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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 24 years (wild)
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Distribution

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Bat rays are found in shallow waters and coral reefs from Oregon to the Sea of Cortez.

Biogeographic Regions: pacific ocean (Native )

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Schmidt, K. 2000. "Myliobatis californica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myliobatis_californica.html
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Katie Schmidt, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Predators of the bat ray are California sea lions and broadnose sevengill sharks.

Known Predators:

  • California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)
  • broadnose sevengill sharks (Notorynchus cepedianus)

Anti-predator Adaptations: cryptic

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Schmidt, K. 2000. "Myliobatis californica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myliobatis_californica.html
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Katie Schmidt, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Morphology

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Bat rays are commonly distinguished from other rays because of their distinct, protruding head and large eyes ( a close look). They have a flat body with a dorsal fin at the base of the tail. The tail is whiplike and can be as long or longer than the width of the body. It is armed with a barbed stinger that is venomous. Bat rays are named for their two long pectoral fins that are shaped like the wings of a bat. The skin is smooth, dark brown or black and has no markings. Bat rays have a white underbelly. The skeleton is made of cartilage, instead of bone. Bat rays are usually born measuring 11.4 inches and can grow to reach 5.9 feet. Females are typically larger than males and have been found weighing up to 200 pounds. ( Details.)

Range mass: 0 to 0 kg.

Other Physical Features: bilateral symmetry

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Schmidt, K. 2000. "Myliobatis californica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myliobatis_californica.html
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Katie Schmidt, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Life Expectancy

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Bat rays have been known to live up to 23 years.

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
23 (high) years.

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Schmidt, K. 2000. "Myliobatis californica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myliobatis_californica.html
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Katie Schmidt, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Habitat

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Bat rays are found living close to the shores of bays, sloughs, kelp beds and coral reefs. Bat rays prefer to live in areas with sandy or muddy bottoms for it allows easier access to food. They are most commonly found in depths reaching between 3m and 12m but have occasionally been spotted as deep as 46m.

Aquatic Biomes: reef ; coastal

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Schmidt, K. 2000. "Myliobatis californica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myliobatis_californica.html
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Katie Schmidt, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Trophic Strategy

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Bat rays are carnivorous and feed on a variety of molluscs, crustaceans, and small fishes. Diet varies with the abundance of prey locally. Juveniles eat primarily clams and shrimp. Adult bat rays eat larger prey, including larger clams, crabs, shrimp, and echiuran worms.

Bat rays use their snout to dig invertebrates from the sand, making bat rays an important benthic predator. They also capture prey by lifting the body on the pectoral fin tip, flapping the pectoral tips quickly up and down, and then using the suction created by the flapping to pull sand out from under the body, exposing hidden prey. When bat rays feed on molluscs, they eat the entire animal, crush the shell inside of the mouth, spit out the hard shell pieces, and then eat the soft part of the mollusc body. Bat rays, depending on size, may burrow with their nose deeper into the sand or mud bottoms in an effort to eat larger prey.

Animal Foods: mollusks; aquatic or marine worms; aquatic crustaceans

Primary Diet: carnivore (Eats non-insect arthropods, Molluscivore )

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Schmidt, K. 2000. "Myliobatis californica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myliobatis_californica.html
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Katie Schmidt, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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Because bat rays are large predators that use their snouts to dig up food, they wind up creating extremely large pits up to 4m long and 20 cm deep. These large pits allow access to small organisms that may be the food of smaller fish. Small fish rely on this relationship with bat rays because a lot of them are unable to dig their own food out of the sand.

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Schmidt, K. 2000. "Myliobatis californica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myliobatis_californica.html
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Katie Schmidt, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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There are no known negative impacts of bat rays on humans. They were once thought to eat large numbers of cultivated oysters in coastal California. However, research demonstrated that bat rays only rarely prey on oysters.

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Schmidt, K. 2000. "Myliobatis californica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myliobatis_californica.html
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Katie Schmidt, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Conservation Status

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Bat rays were once persecuted in parts of coastal California because they were thought to prey on cultivated oysters. Bat rays were routinely killed in their nursery grounds, devastating local populations.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Schmidt, K. 2000. "Myliobatis californica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myliobatis_californica.html
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Katie Schmidt, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Untitled

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Bat ray fossils have been discovered in Pliocene deposits dating back 1 million years.

The origin of the name "bat ray" was given by Gill in 1865 because of their pectoral fins which resemble bat wings.

Bat rays have been successfully bred at Sea World.

