Brewer's Blackbird articles - Encyclopedia of Life

Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 12.5 years (wild)

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Brief Summary

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Brewer’s Blackbirds (Euphagus cyanocephalus) are very common in open country of western North America , including human-built habitats such as parking lots, where they can be seen walking on the ground making jerking movements with their heads. Their breeding range expanded eastward in the Great Lakes region during the 20th century. In the winter, Brewer’s Blackbirds spread eastward through the southeastern United States and south to southern Mexico. These blackbirds feed mainly on insects and seeds, with some berries, usually foraging in flocks outside the breeding season. Nesting is often in loose colonies of up to 20 to 30 pairs. (Kaufman 1996; AOU 1998)

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Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology

Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler)

It was known previously (Friedmann, 1963:134) that Brewer's blackbird was a frequent host of the brown-headed cowbird in Alberta and Montana, but the actual extent to which it is imposed upon in the northwestern prairie areas could hardly be appreciated from the nonquantitative information previously available. The Prairie Nest Records Scheme has kindly sent us copies of all their cowbird data up to mid-1975, and this reveals that of 420 records of cowbird parasitism on 37 species of hosts in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, no fewer than 85 were on Brewer's blackbirds, the most frequently victimized of any of the resident passerine species in terms of total number of nests found to be parasitized, not in percentages. Next in order of total number of parasitized nests came the clay-colored sparrow and the red-winged blackbird, each with 65 instances in the same area. There were, in all, records of 371 nests of Brewer's blackbird in the Prairie Nests Record Scheme, so the 85 instances with cowbird eggs amount to 22.9 percent of the total, a fairly high incidence of parasitism.

Even more numerous and illuminating data are provided by Furrer (1974 and personal communication) who studied this species in the “Potholes Region” (Grant and Adams counties) of eastern Washington in 1969 and 1970. Overall parasitism on 837 nests was 32.0 percent. There was much seasonal variation in the intensity of parasitism. Cowbirds did not become common in the area until late April, and consequently early nests suffered much less parasitism than later ones. In 1969, there was 8.0 percent parasitism of 138 nests in which the first egg was laid between 10 April and 9 May, whereas 50.9 percent of 177 clutches started between 10 May and 20 June were parasitized. Similarly, in 1970, 6.5 percent of 277 clutches started in the early interval were parasitized while 59.6 percent of 245 clutches in the later interval were parasitized. The incidence of parasitism of late nests reached such a high level in 1970 that 87.5 percent of 32 clutches begun after 8 June were victimized. Parasitism at very early nests resulted in total failure for the cowbirds; the cowbird eggs laid in all 10 nests parasitized between 10 April and 3 May (1969, 1970) were laid so late in the host's nesting cycle that they could not have received sufficient incubation for hatching.

In addition to the incidence of parasitized nests, the incidence of multiply parasitized nests also increased as the season progressed. Multiple parasitism peaked between 9 and 14 June. Nests parasitized during this period received an average of 2.67 cowbird eggs. Several times 5 cowbird eggs were laid in the same nests and 1 nest (that was probably abandoned) contained 7 cowbird eggs and 1 Brewer's egg. Some nests subjected to multiple parasitism received cowbird eggs after earlier eggs had already hatched. The unusually intense parasitism of Brewer's in the Potholes Region may not be due to cowbirds in that area having an especially strong preference for parasitizing this species. Furrer points out that the area has a depauperate avifauna; there are few potential hosts besides Brewer's blackbird.

Furrer estimates that about 50 percent of the female cowbirds that parasitized Brewer's nests removed a host egg. Surprisingly, the data showed no decrease in host fledging success attributable to the presence of cowbird nestlings although Furrer suggested that post-fledging success might be reduced among host young reared with cowbirds. It is also worth pointing out that caring for a cowbird can reduce fitness even if the normal number of host young are fledged from an individual nest because the parents' chances of surviving to breed again may be reduced. The extra care devoted to the cowbird produces an additional strain on the parents with no immediate increased output of host offspring and perhaps with a decrease in subsequent output of the breeding pair.

Furrer's work makes it evident that numerous cowbirds are reared by this species. About one-third of all cowbird eggs resulted in fledglings. The success rate of cowbird eggs in nests in bushes over land was higher than that in nests over water or on the ground. Furrer found several nests in each year of his study that fledged only cowbirds. In 1970 he found 6 nests, each of which contained 3 cowbirds that reached ages of at least 8 days and therefore probably survived long enough to fledge. That Brewer's rear large numbers of cowbirds is also shown by Gordon H. Orians' studies in the Potholes Region (pers. comm.). Despite its large size, Brewer's blackbird is evidently a good host.

