles. Though they primarily feed on the ground, Carolina wrens may also be seen climbing tree trunks in a manner similar to creepers, prying under bark and in crevices.
A study of the stomach contents of 291 Carolina wrens found that 94% of the food was animal matter, while the remaining 6% was vegetable matter. The stomach contents broke down as follows: 22% caterpillars and moths, 19% bugs (including stick bugs, soldier bugs, leaf-legged bugs, leaf hoppers, and chinch bugs), 14% beetles (including ground beetles, weevils, cucumber beetles, bean leaf beetles, and flea beetles), 13% grasshoppers, crickets, and cockroaches, 11% spiders, 5% ants, bees, and wasps, 3% flies. Millipedes, sowbugs, snails, and cotton-boll weevils made up a small percentage of stomach contents. In a few rare instances, lizard, frog and snake remains were also found. The 6% vegetable matter was composed of bayberry seeds, sweet gum, poison ivy, sumac, acorn mast and weeds.
Animal Foods: amphibians; reptiles; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods; mollusks
Plant Foods: seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit
Primary Diet: carnivore (Insectivore )
Carolina wrens affect the populations of the insects and spiders they eat, and provide valuable food for their predators. They compete with other cavity-nesting species for nest sites. They also provide habitat for various parasites, including mites, lice, ticks, and blowfly larvae.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
We do not know of any way in which Carolina wrens affect humans.
There are no known negative effects of Carolina wrens on humans.
Because Carolina wrens are highly adaptable and able to inhabit a range of habitats, this species is common and widespread. With an estimated global population of 17,000,000 individuals, this species is thriving, and its range is increasing. Humans do manage for Carolina wrens in the northern part of their range where harsh winters can severely impact populations. During harsh winters, conservation organizations may place nest boxes in the wrens' habitat to aid in survival. These boxes are used for roosting and nesting.
US Migratory Bird Act: protected
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
State of Michigan List: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern
Carolina wrens communicate using physical displays and vocalizations. Examples of physical displays employed by Carolina wrens include courtship displays (described in "Mating Systems") and agonistic displays that involve holding the body horizontal with the wings held out, the tail fanned and the head and bill pointed at the intruder. Physical displays are often accompanied by vocalizations.
The song of Carolina wrens is loud and high pitched. It consists of varied sounds including: trills, clacks, chatters (mostly used by females) and rattles. Songs normally contain 3 to 5 identical syllables, each containing 2 to 12 notes. The frequency has an average range of 1.8-4.5 kHz. The phonetic translation of these songs has been described as: TEA-kettle, TWEEdle, SWEETheart, CHE-wortle, and CHOO-wee. While females produce the basic sounds, only male Carolina wrens produce songs. The sounds and songs of this species can be used in a number of situations. A few of these instances include: to threaten a predator or another wren, in interspecific mobbing, during territorial defense, to indicate mood, for appeasement between mates, as a "distress" call, to differentiate rivals by sex, etc. Carolina wrens sing at all times of the year and all times of the day, but they are heard most frequently during late winter and early spring.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
There are four sub-species of the Carolina Wren. The first, T.l. ludocavicianus is found in the northern regions and is generally found as far south as Florida and southern Texas. T.l. miamensis can be found mostly in Florida. T.l. burleigh inhabits islands off the coast of Mississippi. The fourth sub-species, T.l. lomitensis can be found mainly in parts of Texas.
Carolina wrens are monogamous. Breeding pairs remain together for many years until one member of the pair dies or disappears. Male Carolina wrens put on an elaborate show in order to attract a mate. Their courtship involves encircling a female wren in a stiff, hopping, pattern while puffing out the feathers and fanning the tail. Occasionally a male will bring an offering of food to entice the female.
Mating System: monogamous
Carolina wrens breed between March and October. Both members of a breeding pair work together to build a suitable nest. Nest construction takes place in the morning hours, and lasts up to one week. The first nests of the season are often larger and more time consuming than later nests. Carolina wrens will build their nests in a wide variety of natural and artificial sites. These include upturned roots, tree stumps, vine tangles, conifer branches, overhangs, abandoned woodpecker holes, boxes, tin cans, old shoes, mailboxes, old articles of clothing and furniture, window sills and coffee pots. The nests are usually built of twigs, grasses, weeds, leaves, mosses, pine needles, bits of bark and found objects such as hair, string, feathers, etc. The average nest is 8 to 23 cm long and 8 to 15 cm wide, and is usually less than 1.8 m above the ground. Nests are not reused for additional broods.
Females lay 3 to 7 (average 4) eggs at a rate of one per day. Eggs are usually laid within 1 to 2 hours of sunrise. Egg laying can begin as early as March in southern populations, and can continue through the summer. Carolina wrens nesting in the northern part of the range generally raise two broods per year, while pairs in the souther part of the range can raise up to three broods. Eggs are generally light cream to pinkish-white and spotted with dark purple to brown flecks near the ends of the egg. Carolina wrens' eggs are oval shaped and about 18 mm long.
The female incubates the eggs for 12 to 16 days. Meanwhile, the male spends his time gathering and delivering food to the female. The eggs usually hatch within one hour of each other. The newly hatched young have closed eyes (which open in three days), pale gray down, translucent pink skin and a yellow bill. They are fed immediately upon emerging.
During the first four days after hatching, the young are brooded intensively by the female. After this, the female continues to brood the young at night. The young are fed butterfly and moth larvae, crickets, grasshoppers and beetles by both parents.
The chicks leave the nest 12 to 14 days after hatching. After much coaxing from parents (for instance, adults will decrease food deliveries) the young depart the nest by hopping and flying erratically. The parents continues to visit the young, who remain together, for feeding purposes for weeks after they depart. The young become independent about 4 weeks after fledging. The young Carolina wrens are able to breed the first spring following their birth.
Breeding interval: Carolina wrens may raise up to three broods per summer.
Breeding season: Carolina wrens breed between March and October.
Range eggs per season: 3 to 7.
Average eggs per season: 4.
Range time to hatching: 12 to 16 days.
Range fledging age: 12 to 14 days.
Average time to independence: 4 weeks.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; oviparous
Average eggs per season: 5.
Carolina wrens share parental care. Both members of a breeding pair build the nest and feed the young. The female does all of the incubating of eggs and brooding of young. Meanwhile, the male brings food to the incubating female.
