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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 30.6 years (captivity) Observations: It has been estimated that females may live up to 30 years in the wild and males up to 20 years (Lima and Paez 1995). One wild born female was about 30.6 years old when she died in captivity (Richard Weigl 2005). Gestation time excludes delayed implantation period.
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Behavior

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South American fur seals communicate vocally and with touch. Males will compete for territories and females physically. When the seals communicate with each other over distances they use vocalizations. An important aspect of vocal communication between mothers and pups is vital to the pups survival. If at any time the mother and pup are separated they have an individualized call that only the mother and pup recognize. When the mother goes to forage in the ocean for a couple days while lactating, she needs to be able to find her pup again when she returns to shore. If they do not reunite, the young seal risks starving to death and being trampled by other mother seals.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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DelGreco, A. 2013. "Arctocephalus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_australis.html
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Amelia DelGreco, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Associations

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South American fur seals are hunted by the South American sea lions, orcas, sharks, and humans. Other dangers posed to them include climate change and over-fishing.

Known Predators:

  • sharks (Carcharodon carcharias)
  • South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens)
  • killer whales (Orcinus orca)
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DelGreco, A. 2013. "Arctocephalus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_australis.html
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Amelia DelGreco, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Morphology

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Female and male South American fur seals differ greatly in size. Males can get up to three times larger than females. Females can reach up to 1.4 m in length, whereas males can reach up to 1.9 m. Females weighing 50 kg are considered large, but males can get up to 200 kg. Female seals are either dark brown or a dark gray dorsally, and ventrally are lighter in color. Male colors are similar but can get even darker. Juvenile males begin to produce guard hairs around their face, from the top of their heads to about the shoulder area. When seals become an adult, the mane of guard hair is frosted with a lighter gray coloring. Adult seals have a stocky body and compared to other fur seals, have a longer snout. The fins are also longer and narrower than other fur seals. South American fur seals have 20 upper teeth and 16 lower teeth, which is beneficial when they have to climb on rocky shores. Other fur seal fins may be more paddle like and wider. South American fur seals when born weigh between 3.5 and 5.5 kg and measure 60 to 65 cm in length. When they are first born, the pup is black, and as it grows and molts, it becomes lighter. They molt 3 to 4 months after birth.

Range mass: 60 to 200 kg.

Range length: 1.4 to 1.9 m.

Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; sexes colored or patterned differently

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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DelGreco, A. 2013. "Arctocephalus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_australis.html
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Amelia DelGreco, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Life Expectancy

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In the wild, fur seals can live between 12 and 30 years. Little else is known about the lifespan of South American fur seals.

Typical lifespan
Status: wild:
12 to 30 years.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
female: 30.6, male: 20 (high) years.

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DelGreco, A. 2013. "Arctocephalus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_australis.html
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Habitat

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South American fur seals spend their time both on shore and in the ocean. Breeding periods are spent on the shores of Peru, Argentina, Uruguay and the Falkland islands. When they are not in breeding season, they are usually in the ocean. When on land, they prefer rocky areas to shield them from the sun. They are able to move quite easily on land and are able to climb steep slopes.

Range depth: 39.6 to 170.6 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial ; saltwater or marine

Aquatic Biomes: coastal

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DelGreco, A. 2013. "Arctocephalus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_australis.html
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Amelia DelGreco, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Distribution

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South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) inhabit South America. They reside on rocky shores along the coasts of Uruguay, Argentina, Chile and Peru. They are heavily distributed along the Atlantic side of South America. They are also commonly found on the Uruguay islands and the Falkland Islands. These areas are more secluded with less human disturbances and are safer for breeding periods. They are found as far north as central Peru. There have been sightings of these seals as far off as 600 km. However, knowledge of South American fur seals lives at sea is limited.

Biogeographic Regions: neotropical (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native )

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DelGreco, A. 2013. "Arctocephalus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_australis.html
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Amelia DelGreco, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Trophic Strategy

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South American fur seals are nocturnal hunters. They are known to feed on anchovies, shrimp, lobster, squid and krill. Location plays a role in the primary diet of these seals. In Peru and Uruguay the seals feed on anchovies. The seals living closer to Brazil shores hunt for shrimp. South American fur seals in Chile tend to hunt for krill, specifically lobster krill. Fur seals can dive up to 170 m and can stay underwater for 7 minutes per dive. If the females are caring for young on shore, they will spend a couple days at sea, then come back for a few days to care for their pup. It is not known how much food is consumed by the seals daily in the wild.