We have compared Furrer's data from 1969 and 1970 with data Henry S. Horn (pers. comm.) collected in the same region in 1964, 1965, and 1966. The general trends Furrer found are also shown by Horn's data. The only major difference between the 2 bodies of information is that Horn found less parasitism. In Horn's study 2.6 percent of 234 clutches started on or before 10 May were parasitized, whereas Furrer's study showed 6.5 and 8.0 percent parasitism for the period. Similarly, 26.8 percent of 56 clutches started after 10 May were parasitized according to Horn's study whereas Furrer found 50.9 and 59.6 percent parasitism for this period. Quantitative comparisons are difficult but it is evident that the incidence of multiple parasitism was higher in Furrer's study than in Horn's. This increase in parasitism over a 7 year period, revealed by a comparison of Horn's and Furrer's studies, is almost certainly a reflection of the fact that the cowbird is a relative newcomer to the Potholes Region and that it increased in population between the two studies. We are indebted to Drs. Furrer, Horn, and Orians for making their data available to us. Dr. Furrer will publish more detailed analyses of his information elsewhere.

All the data discussed above refer to the northwestern race of the cowbird (M. ater artemisiae). Previously (Friedmann, 1963:134–135) there was but a single instance on record of Brewer's blackbird as a victim of the dwarf or southwestern race of the cowbird (M. ater obscurus). A second record, from near Buckeye, Maricopa County, Arizona, is in the collections of the Western Foundation. During May 1975, one of us (S.I.R.) found 4 additional cases of parasitism by M. a. obscurus, 1 near Tupman and 3 near Shandon in Kern and San Luis Obispo counties, California, respectively. The 3 Shandon nests constituted 3.6 percent of 83 nests found in 1974 and 1975. The Tupman nest was 1 of 2 found on 20 May 1975. Cowbirds were abundant at Tupman, but uncommon near Shandon. An interesting facet of parasitism by M. ater obscurus is that the size differential between it and Brewer's blackbird is even greater than is the case for M. ater artemisiae. In marked contrast to Furrer's experience in Washington is the situation in western Ontario, where Peck (1975) reported not a single one of 171 nests recorded in the Ontario nest records files was parasitized.

Strangely enough, in earlier records, Brewer's blackbird was never mentioned as having actually reared young cowbirds. This omission has now been corrected by Furrer's and Orians' numerous observations. In a similar vein, Dr. J. B. Tatum sends us a record from Saanich, near Victoria, Vancouver Island, 23 July 1973, of a Brewer's blackbird feeding 2 fledged cowbirds. Also, 1 of the parasitized nests S.I.R. observed near Shandon produced a fledgling cowbird. Lastly, on 3 August 1975, S.I.R. observed a female Brewer's feeding a fledged cowbird near Crowley Lake, Mono County, California at an altitude of 7200 feet. This is an unusually late date and an unusually high altitude for cowbird parasitism.

COMMON GRACKLE

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bibliographic citation: Friedmann, Herbert, Kiff, Lloyd F., and Rothstein, Stephen I. 1977. "A further contribution of knowledge of the host relations of the parasitic cowbirds." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-75. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.235

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Euphagus cyanocephalus ( Asturian )

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Euphagus cyanocephalus

Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como ^NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Euphagus cyanocephalus, tamién conocíu como tordu güeyu mariellu,^[2] ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae. Ye nativu de Les Bahames, Canadá, Islles Turques y Caicos, Estaos Xuníos, Méxicu y Guatemala.^[1] El so hábitat natural compónse de praderíes y pacionales, mariña arenosa sableres, bancos de sable, poces intermareales.^[1]

Y. cyanocephalus (machu).
Y. cyanocephalus (fema).
Y. cyanocephalus (fema).

Referencies

↑ ^1,0 ^1,1 ^1,2 BirdLife International. «Euphagus cyanocephalus» (inglés). Llista Roxa d'especies amenazaes de la UICN 2012.1.
↑ Sistema Integráu d'Información Taxonómica. «Euphagus cyanocephalus (TSN 179094)» (inglés).

Enllaces esternos

Wikimedia Commons acueye conteníu multimedia sobre Euphagus cyanocephalus .

Esta páxina forma parte del wikiproyeutu Aves, un esfuerciu collaborativu col fin d'ameyorar y organizar tolos conteníos rellacionaos con esti tema. Visita la páxina d'alderique del proyeutu pa collaborar y facer entrugues o suxerencies.

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Euphagus cyanocephalus: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Euphagus cyanocephalus

Les especies d'aves con nome común en llingua asturiana márquense como NOA. En casu contrariu, conséñase'l nome científicu o de la SEO.

'''Euphagus cyanocephalus, tamién conocíu como tordu güeyu mariellu, ye una especie d'ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae. Ye nativu de Les Bahames, Canadá, Islles Turques y Caicos, Estaos Xuníos, Méxicu y Guatemala. El so hábitat natural compónse de praderíes y pacionales, mariña arenosa sableres, bancos de sable, poces intermareales.