Parental Investment: altricial ; pre-fertilization (Provisioning); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Male, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Male, Female, Protecting: Male, Female); pre-independence (Provisioning: Male, Female)
A medium-sized (5 ¾ inches) wren, the Carolina Wren is most easily identified by its plain reddish-brown back, buff breast, long tail (often held up at an angle), long curved bill, and conspicuous white eye-stripes. This species may be distinguished from the similar House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) by that species’ small size and fainter eye-stripes and from Bewick’s Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) by that species’ smaller size and paler plumage. Male and female Carolina Wrens are similar to one another in all seasons. The Carolina Wren occurs in much of the eastern United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico, being absent only from northern New England and the upper Midwest. Isolated populations also occur in southern Mexico and Central America. The Carolina Wren is non-migratory in all parts of its range. Carolina Wrens inhabit a variety of well-vegetated habitats, including bushy fields, woodland undergrowth, and (in the southern part of its range) palmetto scrub. Where food and groundcover is available, this species is also present in suburban areas. Carolina Wrens primarily eat small insects, but may also eat small quantities of seeds and berries during the winter when insects are scarce. In appropriate habitat, Carolina Wrens may be seen foraging for food on the ground or in the branches of bushes and shrubs. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of “chirpity” phrases repeated in rapid succession. Carolina Wrens are most active during the day.
A medium-sized (5 ¾ inches) wren, the Carolina Wren is most easily identified by its plain reddish-brown back, buff breast, long tail (often held up at an angle), long curved bill, and conspicuous white eye-stripes. This species may be distinguished from the similar House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) by that species’ small size and fainter eye-stripes and from Bewick’s Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) by that species’ smaller size and paler plumage. Male and female Carolina Wrens are similar to one another in all seasons. The Carolina Wren occurs in much of the eastern United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico, being absent only from northern New England and the upper Midwest. Isolated populations also occur in southern Mexico and Central America. The Carolina Wren is non-migratory in all parts of its range. Carolina Wrens inhabit a variety of well-vegetated habitats, including bushy fields, woodland undergrowth, and (in the southern part of its range) palmetto scrub. Where food and groundcover is available, this species is also present in suburban areas. Carolina Wrens primarily eat small insects, but may also eat small quantities of seeds and berries during the winter when insects are scarce. In appropriate habitat, Carolina Wrens may be seen foraging for food on the ground or in the branches of bushes and shrubs. Birdwatchers may also listen for this species’ song, a series of “chirpity” phrases repeated in rapid succession. Carolina Wrens are most active during the day.
Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.
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''''Thryothorus ludovicianus' ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Troglodytidae. Ye l'únicu miembru del xéneru monotípicu Thryothorus. Ye nativu de Canadá, Estaos Xuníos, Méxicu, Belize, Guatemala y Nicaragua.[1] El so hábitat natural consiste de monte templáu, subtropical y tropical.[1]
Estrémense les siguientes subespecies:[2]
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Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies. Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO. .
''''Thryothorus ludovicianus' ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Troglodytidae. Ye l'únicu miembru del xéneru monotípicu Thryothorus. Ye nativu de Canadá, Estaos Xuníos, Méxicu, Belize, Guatemala y Nicaragua. El so hábitat natural consiste de monte templáu, subtropical y tropical.
Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Dryw Carolina (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: drywod Carolina) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Thryothorus ludovicianus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Carolina wren. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Drywod (Lladin: Troglodytidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.[1]
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn T. ludovicianus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.[2] Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.
Mae'r dryw Carolina yn perthyn i deulu'r Drywod (Lladin: Troglodytidae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:
Rhestr Wicidata:
rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Dryw Troglodytes troglodytes Dryw brongoch Pheugopedius rutilus
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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Dryw Carolina (sy'n enw gwrywaidd; enw lluosog: drywod Carolina) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Thryothorus ludovicianus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Carolina wren. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Drywod (Lladin: Troglodytidae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.
Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn T. ludovicianus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth. Mae'r rhywogaeth hon i'w chanfod yng Ngogledd America.
Der Carolinazaunkönig (Thryothorus ludovicianus) ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Zaunkönige (Troglodytidae), die in Kanada, den Vereinigten Staaten, Mexiko, Belize, Guatemala und Nicaragua verbreitet ist. Der Bestand wird von der IUCN als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern) eingeschätzt.
Der Carolinazaunkönig erreicht eine Körperlänge von etwa 12,5 bis 14 cm bei einem Gewicht von 15,0 bis 22,0 g. Der weiße Überaugenstreif wird ober- und unterhalb von engen schwarzen Streifen begrenzt. Der Hinteraugenstreif ist braun. Die Ohrdecken sind matt weiß bis hell gelbbraun mit dunklen Säumen. Der Oberkopf und der Rücken sind prächtig braun, was am Bürzel ins Kastanienbraun übergeht. Die Schultern und die großen Oberflügeldecken wirken warm braun, an den kleineren Handschwingen mit weißen Flecken. Die Hand- und Armschwingen sind warm braun mit dunkelbraunen Streifen. Die Steuerfedern wirken farblich kälter als der Bürzel und haben dunkelbraune Binden. Das Kinn und die Kehle sind matt weißlich, die Brust gelbbraun, die Flanken und der hintere Bauch warm gelbbraun. Die Augen sind rotbraun, der Schnabel ist graubraun mit gelblicher Basis. Die Beine sind fleischfarben. Beide Geschlechter ähneln sich. Jungtiere wirken generell heller als erwachsene Vögel und haben gelbbraune Spitzen an den Flügeldecken.[1]