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Schmidt, K. 2000. "Myliobatis californica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myliobatis_californica.html
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Katie Schmidt, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Reproduction

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Bat rays reproduce on an annual cycle, usually copulating during the spring or summer of one year and then giving birth the following spring or summer. The male chooses his mate by following close behind her and assessing her reproductive condition by smelling her chemical signals. When the male has found a suitable mate, he continues to swim close behind and moves under so that his back is touching her stomach. He rotates a clasper up and to the side of the female. After inserting it into her cloaca, they swim together with synchronous beats of the pectoral fins. Many times, males will fight over a particular female. The female may end up having more than one male clinging onto her pectoral fins at one time and will wait for one of the males to finally flip her into the correct position. Bat rays reproduce in large mating aggregations with the females clustering in one area. Females may lie on top of one another, burying females that have already mated or those that are not sexually mature yet. This allows less confusion for the males to pick a suitable mate.

The gestation period is between 8-12 months and the number of live young born depends upon the size of the mother but can be up to 10 pups at a time. The female enters a bay area to deliver in an effort to protect from larger predators in the ocean and to allow access to a more stable food source. The young pups do not require any parental care and are born with stingers ready to protect from predators. Before bat rays are actually born, the stinger is pliable and has a sheath that is sloughed. It protects the mother from the dangerous stinger during delivery but is immediately lost at the time of delivery. Bat rays reach sexual maturity around the age of 5 years, usually when they measure from wing tip to wing tip 67-68 cm.

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Schmidt, K. 2000. "Myliobatis californica" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myliobatis_californica.html
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Trophic Strategy

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Also in Ref. 9137.

Reference

Talent, L.G. 1982 Food habits of the gray smoothhound, Mustelus californicus, the brown smoothhound, Mustelus henlei, the shovelnose guitarfish, Rhinobatos productus, and the bat ray, Myliobatis californica, in Elkhorn Slough, California. Calif. Fish Game 68(4):224-234.

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Life Cycle

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Exhibit ovoviparity (aplacental viviparity), with embryos feeding initially on yolk, then receiving additional nourishment from the mother by indirect absorption of uterine fluid enriched with mucus, fat or protein through specialised structures (Ref. 50449).
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Biology

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Commonly found in sandy and muddy bays and sloughs, also on rocky bottom and in kelp beds (Ref. 2850). Sometimes buries itself in sand (Ref. 2850). Found singly or in schools (Ref. 12951). Feeds on bivalves, snails, polychaetes, shrimps, and crabs (Ref. 9257). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Venomous spine on tail. Not fished commercially, but shows up as by-catch species (Ref. 9257).
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Importance

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aquarium: public aquariums
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Garvleiz Kalifornia ( Breton )

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Garvleiz Kalifornia (Myliobatis californica) a zo ur pesk plat, kar d'ar rae, hag a vev e reter ar meurvor Habask, nepell diouzh aodoù Stadoù-Unanet Amerika ha Mec'hiko, hag e Galápagos.

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Tiriad garvleiz Kalifornia.
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Milana de Califòrnia ( Catalan; Valencian )

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 src=
Exemplar de les Illes Santa Bàrbara
 src=
Exemplar fotografiat a Califòrnia.
 src=
Exemplar de l'aquari de Monterey

La milana de Califòrnia (Myliobatis californica) és una espècie de peix de la família dels miliobàtids i de l'ordre dels myliobatiformes.

Morfologia

Reproducció

És ovovivípar.[8]

Alimentació

Menja bivalves, caragols, poliquets, gambes i crancs.[9]

Depredadors

Als Estats Units és depredat per Notorynchus cepedianus.[10]

Hàbitat

És un peix marí, de clima subtropical (43°N-5°S, 126°W-85°W) i demersal que viu entre 0–46 m de fondària.[5][11]

Distribució geogràfica

Es troba a l'Oceà Pacífic oriental: des d'Oregon fins al Golf de Califòrnia[12] i les Illes Galápagos.[5][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]

Observacions

És verinós per als humans.[36]