Y. cyanocephalus (machu).

Y. cyanocephalus (fema).

Y. cyanocephalus (fema).

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Tresglen Brewer ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Tresglen Brewer (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: tresglod Brewer) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Euphagus cyanocephalus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Brewer’s blackbird. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.^[1]

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn E. cyanocephalus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.^[2]

Teulu

Mae'r tresglen Brewer yn perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae). Dyma rai o aelodau eraill y teulu:

Rhestr Wicidata:

Diweddarwch y rhestr nawr | WQS | Chwiliwch am ddelweddau

rhywogaeth enw tacson delwedd Casig Para Psarocolius bifasciatus Casig penwinau Psarocolius wagleri

Euryn Martinique Icterus bonana Euryn y Gogledd Icterus galbula

Euryn ymylwyn Icterus graceannae

Gregl y Gorllewin Quiscalus niger

Diwedd y rhestr a gynhyrchwyd yn otomatig o Wicidata.

Gweler hefyd

Rhestr Goch yr IUCN

Cyfeiriadau

↑ Gwefan Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd; adalwyd 30 Medi 2016.
↑ Gwefan Avibase; adalwyd 3 Hydref 2016.

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Tresglen Brewer: Brief Summary ( Welsh )

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Aderyn a rhywogaeth o adar yw Tresglen Brewer (sy'n enw benywaidd; enw lluosog: tresglod Brewer) a adnabyddir hefyd gyda'i enw gwyddonol Euphagus cyanocephalus; yr enw Saesneg arno yw Brewer’s blackbird. Mae'n perthyn i deulu'r Tresglod (Lladin: Icteridae) sydd yn urdd y Passeriformes.

Talfyrir yr enw Lladin yn aml yn E. cyanocephalus, sef enw'r rhywogaeth.

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Purpurstärling ( German )

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Männlicher Purpurstärling im Schlichtkleid

Weiblicher Purpurstärling im Schlichtkleid

Der Purpurstärling (Euphagus cyanocephalus) ist ein nordamerikanischer Singvogel aus der Familie der Stärlinge (Icteridae).

Merkmale

Im Prachtkleid ist das gelbäugige Männchen völlig schwarz gefärbt mit purpurviolettem Schimmer an Kopf und Hals sowie grünlichem Glanz am Körper. Dagegen schillert es im Schlichtkleid weniger stark. Das Weibchen ist oberseits graubraun und unterseits etwas heller gefärbt und hat braune Augen.

Vorkommen

Der Purpurstärling brütet in Südkanada, weiten Teilen der USA und überwintert vom Mittleren Westen und der südlichen USA bis Mexiko. Er bewohnt Wiesen, Felder und Stadtgebiete. Besonders im Osten ist er ein häufiger Gast in Gärten. Wo sich das Verbreitungsgebiet mit dem des Purpur-Grackels überschneidet, lebt er eher in offenen Gegenden, während der Grackel Lebensräume in der Stadt oder am Stadtrand bevorzugt.

Verhalten

Der Vogel schließt sich gern, auch mit anderen Arten wie der Gelbschnabelelster, zu großen Schwärmen zusammen. Durch das massenhafte Auftreten wird er manchmal als Landplage angesehen. Er sucht im flachen Wasser oder am Boden nach Sämereien und Wirbellosen. Manchmal werden Insekten im Flug gefangen.

Brutbiologie

Der Purpurstärling nistet in lockeren Kolonien, die einige wenige, aber auch bis zu 100 Brutpaare umfassen können. Das Weibchen legt in ein unförmiges, ballartiges Nest in einem Busch oder Baum drei bis sieben Eier, welche etwa zwei Wochen lang bebrütet werden. Nach rund zwei Wochen werden die Jungen flügge.

Literatur

Colin Harrison & Alan Greensmith: Vögel. Dorling Kindersley Limited, London 1993,2000, ISBN 3-831-00785-3
Bryan Richard: Vögel. Parragon, Bath, ISBN 1-405-45506-3

Weblinks

– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien

Videos, Fotos und Tonaufnahmen zu Euphagus cyanocephalus in der Internet Bird Collection
Euphagus cyanocephalus in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2013.2. Eingestellt von: BirdLife International, 2012. Abgerufen am 2. Februar 2014.

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Purpurstärling: Brief Summary ( German )

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Männlicher Purpurstärling im Schlichtkleid

Weiblicher Purpurstärling im Schlichtkleid

Der Purpurstärling (Euphagus cyanocephalus) ist ein nordamerikanischer Singvogel aus der Familie der Stärlinge (Icteridae).

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Brewer's blackbird

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Female Brewer's blackbird calls

Brewer's blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) is a medium-sized New World blackbird. It is named after the ornithologist Thomas Mayo Brewer.

Description

Adult males have black plumage with an iridescent purple head and neck and glossy bluish-green highlights on the rest of the body. The feet and legs are black and the eye is bright yellow. The female is brownish-grey with slight hints of the male's iridescence. The female's eye is dark brown, while the male's is bright yellow. Overall, they resemble the eastern member of the same genus, the rusty blackbird; the Brewer's blackbird, however, has a shorter bill and the male's head is iridescent purple.^[2] This bird is often mistaken for the common grackle but has a shorter tail. The call is a sharp check which is also distinguishable. This bird is in a different family from the Eurasian blackbird.