Der Carolinazaunkönig ernährt sich zum Großteil von Wirbellosen, insbesondere von Käfern, Schnabelkerfen und Heuschrecken. Auch kleine Wirbeltiere wie Baumfrösche, Eidechsen und selten kleine Schlangen gehören zu seiner Nahrung. Dazu ernährt er sich auch von Samen, Fruchtfleisch und ähnlichem. Die nördlichen Populationen verteidigen regelmäßig Futterstationen, an denen Talg ein gern gesehenes Futter ist. Er sucht sein Futter normalerweise in den unteren Straten in Paaren oder mit Familienmitgliedern in dichter Vegetation. Er sucht in Blattmull, in dem er diesen nach Beute suchend umdreht. Gelegentlich klettert er in den Bäumen, in dem er die Spalten in der Rinde untersucht. Es wurde beobachtet, dass er wie Kleiber der Gattung Sitta hart umhüllte Samen in Ritzen platziert und auf diesen rumhämmert, um diese zu öffnen.[1]
Der Gesang des männlichen Carolinazaunkönigs besteht aus ca. 30 verschiedenen Liedern, jedes laut, klingelnd, eindringend und wie ti-kettel ti-kettel ti-kettel oder liberty-liberty-liberty oder eine ähnliche Interpretation klingend. Er trällert zunächst eine Serie eines Liedes bevor er auf ein anderes wechselt. Das Weibchen scheint nicht so komplex wie das Männchen oder anderen tropischen konspezifischen Arten zu singen. Stattdessen gibt sie ein trockenes, nicht gelerntes Rasseln ähnlich dem der Männchen von sich.[1]
In Ontario in Kanada beginnt das Eierlegen im Mai, früher weiter südlich z. B. in Tennessee im späten März. Es kann bis zu drei Bruten pro Jahr kommen. So geht der Nestbau im Süden der USA bis August weiter. Über die mexikanischen Populationen ist wenig bekannt. Normalerweise ist er monogam, und er bleibt bei seinem Partner über viele Jahre. Trotzdem wurde auch schon polygames Verhalten beobachtet. Sein Territorium pflegt er das ganze Jahr, meist in Paaren, doch auch einzelne Männchen. Der Hauptteil des Nestbaus erfolgt durch das Männchen, gelegentlich bringt es Material zum Weibchen, welches dieses zum Bau verwendet. Das Nest hat eine gewölbte Struktur mit einem Seiteneingang. Es wird aus trockenem Gras, Rindenstreifen, Pferdehaar etc. sowie aus Schnüren oder Schlangenhaut gebaut und mit feinerem Material ausgelegt. Meist wird es in ein bis drei Meter über dem Boden angebracht, selten auch in Höhen bis zu zehn Metern falls es sich höhlenartige Umgebung handelt. Er nutzt auch künstliche Brutstätten wie Nestkammern, Hohlräume im Schatten, Blechkisten oder auch bizarre Plätze wie die Tasche einer aufgehängten Jacke oder in einem Loch einer Bank oder ähnlichen Orten. Nester in geschlossenen Bereichen werden teils ohne Dach gebaut. Ein Gelege besteht aus 3 bis 6 Eiern, in Tennessee wurden meist 5, in Alabama meist 4, ermittelt. Die Eier sind cremefarben mit rötlich braunen Flecken, insbesondere am dickeren Ende. Die Bebrütung erfolgt ausschließlich durch das Weibchen, doch schafft das Männchen Futter herbei. Die Brutdauer ist 12 bis 16 Tage. Die Nestlinge werden durch beide Geschlechter gefüttert und werden nach 12 bis 14 Tagen flügge. Dem Braunkopf-Kuhstärling (Molothrus ater) dient das Nest regelmäßig als Wirtsnest für seine Eier.[1]
Der Carolinazaunkönig kommt in unterschiedlichen Ökosystemen vor. Sein Habitat beinhaltet Waldungen mit Hartholz wie Eichen und gemischte zapfentragende Hartholzwälder. Er ist auch häufig an Waldrändern, städtischen Gebieten mit guter Vegetation oder verlassenen Farmen präsent. Häufig ist er auch in feuchten Flussniederung anzutreffen. Die Inselarten bewegen sich in Gebieten mit Palmettopalmen und Pinus elliottii. Er bewegt sich meist in Höhenlagen von Meeresspiegel bis in die mittleren Höhenlagen. In Mexiko kann er bis 2000 Meter vorkommen.[1]
Der Carolinazaunkönig ist meist ein Standvogel. Beringungsstudien zeigten, dass in den meisten Fällen, das Territorium das ganze Jahr von einem Paar besetzt wird. Trotzdem kommt es zu einigen Zugbewegungen, wahrscheinlich durch Jungtiere. So wurde ein Jungtier identifiziert, das in sechs Wochen von Massachusetts nach New Hampshire wanderte. Darüber hinaus gibt es eine beträchtliche Anzahl ungewöhnlicher Berichte von unterschiedlichen Orten wie im Osten von New Mexico und Colorado, dem Süden Manitobas, in Nova Scotia oder den Magdalenen-Inseln.[1]
Es sind zehn Unterarten bekannt:[2]
Thryothorus ludovicianus tabascensis Lowery & Berrett, DGJ, 1963[13] wird heute als Synonym für T. l. albinucha betrachtet.
Manche Autoritäten sehen im Weißbrauen-Zaunkönig (Thryothorus albinucha) mit der Unterart T. a. subfulvus eine eigene Art.
Die Erstbeschreibung des Carolinazaunkönigs erfolgte 1790 durch John Latham unter dem wissenschaftlichen Namen Sylvia ludoviciana. Das Typusexemplar stammte aus Louisiana.[3] Erst 1816 führten Louis Pierre Vieillot die für die Wissenschaft neue Gattung Thryothorus ein.[14] Dieser Name leitet sich von »thryon θρυον« für »Schilf« und »thoyros, thrōskō θουρος, θρωσκω« für »Sprung, springen« ab.[15] Der Artname »ludovicianus« ist der lateinische Name für »Louis«. In diesem Fall bezieht sich der Name auf den Bundesstaat Louisiana, der nach Ludwig XIV. benannt wurde.[16] »Burleighi« ist Thomas Dearborn Burleigh (1895–1973)[6], »oberholseri« ist Harry Church Oberholser (1870–1963)[8] und »berlandieri« ist Jean Louis Marie Berlandier (1803–1851)[9] gewidmet. »Miamensis« bezieht sich auf den Fluss Miami[4], »tabascensis« auf den Bundesstaat Tabasco[13], »lomitensis« auf die Ranch Lomita in Hidalgo County[7]. »Nesophilus« ist ein griechisches Wortgebilde aus »nēsos φιλος« für »Insel« und »philos, phileō, philos φιλος, φιλεω, φιλος« für »liebend, lieben, Liebhaber«.[17] »Tropicalis, tropicus« ist das lateinische Wort für tropisch.[18] »Albinucha« setzt sich aus den lateinischen Worten »albus« für »weiß« und »nuchus« für »Nacken«[19], »subfulvus« aus »sub« für »unterhalb« und »fulvus« für »rötlich-gelbbraun, lohfarben«, zusammen.[20]
Der Carolinazaunkönig (Thryothorus ludovicianus) ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Zaunkönige (Troglodytidae), die in Kanada, den Vereinigten Staaten, Mexiko, Belize, Guatemala und Nicaragua verbreitet ist. Der Bestand wird von der IUCN als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern) eingeschätzt.
The Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) is a common species of wren that is a resident in the eastern half of the United States of America, the extreme south of Ontario, Canada, and the extreme northeast of Mexico. Severe winters restrict the northern limits of their range, while favorable weather conditions lead to a northward extension of their breeding range. Their preferred habitat is in dense cover in forest, farm edges, and suburban areas. This wren is the state bird of South Carolina.
Seven recognized subspecies occur across the range of these wrens and they differ slightly in song and appearance. The birds are generally inconspicuous, avoiding the open for extended periods of time. When out in the open, they investigate their surroundings and are rarely stationary. After finding a mate, pairs maintain a territory and stay together for several years. Both males and females give out alarm calls, but only males sing to advertise territory. Carolina wrens raise multiple broods during the summer breeding season, but can fall victim to brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds, among other species. Some populations have been affected by mercury contamination.
The Carolina wren was first described under the name of Sylvia ludoviciana by John Latham in 1790.[3][note 1] Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot considered all wrens under the genus Troglodytes and called the Carolina wren Troglodytes arundinaceus, but placed it subsequently in a separate genus Thryothorus (initially misspelled Thriothorus [2]) that he created in 1816.[7] Thryothorus is of Greek origin from the combination of thryon (rush, reed) and thouros (derivative of verb throskein to leap up, spring, jump at) which means 'reed jumper'; its specific name ludovicianus is a post-classical Latin term for Ludovicus (derivative from Louis XIV) that means 'of Louisiana' that identifies the locality of the specimen collected near New Orleans.[8][9]
Thryothorus used to be the largest genus in the family Troglodytidae, with 27 species, but molecular phylogenetic studies revealed that it represented a polyphyletic assemblage of at least four independent clades now recognized at the genus level.[10] The Carolina wren is now the only species within this genus.[11]
The seven recognized subspecies of the Carolina wren are:[3][12]
Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus
Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus
T. l. albinucha
At 12.5 to 14 cm (4.9 to 5.5 in) long, with a 29 cm (11 in) wingspan and a weight of about 18 to 23 g (0.63 to 0.81 oz), the Carolina wren is a fairly large wren; the second largest in the United States species after the cactus wren. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 5.4 to 6.4 cm (2.1 to 2.5 in), the tail is 4.5 to 5.6 cm (1.8 to 2.2 in), the culmen is 1.4 to 1.8 cm (0.55 to 0.71 in) and the tarsus is 2 to 2.3 cm (0.79 to 0.91 in).[3] Sexual dimorphism is slight with males being larger than their mates. A study indicated that of 42 mated pairs, every male but one was larger than the female of the pair. The males were on average 11 percent heavier along with having longer wing chords.[15]
Several differences are seen among the subspecies. For T. l. ludovicianus, the crown is rich brown that appears more chestnut-colored on its rump and upper tail coverts. Shoulders and greater coverts are a rich brown, with a series of small white dots on the lesser primary coverts. The secondary coverts are rich brown with a darker brown barring on both webs; the bars on the primaries are on the outerwebs only, but darker and more noticeable. The rectrices are brown with 18 to 20 bars that span across the tail. The white supercilious streak borders thinly with a black above and below, and extends above and beyond its shoulders. The ear coverts are speckled gray and grayish-black. Its chin and throat are grey that becomes buff on its chest, flank and belly, though the latter two are of a warmer color. The underwing coverts sport a grayish buff color. Its iris is reddish-brown, the upper mandible is lemon-colored and paler at the base and lower mandible. The legs are flesh-colored.[3]
As for the other subspecies in contrast to T. l. ludovicianus, T. l. berlandieri is of a slightly smaller build, but possesses a larger bill, the upperparts are duller brown with deeper colored underparts, T. l. lomitensis is of a duller color (than either ludovicianus or berlandieri) with its underparts either pale or almost white, T. l. miamensis contains darker rusty chestnut upperparts and deeper colored below. T. l. burleighi is duller and sootier with less distinct tail markings, T. l. mesophilus has paler underparts and a whiter supercilium, and T. l. tropicalis is darker than all races, and contains heavier bars than T. l. berlandieri.[3]
The juvenile T.l. ludovicianus is similar in appearance, but the plumage is generally paler; a softer texture, buff-tipped wing coverts, and a paler superciliary streak.[3][16] In August and September, the partial plumage molt for the post-juvenile wrens is darker in color and affects the contour plumage, wing coverts, tail and develops a whiter superciliary stripe. The post-nuptial molt for adults in the same time period is more pronounced in color than the spring molt, with both sexes similar in appearance.[16]
Survival rates differ by region. A male captured in Arkansas lived to be at least 73 months old, and in Alabama, the oldest female and male captured were six and ten years old, respectively. In a survival probability mark-and-recapture study conducted within the Southeastern United States from 1992 to 2003, roughly 90 percent of the banded wrens died within 10 years.[17]
The easiest species to confuse with the Carolina wren is Bewick's wren,[18] which differs in being smaller but with a longer tail, grayer-brown above and whiter below. The Carolina and white-browed wrens differ from the house wren in being larger, with a decidedly longer bill and hind toe; their culmen has a notch behind the tip.[19]
These birds are largely resident, and will only disperse beyond their range after mild winters.[3] Carolina wrens sporadically breed as far north as Maine and Quebec after mild winters.[3][20] In certain parts of their range, such as most of Iowa, prolonged periods of snow can curtail potential expansion.[21] Permanent breeding locations range from eastern Nebraska, southern Michigan, southeast Ontario and the New England states to Mexican states such as Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí and Tamaulipas and the Gulf Coast of the United States.[17] Local occurrences with infrequent and likely breeding locations include southeast South Dakota, central Kansas, eastern Colorado, western Oklahoma and Texas as far as Maine and New Brunswick.[17] There have been occasional vagrants spotted in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, Wyoming, South Dakota, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence.[3][20]