Referències

  1. Cuvier, G., 1816. Le Règne Animal distribué d'après son organisation pour servir de base à l'histoire naturelle des animaux et d'introduction à l'anatomie comparée. Les reptiles, les poissons, les mollusques et les annélides. Edition 1. Règne Animal (ed. 1) v. 2. i-xviii + 1-532.
  2. BioLib (anglès)
  3. Gill, T. N., 1865. Note on the family of myliobatoids, and on a new species of Aetobatis. Annals of the Lycium of Natural History of New York v. 8 (art. 13): 135-138.
  4. «Myliobatis californica». Catalogue of Life. (anglès) (anglès)
  5. 5,0 5,1 5,2 FishBase (anglès)
  6. Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald i H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estats Units. 336 p.
  7. IGFA, 2001. Base de dades de registres de pesca IGFA fins al 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Estats Units.
  8. Dulvy, N.K. i J.D. Reynolds, 1997. Evolutionary transitions among egg-laying, live-bearing and maternal inputs in sharks and rays. Proc. R. Soc. Lond., Ser. B: Biol. Sci. 264:1309-1315.
  9. McEachran, J.D. i G. Notarbartolo di Sciara, 1995. Myliobatidae. Aguilas marinas. p. 765-768. A: W. Fischer, F. Krupp, W. Schneider, C. Sommer, K.E. Carpenter i V. Niem (eds.) Guía FAO para Identificación de Especies para los Fines de la Pesca. Pacífico Centro-Oriental. 3 Vols. FAO, Roma.
  10. FishBase (anglès)
  11. Michael, S.W., 1993. Reef sharks and rays of the world. A guide to their identification, behavior, and ecology. Sea Challengers, Monterey, Califòrnia. 107 p.
  12. Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald i H. Hammann, 1983.
  13. Grove, J.S. i R.J. Lavenberg, 1997. The fishes of the Galápagos Islands. Stanford University Press, Stanford, 863 p.
  14. Barry, J.P., Yoklavich, M.M., Cailliet, G.M., Ambrose, D.A. i Antrim B.S., 1996. Trophic ecology of the dominant fishes in Elkhorn Slough, California, 19741980. Estuaries 19(1):115–138.
  15. Baxter, J.L., 1980. Inshore fishes of California. Sacramento, Califòrnia.
  16. Beltrán-Félix, J.L, Gregory-Hammann, M., Chagoya-Guzmán, A. i Álvarez-Borego, S., 1986. Ictiofauna del estero de Punta Banda, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, antes de una operación de dragado. Ciencias Marinas 12(1):79–92.
  17. Ebert, D.A., 2003. Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras of California. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  18. Gray, A.E., 1994. Food habits, occurrence, and population structure of the bat ray, Myliobatis californica, in Humboldt Bay, California. M.S. Thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata.
  19. Gray, A.E., Mulligan, T.J. i Hannah, R.W., 1997. Food habits, occurrence, and population structure of the bat ray, Myliobatis californica, in Humboldt Bay, California. Environmental Biology of Fishes 49(2):227–238.
  20. Hopkins, T.E. i Cech Jr., J.J., 2003. The influence of environmental variables on the distribution and abundance of three elasmobranchs in Tomales Bay, California. Environmental Biology of Fishes 66(3):279–291.
  21. Leet, W.S., Dewees, C.M., Klingbeil, R. i Larson, E.J., 2001. California's living marine resources: a status report. California Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, Califòrnia.
  22. Martin, L.K. i Cailliet, G.M., 1988. Aspects of the reproduction of the bat ray, Myliobatis californica, in Central California. Copeia 1988(3):754–762.
  23. Martin, L.K. i Cailliet, G.M., 1988. Age and growth determination of the bat ray, Myliobatis californica (Gill), in central California. Copeia 1988(3):762–773.
  24. Matern, S.A., Cech Jr., J.J. i Hopkins, T.E., 2000. Diel movements of bat rays, Myliobatis californica, in Tomales Bay, California: evidence for behavioral thermoregulation? Environmental Biology of Fishes 58(2):173–182.
  25. Morris, P.A., Domeier, M. i Stephens Jr., J., 1996. Notes on the occurrence and depth distribution of the bat ray in the southern California Bight, with comments on the effect of trawl size on estimates of abundance. California Fish and Game 82(1):48–53.
  26. Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., 1987. Myliobatiform rays fished in the southern Gulf of California (Baja California Sur, México) (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes). Memorias del V Simposium sobre Biología Marina. Universidad Autόnoma de Baja California Sur: 109–115.
  27. Roedel, P.M. i Ripley, W.E., 1950. California sharks and rays. California Fisheries Bulletin Núm. 75.
  28. Talent, L.G., 1982. Food habits of the gray smoothhound, Mustelus californicus, the brown smoothhound, Mustelus henlei, the shovelnose guitarfish, Rhinobatos productus, and the bat ray, Myliobatis californica, in Elkhorn Slough, California. California Fish and Game 68(4):224–234.
  29. Talent, L.G., 1985. The occurrence, seasonal distribution, and reproductive condition of elasmobranch fishes in Elkhorn Slough, California. California Fish and Game 71(4):210–219.
  30. Villavicencio-Garayzar, C.J., 1995. Distribución temporal y condición reproductiva de las rayas (Pisces: Batoidei), capturadas commercialmente en Bahía Almejas, B.C.S., México. Revista de Investigación Científica 6(1–2):1–12.
  31. Villavicencio Garayzar, C.J., 1996. Size, sex and reproduction of Myliobatis californica and Myliobatis longirostris (Pisces: Myliobatidae) in Baja California Sur, México. Revista de Biología Tropical 44(1):291–295.
  32. Walford, L.A., 1935. The sharks and rays of California. Fish Bulletin 45: 66.
  33. Castro-Aguirre, J.L. i H. Espinosa Pérez, 1996. Listados faunísticos de México. VII. Catálogo sistemático de las rayas y especies afines de México. (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii: Rajiformes: Batoideiomorpha). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mèxic. 75 p.
  34. Escobar-Fernández, R. i M. Siri, 1997. Nombres vernáculos y científicos de los peces del Pacífico mexicano. Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Sociedad Ictiológica Mexicana, A.C. Mexico.
  35. Shanks, A.L. i G.L. Eckert, 2005. Population persistence of California Current fishes and benthic crustaceans: a marine drift paradox. Ecol. Monogr. 75:505-524.
  36. Halstead, B.W., P.S. Auerbach i D.R. Campbell, 1990. A colour atlas of dangerous marine animals. Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd, W.S. Cowell Ltd, Ipswich, Anglaterra. 192 p.