Habitat

Their breeding habitat is open and semi-open areas, often near water, across central and western North America. They are also very common in parking lots, and easily acclimate to the presence of people.^[5]

These birds are often permanent residents in the west. Other birds migrate to the Southeastern United States and Mexico in Spring. The range of this bird has been expanding east in the Great Lakes region.^[6]^[5]

Feeding

They forage in shallow water or in fields, mainly eating seeds and insects, some berries. They sometimes catch insects in flight. They feed in flocks outside of the breeding season, sometimes with other blackbirds.^[5] In marshy areas, they are known to stand on aquatic plants and wade in shallow water to catch insects. Some have even been known to eat smaller mammals, amphibians, and the nestlings of other birds.^[7]^[5]

Reproduction

Their clutch size can vary, usually between 3–7.^[5] Eggs are usually a tan color with darker speckles throughout to allow for camouflage.^[8] The female bird primarily incubates for 12–14 days.^[5]

Nests are not built in isolation, but in colonies of up to 30 pairs.^[5] Pairs prefer to nest in areas that are around 20–40' in treetops. However, colonies that live near water may also nest in reeds and other freshwater plants.^[7] Nests are made from nearby material such as reeds, sticks and hair. They are built by the female in a cup-like shape and are bonded with mud or other securing substances.^[7] The color of the nest usually matches the coloration of the eggs and the surrounding environment as it is crucial to survival.^[9]

Protected status

The Brewer's blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) is protected in the United States under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918,^[10] however exceptions are granted under 50 CFR part 21 (2014) ^[11] for animals committing or about to commit depredations upon ornamental or shade trees, agricultural crops, livestock, or wildlife, or when concentrated in such numbers and manner that they are a health hazard or other nuisance.

Gallery

E. cyanocephalus male
E. cyanocephalus female
The iridescent purple head of the male is a distinguishing feature.
Male, Nevada, US
Male, Oregon, US
Female calling
Brewer's blackbird calling

References

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Euphagus cyanocephalus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22724332A94861418. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22724332A94861418.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
^ Peterson, Roger Tory; Peterson, Virginia Marie (2002). Birds of Eastern and Central North America (5th ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin. p. 310. ISBN 0-395-74047-9.
^ Godfrey, W. Earl (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada. p. 359.
^ Sibley, David Allen (2000). The Sibley Guide to Birds. New York: Knopf. p. 514. ISBN 0-679-45122-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "Brewer's Blackbird". Audubon. 13 November 2014. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
^ Stepney, P.H.R.; Power, Dennis M. (December 1973). "Analysis of the Eastward Breeding Expansion of Brewer's Blackbird Plus General Aspects of Avian Expansions" (PDF). The Wilson Bulletin. 85 (4): 452–464.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Brewer's Blackbird Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
^ Balph, Martha Hatch (1975). "Development of Young Brewer's Blackbirds". The Wilson Bulletin. 87 (2): 207–230. ISSN 0043-5643. JSTOR 4160619.
^ Westmoreland, David; A. Kiltie, Richard (November 2007). "Egg coloration and selection for crypsis in open-nesting blackbirds". Journal of Avian Biology. 38 (6): 682–689. doi:10.1111/j.2007.0908-8857.04066.x.
^ "List of Migratory Bird Species Protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act as of December 2, 2013". US Fish & Wildlife Service.
^ "Migratory Bird Permits; Removal of Yellow-billed Magpie and Other Revisions to Depredation Order" (PDF). Federal Register. 79 (214): 65595–65602. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2018.

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Brewer's blackbird: Brief Summary

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Female Brewer's blackbird calls

Brewer's blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus) is a medium-sized New World blackbird. It is named after the ornithologist Thomas Mayo Brewer.

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Purpurkapa eŭfago ( Esperanto )

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La Purpurkapa eŭfago (Euphagus cyanocephalus) estas mezgranda birdospecio de la familio de Ikteredoj kaj genro de Eŭfagoj, kiuj enhavas nur du speciojn.

Enhavo

1 Aspekto
2 Kutimaro
3 Protektostatuso
4 Literaturo
5 Eksteraj ligiloj
6 Plia legado

Aspekto

La irizeca purpura kapo de la masklo estas distingila eco.

Plenkreskulo havas pintakran bekon. Maskla plenkreskulo havas tre brilnigran plumaron; la ino estas malhelgriza. La masklo havas brilflavan okulon; tiu de la ino estas malhela. Ili similas al la orienta membro de la sama genro, nome Rusta eŭfago; tamen tiu ĉi birdo havas pli mallongan bekon kaj la kapo de la masklo estas irize purpura, kio nomigas la specion kaj en la komuna nomo kaj en la latina scienca nomo kie cyanocephalus estas kunmetaĵo de du radikoj el la antikva greka signife respektive “violblua, purpura” kaj “kapo”. Tiu ĉi birdo estas ofte misprenita por la Komuna kviskalo sed ĝi havas pli mallongan voston. La alvoko estas akra “ĉek” kiu estas ankaŭ distingebla. Tiu ĉi birdo estas de tute diferenca familio el la ankaŭ tutnigra Merlo.