The range of the wrens increased northward and westward in several regions over the past few centuries. In Massachusetts, the wrens had expanded westward and northeastward from its former southeastern location in approximately 35 years, in New York the population increased three-fold in roughly 25 years, while in the midwest states of Ohio and Michigan, numbers have increased since the mid-1800s and early 1900s, respectively.[17] Expansion around Ontario occurred since early reports in 1890 and 1905. Explanations given include infrequent winter storms in the 20th century, expanded forest habitats, and the wrens taking advantage of urban areas containing feeders, especially in winter.[17] From 1966 to 2015 the Carolina wren experienced a greater than 1.5% annual population increase throughout most of its northern range, extending from southern Maine to southern Nebraska.[22]
Carolina wrens adapt to various habitats. Natural habitats include various types of woodland such as oak hardwoods and mixed oak-pine woodlands, ash and elmwoods, hickory-oak woodlands with a healthy amount of tangled undergrowth.[3][23] The preferred habitats are riparian forest, brushy edges, swamps, overgrown farmland, and suburban yards with abundant thick shrubs and trees, and parks.[3][23] It has an affinity for dilapidated buildings and unkempt yards in man-made areas.[23] Subspecies burleighi and neophilus inhabit slash pine and palmettos.[3][23]
Carolina wrens sing year round and at any point during the daytime, with the exception of performing during the most harsh weather conditions.[23] Males alone sing, and have a repertoire of at least twenty different phrase patterns and on average, thirty two.[24][25] One of these patterns is repeated for several minutes, and although the male's song can be repeated up to twelve times, the general number of songs range from three to five times in repetition. While singing, the tail of the birds is pointed downward. Some general vocalizations have been transcribed as teakettle-teakettle-teakettle and cheery-cheery-cheery.[16][23] Various descriptions of the teakettle song include whee-udel, whee-udel, whee-udel, che-wortel, che-wortel and túrtee-túrtee-túrtee and familiar names and phrases such as sweet heart, sweet heart, come to me, come to me, sweet William, and Richelieu, Richelieu.[16]
Males are capable of increasing their repertoire through song learning, but due to their sedentary nature and territorial defense habits, the song learning must occur within the first three months of life.[26] Geographic barriers affect song repertoire size from male wrens, as one study indicated that distances separated as close as 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) by water barriers can have the same effect as that of a distance of 145 kilometres (90 mi) in the mainland with no barriers.[26]
Female Carolina wrens possess song control regions that would appear to make them capable of singing with repertoires like the male. Due to vocalizations that they occasionally make with the male, it has been suggested that song perception plays a role and is of behavioral relevance.[24]
Different subspecies have variations in songs and calls, such as miamensis having a more rapid song that contains more notes than the races that are further north.[3]
Their songs can be confused with the Kentucky warbler. The song patterns are similar, but the warbler's songs are described as richer, with more ringing and a hurried pace.[23] Other bird species with songs described as akin to the wren are the flicker, Baltimore oriole, grey catbird, and more specifically the peto, peto, peto call of the tufted titmouse and the whistle of the northern cardinal.[16] Occasionally, the wrens mimic other species; in Pennsylvania this trait has caused the bird to be also known as the 'mocking wren'.[3]
A 2006 study suggested that the correlation of tail length and body size in males, wing length in females, and lifespan for both sexes were signs of individual quality, and the wrens of high quality tend to mate with like individuals. The courting and antagonistic encounters that involve the tail fanning and wing drooping was suggested to be a possible signaling use. Age and life experience are not thought of as significant for potential mates due to their relatively short lifespan and sedentary lifestyle. Due to the large size of male wrens and the male's vigor in defending its territory, intrasexual selection was given as a possible explanation for the sexual dimorphism.[15]
Both sexes are involved in defending the territory. One aspect of territorial defense involves identifying the proximity of the threat based on the loudness of bird song as well as the level of degradation of the calls. In experiments involving playback, the wrens are capable of discriminating between degraded and undegraded songs, as well as degraded songs in the same acoustic conditions, and can detect changes of acoustic properties within their territories, such as songs under foliage.[27] Song degradation can also be used to determine the proximity of potential intruders. If the song of a bird appears to be degraded, the wrens will assume that the threat is distant and not respond; if the song is not degraded, they respond by attacking.[28] Not all birds within their territory are potential enemies. Some species of birds that are neighbors are designated as 'dear-enemies' by the wrens, and the responses to neighbors and intruders in their territories differ by the season. In spring, the wrens respond more aggressively toward neighbors, though in the fall, no major discrepancy in responses is shown.[29] When protecting their nest, alarm calls are the general response. The wrens judge the size of the potential threat, such as a blue jay and avoid the risk of injury when attacking.[30] Countersinging produced by intruder birds is more likely to be taken as an aggressive threat to male Carolina wrens.[31]
Both males and females utilize calls in alarm situations, especially in territorial disputes and encounters with predators. Males alone produce the cheer call, which can sound indistinct. In southern regions of their range, the sound males use in alarm disputes is a ringing pink or p'dink sound. Females are the only ones that can perform the paired dit-dit or chatter sounds. The former can be used in territorial disputes with predators, and with at least northern populations the songs are used in alternation with the males cheer chant. The chatter is used exclusively with territorial encounters with male song, and the song can either follow or overlap her mate's song.[24][32]
Carolina wrens spend the majority of their time on or near the ground searching for food, or in tangles of vegetation and vines. They also probe bark crevices on lower tree levels, or pick up leaf-litter in order to search for prey. Their diet consists of invertebrates, such as beetles, true bugs, grasshoppers, katydids, spiders, ants, bees, and wasps. Small lizards and tree frogs also make up the carnivorous portion of their diet. Vegetable matter, such as fruit pulp and various seeds, makes up a small percentage of their diet. In the northern portion of their range, they frequent bird feeders.[3][23]
Carolina wrens are wary, and are more often heard than seen. When on the ground, they move in jerky hops pillaging through various objects, whether man-made or natural.[23] While moving abruptly, they pause momentarily for chattering or singing.[16] When stationary, they move in twitched motions, jerking their breast around.[23] They also sun- or sand-bathe.[33] The wrens also displays a skittish behavior when encountered by humans, as they can be seen thrusting off into cover slowly if approaching is detected. However, they occasionally seek out humans that are near, so long as there is no movement from them.[16] Other movements involve being capable of crawling like a creeper and hanging upside-down like a nuthatch.[23]