Bibliografia

  • Anònim, 2001. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institution). Smithsonian Institution - Division of Fishes.
  • Anònim, 2002. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del American Museum of Natural History. American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West, NY 10024-5192, Estats Units.
  • Breder, C.M. i D.E. Rosen, 1966. Modes of reproduction in fishes. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City, Nova Jersey, Estats Units. 941 p.
  • Compagno, L.J.V., 1999. Checklist of living elasmobranchs. p. 471-498. A W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland, Estats Units.
  • Hinegardner, R.T., 1976. The cellular DNA content of sharks, rays, and some other fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 55B:367-370.
  • Monaco, M.E., Nelson, D.M., Emmett, R.L. i Hinton, S.A., 1990. Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in west coast estuaries, vol. 1: data summaries. NOAA Estuarine Living Marine Resources Project.
  • Museu Suec d'Història Natural. Base de dades de la col·lecció d'ictiologia. Secció d'Ictiologia, Departament de Zoologia de Vertebrats. Estocolm, Suècia, 1999.
  • Nelson, J.S., E.J. Crossman, H. Espinosa-Pérez, L.T. Findley, C.R. Gilbert, R.N. Lea i J.D. Williams, 2004. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States, Canada, and Mexico. American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 29, Bethesda, Maryland, Estats Units.
  • Parsons, C., 1986. Dangerous marine animals of the Pacific coast. Helm Publishing, San Luis Obispo, Califòrnia. 96 p.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1980. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. (12)1-174.
  • Robins, C.R., R.M. Bailey, C.E. Bond, J.R. Brooker, E.A. Lachner, R.N. Lea i W.B. Scott, 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. (20):183 p.
  • Schwartz, R.J. i M.B. Maddock, 1986. Comparisons of karyotypes and cellular DNA contents within and between major lines of elasmobranchs. A: T. Uyeno, R. Arai, T. Taniuchi i K. Matsuura (eds). Indo Pacific Fish Biology, Tòquio, Ichthyol. Soc. of Japan p. 148-157.
  • Wu, H.L., K.-T. Shao i C.F. Lai (eds.), 1999. Latin-Chinese dictionary of fishes names. The Sueichan Press, Taiwan.


Enllaços externs

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Milana de Califòrnia: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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 src= Exemplar de les Illes Santa Bàrbara  src= Exemplar fotografiat a Califòrnia.  src= Exemplar de l'aquari de Monterey

La milana de Califòrnia (Myliobatis californica) és una espècie de peix de la família dels miliobàtids i de l'ordre dels myliobatiformes.

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Kalifornischer Adlerrochen ( German )

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Der Kalifornische Adlerrochen (Myliobatis californica), oft auch Fledermausrochen genannt, ist eine Rochenart, die küstennah im östlichen Pazifik in Tiefen von einem bis 46 Metern vorkommt. Das genaue Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Oregon bis zu den Galapagosinseln und umfasst auch den Golf von Kalifornien.

Merkmale

Der Kalifornische Adlerrochen erreicht mit seinem langen, peitschenartigen Schwanz eine Länge von maximal 1,80 Metern, bleibt für gewöhnlich aber bei einer Länge von einem Meter. Kopf, Rumpf und Brustflossen ergeben eine rautenähnliches Körperprofil. Der Kopf ist kurz und abgerundet, Ober- und Unterkiefer sind mit einem aus vielen flachen Zähnen bestehenden Kauapparat besetzt. Die Knorpelfische sind auf der Oberseite bräunlich, olivfarben oder schwärzlichbraun und ungemustert. Die Bauchseite ist weiß. Der Schwanz trägt an seinem ersten Drittel, kurz hinter der kleinen Rückenflosse, einen mit Widerhaken besetzten kurzen Giftstachel. Eine Schwanzflosse fehlt. Während die primitiven Geigenrochen, sowie die Sägerochen und die Zitterrochenartigen sich wie die meisten Haie durch Stammschlängeln des Körpers und der Schwanzflosse fortbewegen und die Echten Rochen sich durch wellenförmige Bewegungen ihrer großen Brustflossen fortbewegen, schlagen Kalifornische Adlerrochen wie alle anderen Adlerrochen ähnlich wie Vögel mit ihren Flügeln mit den vergrößerten Brustflossen.