E. Cyanocephalus, ino

Kutimaro

Masklo ĵuse ege enspiris kaj estas ekĉirponta.

Ties reprodukta habitato estas malfermaj kaj duonmalfermaj areoj, ofte ĉe akvo, tra centra kaj okcidenta Nordameriko. La tasforma nesto povas situi en diversaj lokotipoj: en arbo, en alta herbo aŭ en klifo. Ili ofte nestumas en kolonioj.

Tiuj birdoj estas ofte konstantaj loĝantaj birdoj en okcidento. Aliaj birdoj migras al sudorienta Usono kaj Meksiko.

Ili manĝas ĉe neprofunda akvo aŭ en kamparo, ĉefe nutrante sin el semoj kaj insektoj, krom beroj. Ili foje kaptas insektojn dumfluge. Ili manĝas en aroj for de la reprodukta sezono, foje en miksitaj kunmanĝantaroj kun aliaj ikteredoj.

La teritorio de tiu birdo etendiĝis orienten al la regiono de la Grandaj Lagoj.

Protektostatuso

Tiu birdo en Usono ricevis la nomon Brewer's Blackbird laŭ la ornitologo Thomas Mayo Brewer.

La Purpurkapa eŭfago (Euphagus cyanocephalus) estas protektita laŭ la Traktato de Migrantaj Birdoj de 1918.[1]

Literaturo

BirdLife International (2004). Euphagus cyanocephalus. Internacia Ruĝa Listo de Endanĝeritaj Specioj, eldono de 2006. IUCN 2006. Elŝutita 5a Majo 2006. Malplej Zorgiga

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Purpurkapa eŭfago: Brief Summary ( Esperanto )

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La Purpurkapa eŭfago (Euphagus cyanocephalus) estas mezgranda birdospecio de la familio de Ikteredoj kaj genro de Eŭfagoj, kiuj enhavas nur du speciojn.

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Euphagus cyanocephalus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El turpial ojiclaro (Euphagus cyanocephalus), también conocido como tordo ojo amarillo o zanate de Brewer,^[2]^[3] es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae propia de América del Norte. Es nativo de Canadá, Estados Unidos y México, aunque puede aparecer como divagante en Bahamas, las islas Turcas y Caicos y Guatemala.^[1] Sus hábitats naturales son las praderas y pastizales, playas arenosas, bancos de arena, pozas intermareales.^[1]

E. cyanocephalus (macho).
E. cyanocephalus (hembra).
E. cyanocephalus (hembra).

Referencias

↑ ^a ^b ^c BirdLife International (2012). «Euphagus cyanocephalus». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2012.1 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 2 de julio de 2012.
↑ Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica. «Euphagus cyanocephalus (TSN 179094)» (en inglés).
↑ De Juana, E; Del Hoyo, J; Fernández-Cruz, M; Ferrer, X; Sáez-Royuela, R; Sargatal, J (2012). «Nombres en castellano de las aves del mundo recomendados por la Sociedad Española de Ornitología (Decimosexta parte: Orden Passeriformes, Familias Thraupidae a Icteridae)». Ardeola. Handbook of the Birds of the World (Madrid: SEO/BirdLife) 59 (1): 157-166. ISSN 0570-7358. Consultado el 15 de mayo de 2019.

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Euphagus cyanocephalus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El turpial ojiclaro (Euphagus cyanocephalus), también conocido como tordo ojo amarillo o zanate de Brewer, es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Icteridae propia de América del Norte. Es nativo de Canadá, Estados Unidos y México, aunque puede aparecer como divagante en Bahamas, las islas Turcas y Caicos y Guatemala. Sus hábitats naturales son las praderas y pastizales, playas arenosas, bancos de arena, pozas intermareales.

E. cyanocephalus (macho).

E. cyanocephalus (hembra).

E. cyanocephalus (hembra).

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Euphagus cyanocephalus ( Basque )

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Euphagus cyanocephalus Euphagus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Icteridae familian sailkatua dago.

Erreferentziak

↑ (Ingelesez)BirdLife International (2012) Species factsheet. www.birdlife.org webgunetitik jaitsia 2012/05/07an
↑ (Ingelesez) IOC Master List

Kanpo estekak

World Bird Names

Ikus, gainera

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Euphagus cyanocephalus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Euphagus cyanocephalus Euphagus generoko animalia da. Hegaztien barruko Icteridae familian sailkatua dago.

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Peltoturpiaali ( Finnish )

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Peltoturpiaali (Euphagus cyanocephalus) on Pohjois-Amerikassa tavattava turpiaaleihin kuuluva varpuslintu.