Animal Foods: fish; mollusks; aquatic crustaceans

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore )

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DelGreco, A. 2013. "Arctocephalus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_australis.html
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Amelia DelGreco, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Associations

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South American fur seals are an integral part of their food web and, thus, play a role in ecosystem trophic dynamics.

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DelGreco, A. 2013. "Arctocephalus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_australis.html
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Amelia DelGreco, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Benefits

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These seals were hunted from 1515 to 1979 in Uruguay and Chile. Seals are no longer hunted commercially, but are still often poached. South American fur seals were hunted for their fur, skin, and oil to make clothes, leather, and light lanterns respectively. When they are poached, often time their meat is used for king crab bait.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material

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DelGreco, A. 2013. "Arctocephalus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_australis.html
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Amelia DelGreco, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Benefits

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There are no known negative economic effects of South American fur seals.

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DelGreco, A. 2013. "Arctocephalus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_australis.html
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Amelia DelGreco, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Conservation Status

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South American fur seals used to be commercially hunted, but now that is no longer an issue. In 1997 the seals were harmed by an oil spill that covered about 5,000 sq m. An estimated 6,000 seals were killed. During El Nino years, food becomes scarce for the seals on the Pacific side of South America. In Peru 2012, the population was recovering from an El Nino year that wiped out 80% of the females and pups. In Uruguay, the population is healthy and growing.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: appendix i

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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DelGreco, A. 2013. "Arctocephalus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_australis.html
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Amelia DelGreco, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Reproduction

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South American fur seals are polygynous; males mate with more than one female each breeding period. Males will compete for certain areas along the shore between October and December to establish territories for them and their females. The dominant males will gain the most females and the largest territory. The ratio of male to female South American fur seals is greater than that of any other mammal, implying that each male has more females on average than any other polygynous mammal.

Mating System: polygynous

Each year between October and December South American fur seals begin their breeding period. Males and females come to shore and males fight for territories. Females give birth anytime throughout these three months. Female seals give birth to just one pup per breeding season. When the pups are born they can weigh between 3.5 and 5.5 kilograms and measure between 60 and 65 centimeters long. The pups are first black when they are born and eventually molt to a dark brown or grey. Female South American fur seals wean their pups between 6 and 12 months, but sometimes they can wean up to 3 years. In this extreme case, the mother seal will potentially be nursing two pups at the same time. Seven to ten days after giving birth, the female will mate with a male. Embryonic diapause lasts between 3 and 4 months. The gestation period ranges from 8 to 12 months. Male seals reach sexual maturity around the age of 7, but many of them don’t actually mate until they are 8 years of age. This may be the result of competition required to earn territory and females. Females, on the other hand, reach sexual maturity around the age of 3.

Breeding interval: South American fur seals breed once a year shortly after the females give birth.

Breeding season: South American fur seals breed between October and December.

Range number of offspring: 1 (high) .

Range gestation period: 8 to 12 months.

Range weaning age: 6 to 36 months.

Average weaning age: 12 months.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 3 years.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 7 years.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous ; delayed implantation ; embryonic diapause

Average birth mass: 4250 g.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
Sex: male:
2556 days.

Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
Sex: female:
1095 days.

Female seals give birth and feed pups until they are able to feed on their own. Mothers wean pups anywhere between 6 to 36 months. After the pup is born the mother alternates between days in the water foraging for food and days on land caring for her young. Often times, the survival of the pup relies on how crowded the shoreline is with seals. When the mother is gone foraging, if the shore is too crowded, the young pup can get trampled by other female seals or get lost and starve.