Lebensweise

Der Kalifornische Adlerrochen lebt allein oder in Gruppen küstennah in flachen Lagunen, sandigen und schlammigen Buchten, aber auch in felsiger Umgebung und in Tangwäldern. Er gräbt sich hin und wieder in den Bodengrund ein. Er ernährt sich vor allem von bodenbewohnenden Krebstieren, Weichtieren und Würmern. Wie alle Adlerrochen ist er ovovivipar. Paarungszeit ist der Sommer. Die Jungrochen, meist zehn oder etwas weniger, werden im darauf folgenden Sommer geboren.

Literatur

  • Eschmeyer, Herald, Hamann: Pacific Coast Fishes, Peterson Field Guides, ISBN 0-395-33188-9

Weblinks

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Kalifornischer Adlerrochen: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Kalifornische Adlerrochen (Myliobatis californica), oft auch Fledermausrochen genannt, ist eine Rochenart, die küstennah im östlichen Pazifik in Tiefen von einem bis 46 Metern vorkommt. Das genaue Verbreitungsgebiet reicht von Oregon bis zu den Galapagosinseln und umfasst auch den Golf von Kalifornien.

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Bat ray

provided by wikipedia EN

The bat ray (Myliobatis californica)[2][3][4] is an eagle ray found in muddy or sandy sloughs, estuaries and bays, kelp beds and rocky-bottomed shoreline in the eastern Pacific Ocean, between the Oregon coast and the Gulf of California. It is also found in the area around the Galápagos Islands.[5] The largest specimens can grow to a wingspan of 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) and a mass of 91 kg (201 lb).[6] They more typically range from 9.07–13.61 kg (20.0–30.0 lb). The size of the bat ray is dependent on many factors, such as habitat alterations, different oceanographic and environmental conditions. Bat rays have one to three venomous barbed spines at the base of its tail.[7] Some bat rays are solitary while others form schools numbering in the thousands.[8]

The sexual maturity size of the female Myliobatis california is often greater than the male one.[9] Bat rays are euryhaline, i.e. they are able to live in environments with a wide range of salinities. Predators of the bat ray include California sea lion, great white sharks and broadnose sevengill sharks. To keep themselves safe from predators, bat rays camouflage in the sand.[10]

Diet

Bat rays feed on mollusks, crustaceans and small fish on the seabed, using their winglike pectoral fins to move sand and expose prey animals. They may also use their snout to dig trenches up to 20 cm deep to expose buried prey, such as clams.[11] Bat ray teeth are flat and pavementlike, forming tightly-packed rows that are used for crushing and grinding prey—the crushed shells are ejected and the flesh consumed. As with all elasmobranchs, these teeth fall out and are replaced continuously.[5][6]

Relationship with humans

While the bat ray, like other stingrays, has a venomous spine in its tail (near the base), it is not considered dangerous and uses the spine only when attacked or frightened. Humans can avoid these spines by shuffling their feet when traversing shallow sand.[12]

Currently, the bat ray is fished commercially in Mexico but not the United States. Prehistorically, native tribes on the California coast (probably Ohlone), especially in the San Francisco Bay area, fished bat rays in large numbers, presumably for food.[13]

Commercial growers have long believed bat rays (which inhabit the same estuarine areas favored for the industry) prey on oysters and trapped them in large numbers. In fact, crabs (which are prey of bat rays) are principally responsible for oyster loss. Bat rays are not considered endangered or threatened.[6]

Bat rays are popular in marine parks, and visitors are often allowed to touch or stroke the ray, usually on the wing.

Relationship with other animals

The holes that bat rays leave behind after digging with their snouts allow smaller fish to eat the organisms hidden in the sand that they otherwise would not be able to retrieve themselves. These holes can be as large as 4 meters long and 20 centimeters deep.[14]

Life cycle

Bat ray reproduction is ovoviviparous. They mate annually, in the spring or summer, and have a gestation period of nine to twelve months. Litter sizes range from two to ten — pups emerge tail first with their pectoral fins wrapped around the body, and the venomous spine is flexible and covered in a sheath which sloughs off within hours of birth.[15] Bat rays live up to 23 years.[6][16]