Sisällysluettelo

1 Ulkonäkö
2 Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö
3 Elintavat
4 Lähteet

Ulkonäkö

Naaras.

Peltoturpiaali on 21–25 cm pituinen. Peltoturpiaalikoiras on yksivärisen musta, mutta höyhenet voivat kiiltää myös sinisen ja vihreän sävyissä. Nuoret koiraat ovat ruskehtavan mustia eivätkä yhtä kiiltäviä kuin aikuiset koiraat. Koiraan silmän iiris on väriltään valkoinen, mikä erottaa sen korpiturpiaalista (Euphagus carolinus). Korpiturpiaalin pää on myös vihreämpi kuin peltoturpiaalilla, jolla se on hohteeltaan sinivioletimpi. Naaraslinnut ovat koiraita vaaleampia ja ruskeampia ja tummimmillaan siivistä.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Peltoturpiaalien pesimäalue ulottuu Kanadassa ja Yhdysvalloissa Suurilta tasangoilta länteen ja etelään aina Meksikon pohjoisosiin asti. Laji talvehtii Yhdysvaltain eteläosissa ja Meksikossa, mutta osa linnuista jää pohjoisemmaksikin. Linnun elinympäristöä ovat avoimet ja puoliavoimet maastot kuten laidunmaat, joilla kasvaa myös pensaikkoa, soiden reunamat ja metsäpaloista aiheutuneet aukiot metsissä. Lisäksi peltoturpiaaleja tavataan myös puistoissa, puutarhoissa ja golfkentillä.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Elintavat

Peltoturpiaalit elävät pienissä ryhmissä. Talvisin niitä näkee yhdessä muiden turpiaalien kanssa sekaparvissa. Laji käyttää ravintonaan pääasiassa siemeniä, joita se etsii maasta. Lisäksi lintu syö myös hyönteisiä, joita se pyydystää ilmasta.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Koiras ruokkii poikastaan hyönteisravinnolla.

Peltoturpiaalit voivat pesiä pareittain tai löyhissä kolonioissa, joissa voi olla pareja muutamasta yli sataan. Kuppimainen kasvimateriaalista rakennettu pesä voi sijaita puussa, pensaikossa tai korkeassa ruohikossa. Naaras rakentaa pesän ja munii siihen kolmesta seitsemään vaalean harmahtavaa täplikästä munaa. Naaras hautoo munat yksin, mutta koiras ruokkii naaraan ja poikaset. Peltoturpiaaliparilla voi olla kaksi pesintää kauden aikana.^[2]^[3]^[5]

Lähteet

↑ BirdLife International: Euphagus cyanocephalus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. 2012. International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN, Iucnredlist.org. Viitattu 24.2.2014. (englanniksi)
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brewer's Blackbird All About Birds. Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology. Viitattu 20.9.2010. (englanniksi)
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Brewer's Blackbird BirdWeb. Seattle Audubon Society. Viitattu 20.9.2010. (englanniksi)
↑ ^a ^b ^c William H. Turcotte,David L. Watts: Birds of Mississippi, s. 416. Univ. Press of Mississippi, 1999. ISBN 978-1578061105. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 20.9.2010). (englanniksi)
↑ ^a ^b ^c Pete Dunne: Pete Dunne's essential field guide companion, s. 649. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006. ISBN 978-0618236480. Kirja Googlen teoshaussa (viitattu 20.9.2010). (englanniksi)

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Peltoturpiaali: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Peltoturpiaali (Euphagus cyanocephalus) on Pohjois-Amerikassa tavattava turpiaaleihin kuuluva varpuslintu.

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Quiscale de Brewer ( French )

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Euphagus cyanocephalus

Une quiscale de Brewer femelle visite un parc de San Francisco.

Le Quiscale de Brewer (Euphagus cyanocephalus) est une espèce d'oiseau d'Amérique.

Son nom français rend hommage à l'ornithologue Thomas Mayo Brewer.

Sommaire

1 Description
2 Nidification
3 Alimentation
4 Liens externes

Description

Les mâles adultes ont un plumage noir et les plumes sont irrisées sur le dessus de la tête. Le plumage des femelles est gris foncé.

Nidification

Leur zone de reproduction est les régions ouvertes et semi-ouvertes souvent près de l'eau au centre et dans l'ouest de l'Amérique du Nord. Le couple peut nicher dans un arbre, une prairie ou une falaise, souvent en colonies.

Alimentation

Cet oiseau se nourrit d'insectes, de graines et de baies.

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Quiscale de Brewer: Brief Summary ( French )

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Euphagus cyanocephalus

Une quiscale de Brewer femelle visite un parc de San Francisco.

Le Quiscale de Brewer (Euphagus cyanocephalus) est une espèce d'oiseau d'Amérique.

Son nom français rend hommage à l'ornithologue Thomas Mayo Brewer.