Flights are generally of short duration, rapid, low-leveled, and wavelike. The wings during flight are flapped rapidly, and are frequently used during foraging. They are also capable of flying vertically from the base of a tree to the top in a single wing assisted bound.[3][23]
Carolina wrens are both genetically and socially monogamous and will usually mate for life. Mate changing is rare,[15] and there has been one possible observation of polygamy.[3] During the winter season, males are more responsible for guarding the territory. Females vary in succeeding to maintain winter territories without a mate.[3] It has been suggested that the possibility of desertion and decline in care-taking from males along with the need for security in resources year-round prevent extra pair copulations from females, as the mortality rate for Carolina wrens peaks during the winter.[34] Along with thermoregulatory benefits, roosting is thought to reinforce pair-bonding and prevent divorce between mates.[35]
The nests are arch-shaped structures with a side entrance and built of dried plants or strips of bark, as well as horsehair, string, wool and snake sloughs. The male obtains nesting materials while the female remains at the site to construct the nest. Nests are located in fragmented or complete cavities in trees, or in man-made structures such as bird-boxes, buildings, tin cans, mailboxes or unorthodox places such as pockets of hanging jackets in sheds or in a tractor in everyday use.[3][16] Nests are from 1–3 m (3.3–9.8 ft) from the ground and are rarely higher. They occasionally can be built in sloping locations or at ground level.[3]
Egg laying dates and clutch size vary by region; in Texas the time period is from late February to late August, in Iowa it ranges from late April to June.[14][21] The clutch size is generally 3 to 6 eggs, but can reach as high as seven in Texas.[3][14] The eggs are creamy white with brown or reddish-brown spots, and are more heavily marked at the broad end.[3] The eggs are incubated by the female for 12–16 days. After the young hatch, they are fed exclusively on invertebrates and they fledge in 12–14 days. As many as three broods may be raised by a pair in a single breeding season.[3] In one study, three of the 70 fledglings remained or defended territory adjacent to the natal area.[17]
Male and females are involved in the process of provisioning at similar rates throughout most nest stages, with the males providing slightly more in the nestling stages. Both sexes increase their provision rates as the nestlings grow in age.[36]
Brood parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird is common, with up to 25% of Carolina wren nests being affected in certain regions such as Oklahoma and Alabama.[3][17] Cowbird parasitism peaks in April at 41%, and is as low as 8% and 0% in July and August, respectively. Female cowbirds sometimes eject Carolina wren eggs before laying their own, and even if host eggs are retained, the size of cowbird eggs negatively affect the hatching success of wren eggs. As a result, cowbirds may have a significant impact on the reproductive success of wrens.[3][17] The feeding rate for cowbird nestlings is higher than wren feeding rates, and some have been raised to independence.[17] This also can be detrimental to the survival of wren nestlings.[17] A rare instance of brood-parasitism by a house finch has been recorded.[17][37] The rate of brood parasitism is thought to be lower in more natural and concealed nesting locations.[17] Body parasites such as the larvae of blowflies feed on nestlings and the blood loss weakens nestlings.[17] Fellow species of wren such as Bewick's wren and the winter wren compete for nesting locations and food, respectively.[17]
In Virginia, some Carolina wrens populations show high levels of mercury in their blood and this is acquired from feeding all-year-round on spiders.[38][note 2] Spiders being at a higher trophic level contain a higher concentrations of mercury (through biomagnification) than herbivorous invertebrates. As these wrens are year-round residents, they are at a higher risk than other species to acquire mercury in their blood. Nest abandonment and failure to raise young are more common with higher mercury content.[38] Exposure, and prolonged periods of cold, ice, and snow is thought to affect the wren nestling and adult populations, respectively.[17] Wrens that outlast those winters reside in sheltered areas during the season.[16]
Among the top predators of adult Carolina wrens are domestic cats, and snakes such as the timber rattlesnake.[39][40] Raccoons and black rat snakes also feed on wren eggs and nestlings.[17]
In 1930, the South Carolina Federated Women's club adopted the Carolina wren as the unofficial state bird over the eastern mourning dove and pushed for its official state adoption until 1939, when the South Carolina Legislature named the northern mockingbird as the state bird. In 1948, the legislature repealed their previous decision, and the wren became the official state bird.[41]
In 2000, the Carolina wren was featured on the back of the South Carolina edition of the 50 State Quarters.[42]
The Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus) is a common species of wren that is a resident in the eastern half of the United States of America, the extreme south of Ontario, Canada, and the extreme northeast of Mexico. Severe winters restrict the northern limits of their range, while favorable weather conditions lead to a northward extension of their breeding range. Their preferred habitat is in dense cover in forest, farm edges, and suburban areas. This wren is the state bird of South Carolina.
Seven recognized subspecies occur across the range of these wrens and they differ slightly in song and appearance. The birds are generally inconspicuous, avoiding the open for extended periods of time. When out in the open, they investigate their surroundings and are rarely stationary. After finding a mate, pairs maintain a territory and stay together for several years. Both males and females give out alarm calls, but only males sing to advertise territory. Carolina wrens raise multiple broods during the summer breeding season, but can fall victim to brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds, among other species. Some populations have been affected by mercury contamination.
La Karolina triotoro aŭ Karolina troglodito (Thryothorus ludovicianus) estas malgranda birdo de la familio de Trogloditedoj en Ameriko.
Ĝi estas komuna specio de trogloditedo, loĝanta en la orienta duono de Usono, la plej suda Ontario, en Kanado, kaj la plej nordorienta Meksiko. Distinga populacio de Jukatano en Meksikio, Belizo kaj pleja nordo de Gvatemalo estas traktata ĉu kiel subspecio Thryothorus ludovicianus albinucha, ĉu kiel separata specio, Blankabrova troglodito Thryothorus albinucha. Laŭ studo de 2006 [1], tiuj estus la ununuraj trogloditedoj reste en la genro Thryothorus. T. ludovicianus estas la ŝtata birdo de Suda Karolino; la specifa nomo ludovicianus signifas "el Luiziano".