Bat rays copulate while swimming with synchronized wingbeats—the male under the female. The male inserts a clasper into the female's cloaca, channeling semen into the orifice to fertilize her eggs.[16]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ van Hees, K.; Pien, C.; Ebert, D.A.; Cailliet, G.M.; Smith, W.D. (2015). "Myliobatis californicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T39416A80677869. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T39416A80677869.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
  2. ^ Gill, T.N. (1865). "Note on the family of myliobatoids, and on a new species of Aetobatis". Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. 8, 135–138.
  3. ^ "Myliobatis californica". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 11 March 2006.
  4. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2006). "Myliobatis californica" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
  5. ^ a b Florida Museum of Natural History. Bat Ray Biological Profile. Retrieved 2006-01-16.
  6. ^ a b c d Monterey Bay Aquarium Online Field Guide. Bat Ray. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
  7. ^ "Bat Ray". montereybayaquarium.org. Monterey Bay Aquarium. September 2006. Retrieved 2 November 2016.
  8. ^ "Bat Rays ~ MarineBio Conservation Society". 2017-05-18. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  9. ^ Hernandez-Herrera, A., Galvan-Magana, F., Patricia Ceballos-Vazquez, B., Pelamatti, T., García-Rodríguez, A., Hernández-Herrera, A., Galván-Magaña, F., Ceballos-Vázquez, B., & Tovar-Ávila, J. (2020). Estimation of the size at sexual maturity of the bat ray (Myliobatis californica) in northwestern Mexico through a multi-model inference. Fisheries Research, 231
  10. ^ Program, Morro Bay National Estuary (2017-01-27). "Morro Bay Wildlife Spot Light: Bat Rays". Morro Bay National Estuary Program. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  11. ^ Schmidt, Katie. "Myliobatis californica (Bat ray)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  12. ^ Program, Morro Bay National Estuary (2017-01-27). "Morro Bay Wildlife Spot Light: Bat Rays". Morro Bay National Estuary Program. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  13. ^ Gobalet, Kenneth W., Peter D. Schulz, Thomas A. Wake and Nelson Siefkin (2004). "Archaeological perspectives on native American fisheries of California, with emphasis on steelhead and salmon". Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 133 (4), 801–833.
  14. ^ Schmidt, Katie. "Myliobatis californica (Bat ray)". Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  15. ^ "The Pelagic Shark Research Foundation - Research - Methods". www.pelagic.org. Retrieved 2022-10-20.
  16. ^ a b MarineBio.org. Bat Ray. Retrieved 2006-01-16

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Bat ray: Brief Summary

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The bat ray (Myliobatis californica) is an eagle ray found in muddy or sandy sloughs, estuaries and bays, kelp beds and rocky-bottomed shoreline in the eastern Pacific Ocean, between the Oregon coast and the Gulf of California. It is also found in the area around the Galápagos Islands. The largest specimens can grow to a wingspan of 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) and a mass of 91 kg (201 lb). They more typically range from 9.07–13.61 kg (20.0–30.0 lb). The size of the bat ray is dependent on many factors, such as habitat alterations, different oceanographic and environmental conditions. Bat rays have one to three venomous barbed spines at the base of its tail. Some bat rays are solitary while others form schools numbering in the thousands.

The sexual maturity size of the female Myliobatis california is often greater than the male one. Bat rays are euryhaline, i.e. they are able to live in environments with a wide range of salinities. Predators of the bat ray include California sea lion, great white sharks and broadnose sevengill sharks. To keep themselves safe from predators, bat rays camouflage in the sand.

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Myliobatis californica ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Myliobatis californica es una especie de pez de la familia Myliobatidae en el orden de los Rajiformes.

Morfología

Los machos pueden llegar alcanzar los 180 cm de longitud total y 82,1 kg de peso.

Tiene un aguijón venenoso en la cola.[1][2][3]

Reproducción

Es ovíparo.

Alimentación

Come bivalvos, caracoles, poliquetos, gambas y cangrejos.

Myliobatis californica pt lobos.jpg
 src=
En las costas de Norteamérica es depredado por Notorynchus cepedianus.

Hábitat

Es un pez de mar y de clima subtropical 43°N-5°S, 126°W-85°W) y demersal que vive entre 0-46 m de profundidad.

Batray 300.jpg

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentra en el Océano Pacífico oriental: desde Oregon hasta el Golfo de California y las Islas Galápagos.

Observaciones

Es venenoso para los humanos.

Myliobatus californica monterey.jpg

Referencias

  1. "Myliobatis californica". En FishBase (Rainer Froese y Daniel Pauly, eds.). Consultada en septiembre de 2011. N.p.: FishBase, 2011.
  2. Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald i H. Hammann, 1983. A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America. Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Estados Unidos. 336 p.
  3. IGFA, 2001. Base de dades de registres de pesca IGFA fins al 2001. IGFA, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, Estados Unidos.

Bibliografía

  • Fenner, Robert M.: The Conscientious Marine Aquarist. Neptune City, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos : T.F.H. Publications, 2001.
  • Helfman, G., B. Collette y D. Facey: The diversity of fishes. Blackwell Science, Malden, Massachusetts, Estados Unidos , 1997.
  • Hoese, D.F. 1986: . A M.M. Smith y P.C. Heemstra (eds.) Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín, Alemania.
  • Maugé, L.A. 1986. A J. Daget, J.-P. Gosse i D.F.E. Thys van den Audenaerde (eds.) Check-list of the freshwater fishes of Africa (CLOFFA). ISNB Bruselas; MRAC, Tervuren, Flandes; y ORSTOM, París, Francia. Vol. 2.
  • Moyle, P. y J. Cech.: Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 4a. edición, Upper Saddle River, Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos: Prentice-Hall. Año 2000.
  • Nelson, J.: Fishes of the World, 3a. edición. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: John Wiley and Sons. Año 1994.
  • Wheeler, A.: The World Encyclopedia of Fishes, 2a. edición, Londres: Macdonald. Año 1985.