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Geltonakis trupialas ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Euphagus cyanocephalus

Geltonakis trupialas (lot. Euphagus cyanocephalus, angl. Brewer's Blackbird, vok. Purpurstärling) – trupialinių (Icteridae) šeimos paukštis. Lietuvoje neperi, rudenį ir žiemą stebėti atsitiktinai užklydę paukščiai.

Paukščio čiulbesys

Šaltiniai

Žiedavimas.com – Geltonakis trupialas

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Vikiteka

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Geltonakis trupialas: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Geltonakis trupialas (lot. Euphagus cyanocephalus, angl. Brewer's Blackbird, vok. Purpurstärling) – trupialinių (Icteridae) šeimos paukštis. Lietuvoje neperi, rudenį ir žiemą stebėti atsitiktinai užklydę paukščiai.

Paukščio čiulbesys

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Brewers troepiaal ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Vogels

De Brewers troepiaal (Euphagus cyanocephalus) is een zangvogel uit de familie Icteridae (troepialen).

Verspreiding en leefgebied

Deze soort komt voor in westelijk Canada en de westelijke Verenigde Staten en overwintert in zuidelijk Mexico.

Externe link

Avibase

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties

↑ (en) Brewers troepiaal op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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Brewers troepiaal: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De Brewers troepiaal (Euphagus cyanocephalus) is een zangvogel uit de familie Icteridae (troepialen).

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Purpurhodetrupial ( Norwegian )

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Purpurhodetrupial (Euphagus cyanocephalus) er en fugl i trupialfamilien.

Referanser

^ Syvertsen, P. O., Ree, V., Hansen, O. B., Syvertsen, Ø., Bergan, M., Kvam, H., Viker, M. & Axelsen, T. 2008. Virksomheten til Norsk navnekomité for fugl (NNKF) 1990-2008. Norske navn på verdens fugler. Norsk Ornitologisk Forenings hjemmesider (publisert 22.5.2008)

Eksterne lenker

(en) Purpurhodetrupial i Encyclopedia of Life
(en) Purpurhodetrupial i Global Biodiversity Information Facility
(en) Purpurhodetrupial hos Fossilworks
(en) Purpurhodetrupial hos NCBI
(en) Purpurhodetrupial hos ITIS
(en) Kategori:Euphagus cyanocephalus – bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
(en) Euphagus cyanocephalus – galleri av bilder, video eller lyd på Wikimedia Commons
Euphagus cyanocephalus – detaljert informasjon på Wikispecies

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Purpurhodetrupial: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Purpurhodetrupial (Euphagus cyanocephalus) er en fugl i trupialfamilien.

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Kacykarzyk purpurowy ( Polish )

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Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons

Kacykarzyk purpurowy^[3] (Euphagus cyanocephalus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kacykowatych (Icteridae). Często spotykany w dużych stadach razem z epoletnikiem krasnoskrzydłym.

Morfologia

Długość ciała samców 23 cm, masa ciała 60–73 g; długość ciała samic 21 cm, masa ciała 50,6–67 g^[4]. Czarny, z purpurowym połyskiem na głowie i zielonym na tułowiu. Dziób stożkowaty, ostro zakończony. Tęczówki kremowobiałe do jasnożółtych. Samica szarobrązowa, jaśniejsza na głowie i szyi; tęczówki ciemnobrązowe. Młode ptaki podobne do samicy. Młode samce czarniawe, z szarą brwią oraz skąpymi, szarymi prążkami na grzbiecie i piersi.

Zasięg, środowisko

Tereny otwarte i zadrzewienia, na zachód od środkowej i południowo-środkowej części Ameryki Północnej. Zimę spędza w środkowo-zachodniej i południowej części Ameryki Północnej.

Przypisy

↑ Euphagus cyanocephalus, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
↑ BirdLife International 2012, Euphagus cyanocephalus [w:] The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 [online], wersja 2015-4 [dostęp 2016-01-06] (ang.).
↑ Systematyka i nazwy polskie za: P. Mielczarek, M. Kuziemko: Podrodzina: Icterinae Vigors, 1825 – kacyki (wersja: 2015-05-27). W: Kompletna lista ptaków świata [on-line]. Instytut Nauk o Środowisku Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. [dostęp 2016-01-06].
↑ R. Fraga: Brewer's Blackbird (Euphagus cyanocephalus). W: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D.A. Christie, E. de Juana (red.): Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions, 2016. [dostęp 2016-01-06]. (ang.)

Bibliografia

Wiesław Dudziński, Marek Keller, Andrew Gosler: Atlas ptaków świata. Warszawa: Oficyna Wydawnicza Multico, 2000. ISBN 83-7073-059-0.

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Kacykarzyk purpurowy: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Kacykarzyk purpurowy (Euphagus cyanocephalus) – gatunek ptaka z rodziny kacykowatych (Icteridae). Często spotykany w dużych stadach razem z epoletnikiem krasnoskrzydłym.