Tipe 14 cm longa kaj ĉirkaŭ 20 g peza, ĝi estas granda trogloditedo; inter la specioj loĝantaj en Usono ĝi estas la dua plej granda post la Kaktotroglodito. La supraj partoj estas ruĝecbrunaj kaj la subaj partoj estas tre oranĝecsablokoloraj kutime nemarkitaj sed nuance striitaj flanke en la sudokcidento de la teritorio. La kapo havas tre puran blankan superokulan strion, kiu eĉ malsupreniras ĝis la flankoj de la nuko, kaj blankecajn aŭ helgrizajn gorĝon kaj vizaĝon. La raso albinucha estas pli senkolore bruna supre kaj havas kroman blankan strion kape.
Ĝi estas facile konfuzebla kun la Triomano, tre proksima parenco[2], kiu diferenciĝas ĉar estas pli malgranda sed kun pli longa vosto, grizbruna supre kaj pli blanka sube. La Karolina triotoro kaj la Blankabrova troglodito diferenciĝas el la Domtroglodito ĉar estas pli grandaj, kun klare pli longa beko kaj malantaŭa fingro; ĝia bekosupro havas noĉon antaŭ la pinto[3].
La Karolina triotoro elstaras pro sia laŭta kanto, populare komprenita en la angla de usonaj lokanoj kiel "teakettle-teakettle-teakettle" [tikEtel] (Tekruĉo). Tiu kanto estas maltipa inter trogloditedoj, kiu plej ofte kantas simile al aliaj trogloditedoj. Ĉiu birdo tipe kantas kelkajn diversajn kantojn. Sed nur maskloj kantas la laŭtan kanton. La kantoj varias ankaŭ laŭregione, ĉar birdoj de nordaj areoj kantas pli malrapide ol tiuj de sudaj areoj.
La Karolina triotoro havas ankaŭ serion de alvokoj, inklude rapidan serion de descendaj notoj en simila timbre de la kanto, funkcie kiel alarmalvoko, kaj tre akra kaj laŭta riproĉeca alvoko farata por minaci entrudulojn.
La Karolina triotoro suferas malvarmon. Ĉar ili ne migras kaj restas en sama teritorio, la nordaj populacioj de Karolina triotoro marke malpliiĝas post akraj vintroj. Pro tiu vetersufero, laŭgrade plialtiĝo de temperaturoj dum la lasta jarcento povus respondeci pro la nordena etendo konstatita ekde mezo de la 20a jarcento.[4]
Populacioj de Kanado kaj la norda duono de Usono regule spertas malpliiĝon post malvarmegaj vintroj, sed alta reprodukta produktiveco tuje kaŭzas revenon al altaj nombroj. Tiuj birdoj estas ĝenerale loĝantaj birdoj en sia teritorio kaj defendas ĝin la tutan jaron; kelkaj birdoj povas vagadi norden post la reprodukta sezono.
Ili manĝas insektojn, kiujn ili trovas en folirubejoj aŭ sur arbotrunkoj; ili povas manĝi ankaŭ etajn lacertojn aŭ arboranoj. Vintre ili eventuale manĝas semojn, berojn kaj aliajn etajn fruktojn.
Tiuj birdoj preferas lokojn kun densa malalta kreskaĵaro, ĉu en miksitaj arbaroj aŭ en ĉeurbaj preskaŭarbaroj, en natura aŭ artefarita kavaĵo. La nesto estas diketa, ofte kupola strukturo, kun eta truo ĉepinte. Nestoj de pli hejmigitaj trogloditoj povas esti en granda vario de anguloj kaj fendoj kaj ĉe diversaj konstruaĵoj kiel sub pontoj, en truoj aŭ en strukturoj kiaj porĉo, barilpaliso, florpoto, arbo, domo aŭ grenejo. Preskaŭ ĉiu ajn ujo povus oferi akcepteblan nestolokon. Paroj povas pariĝi dumvive.
Inoj tipe demetas 4 al 6 ovojn (plej ofte dum periodo de kelkaj tagoj) ĝis trifoje jare (sed plej ofte nur dufoje). Ovoj estas ovoformaj, grizecblankaj kaj punktitaj je ruĝecbrunaj punktoj. Nur la ino kovas, dum 12-14 tagoj, kaj la unuaj junuloj elnestiĝas 12-14 tagoj post eloviĝo. Kaj la masklo kaj la ino manĝigas la junulojn. Se veterkondiĉoj taŭgas, oni uzas la saman neston pli da unu fojo.
La Karolina triotoro aŭ Karolina troglodito (Thryothorus ludovicianus) estas malgranda birdo de la familio de Trogloditedoj en Ameriko.
El cucarachero de Carolina o ratona carolinense (Thryothorus ludovicianus)[2] es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Troglodytidae propia de América del Norte y Central. Es el único miembro del género Thryothorus. Es nativo del este de Canadá, Estados Unidos y México, Belice, Guatemala y Nicaragua.[1] Su hábitat natural consiste de bosque templado, subtropical y tropical.[1]
Se distinguen las siguientes subespecies:[3]
La presencia de mercurio en aves como por ejemplo Thryothorus ludovicianus muestra una reducción en el éxito reproductivo de en sitios contaminados con mercurio, comparado con sitios de referencia (reducción del 34%).[4] La concentración de mercurio en la sangre de las hembras nidificantes predice adecuadamente el éxito de cría. Las aves que estaban anidando en los sitios contaminados tuvieron tres veces más probabilidades de abandonar sus nidos que las aves de sitios de referencia no contaminados. Una reducción del 10% del éxito de cría se correspondió con concentraciones de 0.7 µg/g de mercurio en sangre, 2.4 µg/g de mercurio en las plumas del cuerpo (3.0 µg/g en las plumas de la cola) y 0.11 µg/g de mercurio en los huevos.
El cucarachero de Carolina o ratona carolinense (Thryothorus ludovicianus) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Troglodytidae propia de América del Norte y Central. Es el único miembro del género Thryothorus. Es nativo del este de Canadá, Estados Unidos y México, Belice, Guatemala y Nicaragua. Su hábitat natural consiste de bosque templado, subtropical y tropical.
Thryothorus ludovicianus Thryothorus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Troglodytidae familian sailkatua dago.
Thryothorus ludovicianus Thryothorus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Troglodytidae familian sailkatua dago.
Matkijapeukaloinen (Thryothorus ludovicianus)[2] on peukaloisten heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.