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Myliobatis californica: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Myliobatis californica es una especie de pez de la familia Myliobatidae en el orden de los Rajiformes.

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Myliobatis californica ( Basque )

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Myliobatis californica Myliobatis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Myliobatidae familian sailkatzen da.

Erreferentziak

  1. Froese, Rainer & Pauly, Daniel ed. (2006), Myliobatis californica FishBase webgunean. 2006ko apirilaren bertsioa.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Myliobatis californica: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Myliobatis californica Myliobatis generoko animalia da. Arrainen barruko Myliobatidae familian sailkatzen da.

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Myliobatis californica ( French )

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Myliobatis californica est une espèce de raie.

Voir aussi

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Myliobatis californica: Brief Summary ( French )

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Myliobatis californica est une espèce de raie.

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Myliobatis californica ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Myliobatis californica is een vissensoort uit de familie van de adelaarsroggen (Myliobatidae).[1] De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1865 door Gill.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  1. (en) Myliobatis californica. FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 02 2013 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2013.
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Myliobatis californica ( Swedish )

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Myliobatis californica[5] är en rockeart som beskrevs av Gill 1865. Myliobatis californica ingår i släktet Myliobatis och familjen örnrockor.[6][7] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[6]

Utseende

Arten kännetecknas av ett framskjutande huvud med stora ögon. Liksom hos andra rockor är bålen platt och vid svansens ansats finns en ryggfena. Svansen är vanligen lika lång eller längre än bålen. Bröstfenorna påminner om stora vingar, som hos en örn. Kroppen har på ovansidan en mörkbrun till svart färg och undersidan är vitaktig. Myliobatis californica blir inklusive svans upp till 1,85 m lång och bredd ("vingspann"). Honor är oftast större än hanar. Vissa honor kan väga 91 kg men de flesta individerna är lättare. Arten har även en tagg på svansen men den används sällan.[8][1]

Utbredning och habitat

Denna örnrocka förekommer vid Nordamerikas västra kustlinje från Oregon till mellersta Mexiko. En avskild population finns vid Galapagosöarna (enligt IUCN:s karta och Catalogue of Life[6]). Arten vistas i grunda havsområden som sällan är djupare än 100 meter.[1]

Ekologi

Individerna simmar ensam eller i mer eller mindre stora grupper. De rör sig ganska fort och kan hoppa ur vattnet.[8]

Honor föder levande ungar (ovovivipari) cirka ett år efter äggens befruktning. Per kull föds 2 till 12 ungar. När ungarna föds är de cirka 20 cm långa. Hanar blir könsmogna efter 2 till 3 år och de är vid tidpunkten cirka 60 cm långa. Honor blir först efter 5 år könsmogna när de är cirka 90 cm långa. Livslängden går upp till 24 år.[1]

Arten hittar sin föda som består av ryggradslösa djur och fiskrom på havets botten. Myliobatis californicus blir själv jagad av större hajar som Notorynchus cepedianus eller vithaj samt av sjölejon.[1]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d e f] 2006 Myliobatis californica Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Castro-Aguirre, J.L. and H. Espinosa Perez (1996) Listados faunísticos de México. VII. Catálogo sistemático de las rayas y especies afines de México. (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii: Rajiformes: Batoideiomorpha)., Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico. 75 p.
  3. ^ Compagno, L.J.V. (1999) Checklist of living elasmobranchs., p. 471-498. In W.C. Hamlett (ed.) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland.
  4. ^ Eschmeyer, W.N. (ed.) (1999) Catalog of fishes. Updated database version of November 1999., Catalog databases as made available to FishBase in November 1999.
  5. ^ Eschmeyer, W.N., E.S. Herald and H. Hammann (1983) A field guide to Pacific coast fishes of North America., Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, U.S.A. 336 p.
  6. ^ [a b c] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (28 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/myliobatis+californica/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  7. ^ FishBase. Froese R. & Pauly D. (eds), 2011-06-14, Myliobatis californica
  8. ^ [a b] K. Schmidt (28 april 2000). ”Bat ray” (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Myliobatis_californica/. Läst 20 september 2015.


Externa länkar

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Myliobatis californica: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Myliobatis californica är en rockeart som beskrevs av Gill 1865. Myliobatis californica ingår i släktet Myliobatis och familjen örnrockor. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

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Калифорнийский орляк ( Russian )

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 src=
Калифорнийские орляки встречаются в зарослях водорослей

Ареал и места обитания

Калифорнийские орляки обитают у восточного побережья Северной Америки, в водах США и Мексики, включая Калифорнийский залив[4]. Они держатся на мелководье от зоны прибоя до глубины 108 м. Предпочитают песчаное и каменистое дно и заросли водорослей. Возможно, в поисках пищи эти скаты совершают суточные миграции, в прохладное время перемещаясь в тёплые прибрежные воды, а в жару уходят на глубину[6].