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Prärietrupial ( Swedish )

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Prärietrupial^[2] (Euphagus cyanocephalus) är en fågel i familjen trupialer inom ordningen tättingar.^[3] Den häckar i västra Kanada och västra USA och flyttar vintertid så långt söderut som till södra Mexiko.^[3] IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.^[1]

Noter

^ [a b] Birdlife International 2012 Euphagus cyanocephalus Från: IUCN 2015. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2015.4 www.iucnredlist.org. Läst 2016-02-01.
^ Sveriges ornitologiska förening (2016) Officiella listan över svenska namn på världens fågelarter Arkiverad 18 oktober 2014 hämtat från the Wayback Machine., läst 2016-02-10
^ [a b] Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, D. Roberson, T. A. Fredericks, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood (2015) The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 2015 http://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download, läst 2016-02-11

Externa länkar

Wikimedia Commons har media som rör prärietrupial.
Bilder & media
Wikispecies har information om Euphagus cyanocephalus.
Artförteckning

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Prärietrupial: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Prärietrupial (Euphagus cyanocephalus) är en fågel i familjen trupialer inom ordningen tättingar. Den häckar i västra Kanada och västra USA och flyttar vintertid så långt söderut som till södra Mexiko. IUCN kategoriserar arten som livskraftig.

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Euphagus cyanocephalus ( Ukrainian )

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↑ BirdLife International (2016). Euphagus cyanocephalus: інформація на сайті МСОП (версія 2016.3) (англ.) 01 October 2016

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Euphagus cyanocephalus ( Vietnamese )

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Euphagus cyanocephalus là một loài chim trong họ Icteridae.^[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

^ BirdLife International (2012). “Euphagus cyanocephalus”. Sách Đỏ IUCN các loài bị đe dọa. Phiên bản 2013.2. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế. Truy cập ngày 26 tháng 11 năm 2013.
^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, B.L. Sullivan, C. L. Wood, and D. Roberson (2012). “The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: Version 6.7.”. Truy cập ngày 19 tháng 12 năm 2012.

Tham khảo

Dữ liệu liên quan tới Euphagus cyanocephalus tại Wikispecies

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Euphagus cyanocephalus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Euphagus cyanocephalus là một loài chim trong họ Icteridae.

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Блестящий малый трупиал ( Russian )

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Научная классификация

промежуточные ранги

Домен: Эукариоты

Царство: Животные

Подцарство: Эуметазои

Без ранга: Двусторонне-симметричные

Без ранга: Вторичноротые

Тип: Хордовые

Подтип: Позвоночные

Инфратип: Челюстноротые

Надкласс: Четвероногие

Класс: Птицы

Подкласс: Настоящие птицы

Инфракласс: Новонёбные

Отряд: Воробьинообразные

Подотряд: Певчие воробьиные

Инфраотряд: Passerida

Надсемейство: Passeroidea

Семейство: Трупиаловые

Род: Малые трупиалы

Вид: Блестящий малый трупиал

Международное научное название

Euphagus cyanocephalus (Wagler, 1829)

Охранный статус

Вызывающие наименьшие опасения
IUCN 3.1 Least Concern: 22724332

Систематика
на Викивидах

Изображения
на Викискладе ITIS 179094NCBI 84817EOL 1052055FW 368522

Блестящий малый трупиал^[1] (лат. Euphagus cyanocephalus) — певчая птица семейства трупиаловых, обитающая в Северной Америке.

Содержание

1 Описание
2 Распространение
3 Образ жизни
4 Размножение
5 Примечания
6 Литература

Описание

В брачном наряде самец полностью окрашен в чёрный цвет с пурпурно-фиолетовым отливом на голове и шее, а также зеленоватым отблеском на теле. Радужины жёлтые. В зимнем наряде его оперение переливается красками меньше. У самки оперение верхней части тела бурого цвета, нижняя часть тела окрашена немного светлее. Радужины коричневые.

Распространение

Блестящий малый трупиал распространён на юге Канады и в США. На зимовку вид мигрирует в Средний Запад и на юг США до Мексики. Он населяет луга, поля и городские ландшафты. Особенно на востоке это частый гость в садах. Где область распространения перекрывается областью распространения обыкновенного гракла, птица живёт скорее на открытых ландшафтах, во то время как гракл предпочитает город или его окраины.

Образ жизни

Птица охотно объединяется, также с родственными видами, в большие стаи. Иногда такие массовые скопления птиц могут нанести вред посевам. Блестящий малый трупиал ищет на мелководье или на земле семена и беспозвоночных. Иногда он ловит в полёте насекомых.

Размножение

Представители вида гнездятся свободными колониями, которые могут охватывать до 100 гнездящихся пар. Самка кладёт в шарообразное гнездо в кусте или на дереве от 3-х до 7-и яиц, высиживание которых длится примерно 2 недели. Через следующие 2 недели птенцы становятся самостоятельными.

Примечания

↑ Бёме Р. Л., Флинт В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Птицы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский / Под общ. ред. акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., «РУССО», 1994. — С. 429. — 2030 экз. — ISBN 5-200-00643-0.

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