Parental Investment: precocial ; female parental care ; pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female)

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DelGreco, A. 2013. "Arctocephalus australis" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Arctocephalus_australis.html
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Amelia DelGreco, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Christopher Yahnke, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point
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Diagnostic Description

provided by FAO species catalogs
South American fur seals are stocky, as fur seals go. They have a moderately long, flat-topped, pointed muzzle, with a medium-sized nose. The nostrils are oriented straight ahead, and the nose extends past the mouth. There is a noticeable forehead and rounded crown. The ear pinnae are long and prominent, and the vibrissae of adults are creamy white, and short to moderate in length. Adult males are larger than females, with a proportionately thicker neck and more massive shoulders. Males also develop a mane of longer guard hairs on the head and shoulders. Adult females and subadults are dark brown to greyish black above and paler, often mixed rusty brown, tan, and greyish, below. A band of light colour wraps around the lower neck, but darkens toward the top. The head is dark, but the muzzle is sometimes partly greyish tan. Lighter areas often surround and highlight the greyish tan ears, particularly in adult females and older subadults. The fur on the top of the flippers is generally quite dark. As they age, males darken and become more uniformly coloured, generally dark brown, with grey to yellowish tan grizzled frosting. Some bulls are paler. At birth, pups are dark, but there may be some paler markings on the face and muzzle, and some animals are paler below. The dental formula is I 3/2, C 1/1, PC 6/5. Can be confused with: Can be confused with: At least 6 other otariids can be found within the range of the South American fur seal: Juan Fernandez, Antarctic, subantarctic, and Galapagos fur seals, and South American and Galapagos sea lions. See the section on the Juan Fernandez fur seal for distinguishing that species from South American fur seals. Subantarctic fur seals are comparable to South American fur seals in length and weight, but have a unique colour pattern on the chest and head, and (in males) a tuft of longer prominent guard hairs on the crown. Antarctic fur seals are smaller and lighter overall as adults, with a shorter muzzle, and often longer and more conspicuous creamy white vibrissae and a more grizzled coat. Galapagos fur seals are much smaller, with a muzzle that, in comparison to that of South American fur seal, is very short and blunt.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Size

provided by FAO species catalogs
Adult males reach 1.9 m and 120 to 200 kg, females are about 1.4 m and 40 to 50 kg. Newborns are 60 to 65 cm and 3.5 to 5.5 kg.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Brief Summary

provided by FAO species catalogs
Breeding take place from mid-October through mid-December. Males are territorial, and fighting can result in dramatic wounds and scars. No migration is known and colonies on islands off Uruguay are occupied by portions of the population year-round.At sea, these fur seals may be seen rafting at the surface, with head down and flippers waving in the air. They frequently groom while at the surface. Groups of 15 to 20 animals have been seen traveling together offshore. The diet is poorly documented, but includes a variety of small schooling fishes and invertebrates, such as cephalopods, crustaceans, and gastropods.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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Benefits

provided by FAO species catalogs
Conservation Status : There is a long history of human exploitation of South American fur seals. Native peoples, particularly those of the Tierra del Fuego region depended heavily on pinnipeds for food and skins. Exploitation by Europeans goes back to the 16th Century and sealing for skins and oil was heavily pursued in the late 18th and early 19th Centuries in many parts of the species' range. Although commercial sealing has been discontinued elsewhere for these animals, it continues to this day in Uruguay and is the longest running sealing operation in the world. Fur seals are taken incidentally in fishing operations and by poaching throughout their range, particularly in Peru. Some are taken in Chile for use as bait in crab traps. Overfishing of prey species probably acts to limit population growth in some areas. IUCN: Insufficiently known.
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Marine mammals of the world. Jefferson, T.A., S. Leatherwood & M.A. Webber - 1993. FAO species identification guide. Rome, FAO. 320 p. 587 figs. . 
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South American fur seal

provided by wikipedia EN

The South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) breeds on the coasts of Peru, Chile, the Falkland Islands, Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. The total population is around 250,000. However, population counts are sparse and outdated. Although Uruguay has long been considered to be the largest population of South American fur seals, recent census data indicates that the largest breeding population of A. a. australis (that breeds in Chile, the Falkland Islands, Argentina, Uruguay) are at the Falkland Islands (estimated pup abundance ~36,000) [3] followed by Uruguay (pup abundance ~31,000).[4] The population of South American fur seals in 1999 was estimated at 390,000, a drop from a 1987 estimate of 500,000 - however a paucity of population data, combined with inconsistent census methods, makes it difficult to interpret global population trends.