 src=
Калифорнийские орляки часто охотятся у дна

Описание

Грудные плавники калифорнийских орляков, основание которых расположено позади глаз, срастаются с головой, образуя ромбовидный плоский диск. Ширина диска превышает длину, края плавников имеют форму заострённых («крыльев»). Рыло притуплённое, его окружает единственная мясистая лопасть, которая почти достигает грудных плавников. Голова короткая и закруглённая. Кнутовидный хвост длиннее диска. Брюшные плавники широкие, задний край образует почти прямую линию. Позади крупных глаз расположены брызгальца. На вентральной поверхности диска имеются 5 пар жаберных щелей, рот и ноздри. Между ноздрями пролегает кожный лоскут. Зубы образуют плоскую трущую поверхность, состоящую из нескольких рядов шестигранных пластин на каждой челюсти. На дорсальной поверхности сразу позади небольшого спинного плавника на хвосте присутствует ядовитый шип. Окраска дорсальной поверхности диска ровного тёмно-коричневатого или чёрного цвета. Кожа гладкая, без чешуи[6]. Максимальная зарегистрированная ширина диска 180 см, а вес 82,1 кг. В среднем ширина диска составляет 1 м[3]. Согласно другим источникам максимальный зарегистрированный вес 91 кг[6].

Биология

Эти скаты встречаются по одиночке или группами, иногда с другими орляками. Подобно прочим хвостоколообразным калифорнийские орляки относятся к яйцеживородящим рыбам. Эмбрионы развиваются в утробе матери, питаясь желтком и гистотрофомruen. В помёте до 12 новорождённых с диском шириной 22—35,6 см и весом около 1 кг. Беременность длится 9—12 месяцев. Самки приносят потомство ежегодно. Спаривание происходит весной и летом, а новорожденные появляются на свет в это же время через год. Скаты рождаются хвостом вперёд, с грудными плавниками, обёрнутыми вокруг тела. В целом они крупнее и становятся половозрелыми позже самцов. Самцы и самки достигают половой зрелости при ширине диска 50—62,2 см и 81 см соответственно, что соответствует возрасту 2—3 и 5-6 лет. Максимальная продолжительность жизни оценивается в 23—24 года[4][6].

Рацион в первую очередь состоит из двустворчатых моллюсков, крабов, креветов, полихет и небольших костистых рыб. Исследование содержимого желудков 500 скатов, проведённое в водах Калифорнии, показало, что его основу составляют двустворчатые. С возрастом рацион скатов становится более разнообразным. Калифорнийские орляки выкапывают добычу рылом из грунта. Кроме того, взмахами грудных плавников они создают движение воды, которое поднимает грунт, открывая зарывшихся в песке животных. Калифорнийские орляки в свою очередь могут стать добычей крупных рыб, например, акул, таких как белая акула и плоскоголовая семижаберная акула, и морских млекопитающих[6].

 src=
На калифорнийских орляков охотятся плоскоголовые семижаберные акулы

На калифорнийских орляках паразитируют моногенеи Dendromonocotyle californica[7], Pseudoentobdella pacifica и Udonella caligorum[8], трематода Probolitrema richiardii[9] и разные виды цестод[10].

Взаимодействие с человеком

Калифорнийские орляки не являются объектом целевого коммерческого промысла. Они попадаются в качестве прилова в донные тралы, жаберные сети и ярусы. Мясо используют в пищу. Эти скаты являются ценным трофеем для рыболовов-любителей. Их часто содержат в публичных аквариумах. Из-за ядовитого шипа на хвосте представляют потенциальную опасность для человека[6]. Международный союз охраны природы присвоил этому виду охранный статус «Вызывающий наименьшие опасения»[4].

Примечания

  1. Решетников Ю. С., Котляр А. Н., Расс Т. С., Шатуновский М. И. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Рыбы. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1989. — С. 46. — 12 500 экз.ISBN 5-200-00237-0.
  2. Жизнь животных. Том 4. Ланцетники. Круглоротые. Хрящевые рыбы. Костные рыбы / под ред. Т. С. Расса, гл. ред. В. Е. Соколов. — 2-е изд. — М.: Просвещение, 1983. — С. 49. — 300 000 экз.
  3. 1 2 Калифорнийский орляк (англ.) в базе данных FishBase.
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  9. Curran, S. S. & Blend, C. K. & Overstreet, R. M. Nagmia rodmani n. sp., Nagmia cisloi n. sp., and Probolitrema richiardii (López, 1888) (Gorgoderidae: Anaporrhutinae) from Elasmobranchs in the Gulf of California, Mexico // Comparative Parasitology. — 2009. — Vol. 76, № (1). — P. 6—18. — DOI:10.1654/4356.1.
  10. Myliobatis californica (неопр.). Shark References. Проверено 19 июля 2015.
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Калифорнийский орляк: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
 src= Калифорнийские орляки встречаются в зарослях водорослей
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