Matkijapeukaloista tavataan Kanadan kaakkoisosissa, Yhdysvaltain itäosissa, Meksikossa, Belizessä, Guatemalassa ja Nicaraguassa, ja sen levinneisyysalueen pinta-ala on noin 3 210 000 km2. Laji on luokiteltu elinvoimaiseksi.[1]
Matkijapeukaloinen (Thryothorus ludovicianus) on peukaloisten heimoon kuuluva varpuslintu.
Thryothorus ludovicianus
Le Troglodyte de Caroline (Thryothorus ludovicianus) est une espèce de passereau de la famille des Troglodytidae, l'unique représentante du genre Thryothorus.
Son aire s'étend sur la moitié est des États-Unis, le nord-est du Mexique et l'extrême sud-est du Canada[1].
Thryothorus ludovicianus
Thryothorus ludovicianusLe Troglodyte de Caroline (Thryothorus ludovicianus) est une espèce de passereau de la famille des Troglodytidae, l'unique représentante du genre Thryothorus.
De carolinawinterkoning (Thryothorus ludovicianus) is een lid van de familie winterkoningen (Troglodytidae).
De carolinawinterkoning meet van kop tot puntje van de staart ongeveer 14 centimeter. Het is een vrij kleine, bruine vogel. Voor een klein vogeltje heeft het mannetje ervan een opvallend grote stem, die meestal drie tot vier maal 'liberty' roept afgesloten met 'tjoe'. Vaak zit er een paar bomen verder een concurrent waar een soort duet mee gezongen wordt. Het vrouwtje kan soms ook gehoord worden als ze antwoordt met een soort ratelend geluid.
De vogel ondervindt soms last van broedparasitisme met name van de bruinkopkoevogel.
De carolinawinterkoning komt voor in het oostelijk deel van Noord- en Midden-Amerika. Het is een algemene standvogel van gemengd bos met ondergroei of van buitenwijken met veel groen.
De soort telt 10 ondersoorten:
De vogel heeft vaak te lijden door strenge winters, maar door de geleidelijke opwarming door het broeikaseffect, breidt het verspreidingsgebied zich uit naar het noorden. Er is dan ook geen aanleiding te veronderstellen dat de soort in aantal achteruit gaat, daarom staat de carolinawinterkoning als niet bedreigd op de Rode Lijst van de IUCN.[1]
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe carolinawinterkoning (Thryothorus ludovicianus) is een lid van de familie winterkoningen (Troglodytidae).
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Strzyżyk karoliński[5] (Thryothorus ludovicianus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny strzyżyków (Troglodytidae).
Strzyżyk karoliński (Thryothorus ludovicianus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny strzyżyków (Troglodytidae).
Systematyka Wyróżniono następujące podgatunki T. ludovicianus: strzyżyk karoliński (Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus) – południowo-wschodnia Kanada i wschodnie USA. Thryothorus ludovicianus miamensis – Floryda (południowo-wschodnie USA). Thryothorus ludovicianus nesophilus – Dog Island (z północno-zachodnia Florydą). Thryothorus ludovicianus burleighi – wyspy u wybrzeży Missisipi (południowo-środkowe USA). Thryothorus ludovicianus lomitensis – Teksas (południowo-środkowe USA) i północny Tamaulipas (północno-wschodni Meksyk). Thryothorus ludovicianus oberholseri – południowo-zachodni Teksas (południowo-środkowe USA) i północny Meksyk. strzyżyk ciemny (Thryothorus ludovicianus berlandieri) – wschodnia Coahuila, Nuevo León i południowo-zachodni Tamaulipas (północno-śrdokowy i północno-wschodni Meksyk). Thryothorus ludovicianus tropicalis – wschonie San Luis Potosí i południowy Tamaulipas (wschodnio-środkowy Meksyk). strzyżyk białobrody (Thryothorus ludovicianus albinucha) – południowo-wschodni Meksyk, północne Belize i północna Gwatemala. Thryothorus ludovicianus subfulvus – Gwatemala i Nikaragua. Morfologia i tryb życia Długość ciała 14-15 cm. Duży, rdzawy wierzch głowy i grzbietu, ciemne prążki na skrzydłach i ogonie. Gardło białe, spód ciała płowordzawy, brew biała. Ogon ma długi. Ptak często nim podryguje, zadziera do góry i opuszcza. Dziób ma długi, ciemny oraz lekko zakrzywiony. Bardzo ruchliwy. Zasięg, środowisko Osiadły w ogrodach i zaroślach nadwodnych środkowo-wschodniej oraz południowo-wschodniej części Ameryki Północnej.Karolinagärdsmyg[2] (Thryothorus ludovicianus) är en fågel i familjen gärdsmygar inom ordningen tättingar.[3]
Karolinagärdsmyg placeras numera som enda art i släktet Thryothorus. Den delas in i nio underarter:[3]
Vissa urskiljer även underarten oberholseri med utbredning i sydvästra Texas och norra Mexiko.[4]
Sedan 2016 urskiljer Birdlife International albinucha-gruppen som den egna arten Thryothorus albinucha.
IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig på grund av sitt stora utbredningsområde samt stora och växande population.[1] Underartsgruppen (eller arten) albinucha bedöms dock för sig, även den som livskraftig.[5]
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Karolinagärdsmyg.
Wikispecies har information om Thryothorus ludovicianus.
Karolinagärdsmyg (Thryothorus ludovicianus) är en fågel i familjen gärdsmygar inom ordningen tättingar.
Thryothorus ludovicianus là một loài chim trong họ Troglodytidae.[2] Đây là loài định cư ở nửa phía đông Hoa Kỳ, cực nam của Ontario, Canada, và phía cực đông bắc của Mexico. Mùa đông khắc nghiệt hạn chế giới hạn phía bắc của phạm vi phân bố loài này, trong khi điều kiện thời tiết thuận lợi dẫn đến phần kéo dài về phía bắc phạm vi sinh sản của chúng.
Thryothorus ludovicianus là một loài chim trong họ Troglodytidae. Đây là loài định cư ở nửa phía đông Hoa Kỳ, cực nam của Ontario, Canada, và phía cực đông bắc của Mexico. Mùa đông khắc nghiệt hạn chế giới hạn phía bắc của phạm vi phân bố loài này, trong khi điều kiện thời tiết thuận lợi dẫn đến phần kéo dài về phía bắc phạm vi sinh sản của chúng.
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