Description

South American fur seals have a dark grey or brown coat of fur. Adult males are much larger than females, with thicker necks and larger shoulders. Males also develop manes of longer guard hairs on their neck and shoulders.[5] Size of the seals varies based on region, but on average, adult males measure up to 2 m long and weigh 150–200 kg and females measure up to 1.5 m long and weigh 30–60 kg.[6] Newborns are 60 to 65 cm and 3.5 to 5.5 kg.

Distribution and habitat

The South American fur seal is found on neotropical ocean coasts from the Paracas Peninsula of southern Peru south to Cape Horn on the Pacific coast, and northward to southern Brazil on the Atlantic coast. They are also found on the Falkland Islands, Staten Island, and Escondida Island.[7] A. australis seals prefer rocky shores and islands, particularly those with steep slopes. They have been found in sea caves in Peru, where some climb up to 15 m to find a spot to rest. There have been isolated records from continental Ecuador, the Galápagos Islands, and the Gorgona Island (Colombia). Anatomical information for the southern fur seals, Arctocephalus spp., is scant.[8] In addition, little is known about the foraging ecology of South American fur seals. Recent tracking studies reveal that South American fur seals breeding at the Falkland Islands use a vast area of the Patagonian Shelf.[9][10]

Subspecies

Two subspecies are currently recognised:[11]

  • A. a. australis - Falkland Islands
  • A. a. gracilis - South America

The New Zealand fur seal is sometimes considered a subspecies of A. australis.[11]

SAFS adult female

References

  1. ^ Cárdenas-Alayza, S.; Oliveira, L.; Crespo, E. (2016). "Arctocephalus australis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T2055A45223529. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T2055A45223529.en. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  3. ^ Baylis, AMM, Orben, RA, Arkhipkin, AA, et al. Re‐evaluating the population size of South American fur seals and conservation implications. Aquatic Conserv: Mar Freshw Ecosyst. 2019; 1– 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3194
  4. ^ Franco‐Trecu, V., Drago, M., Grandi, M. F., Soutullo, A., Crespo, E. A., & Inchausti, P. (2019). Abundance and Population Trends of the South American Fur Seal Short Note Abundance and Population Trends of the South American Fur Seal (Arctocephalus australis) in Uruguay. Aquatic Mammals, 45,48–55. https://doi.org/10.1578/AM.45.1.2019.48
  5. ^ Marine Mammals> Species: Arctocephalus australis (South American fur seal) Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ South American Fur Seal, Arctocephalus australis at MarineBio.org
  7. ^ ADW: Arctocephalus australis: Information
  8. ^ William Pérez, Helena Katz, Martin Lima. Gross heart anatomy of Arctocephalus australis (Zimmerman, 1783)Anatomical Science International (OnlineEarly Articles). doi:10.1111/j.1447-073X.2007.00189.x
  9. ^ Baylis AMM, Tierney M, Orben RA, Staniland IJ, Brickle P (2018) Geographic variation in the foraging behaviour of South American fur seals. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 596:233-245. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12557
  10. ^ Baylis AMM, et al. (2018) Habitat use of adult male South American fur seals and a preliminary assessment of spatial overlap with trawl fisheries in the South Atlantic. Mammalian Biology 93: 76-81
  11. ^ a b Berta, A. & Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.

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South American fur seal: Brief Summary

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The South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) breeds on the coasts of Peru, Chile, the Falkland Islands, Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. The total population is around 250,000. However, population counts are sparse and outdated. Although Uruguay has long been considered to be the largest population of South American fur seals, recent census data indicates that the largest breeding population of A. a. australis (that breeds in Chile, the Falkland Islands, Argentina, Uruguay) are at the Falkland Islands (estimated pup abundance ~36,000) followed by Uruguay (pup abundance ~31,000). The population of South American fur seals in 1999 was estimated at 390,000, a drop from a 1987 estimate of 500,000 - however a paucity of population data, combined with inconsistent census methods, makes it difficult to interpret global population trends.

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Distribution

provided by World Register of Marine Species
South America, from central Peru to southern Brazil

Reference

van der Land, J. (ed). (2008). UNESCO-IOC Register of Marine Organisms (URMO).

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