Peyssonnelia is a genus of thalloid red alga,[1] named after naturalist Jean-André Peyssonnel (1694–1759) It includes the algae commonly known as rumoi-iwanokawa, mayoi-iwanokawa and akase-iwanokawa. Specimens can reach around 20 cm in size. Peyssonnelia produces tetraspores.
Taxonomy and Nomenclature
Peyssonnelia belongs to class Florideophyceae, of the order Peyssonneliales and Family Peyssonneliaceae. There are 89 currently recognized species as of 2021.[2] Its lectotype is Peyssonnelia squamaria.[3] The genus is the largest in the Peyssonneliaceae.
Segregate Genera
The genera Cruoriella and Cruoriopsis are sometimes considered to be part of Peyssonnelia, but a 2007 dissertation by Krayesky separates them.[4]
Morphology
Peyssonnelia squamaria (S. G. Gmelin) Decaisne, 1839 (Gery, 2011)
The genus is calcareous and is characterized by crustose, prostrate thalli attached to the substrate by uni- or multicellular rhizoids. Thalli may be partially or fully calcified, with calcium carbonate deposited as aragonite crystals. It also exhibits a dorsiventral thallus arrangement. The cells are arranged in 2 or 3 layers: The hypothallus or the basal layer lies more or less parallel to the substratum, with the perithallus layer lying over it in the form of erect filaments. In some species, a middle layer known as a mesothallus is present. Most species have a simple morphology and a highly variable anatomy. They differ from other coralline algae such as Corallineaceae via their reproductive structures, which are confined to nemathecia - external pustules which form from the surface cells.[2][5][6]
Distribution
The genus is distributed in arctic and temperate to subtropical and tropical waters.[5][2]
Ecology
Peyssonnelia squamaria (S. G. Gmelin) Decaisne, 1839 (Gery, 2011)
Peyssonnelia occurs in intertidal to shallow subtidal waters, and have also been found to occur in deep-water habitats, existing as far as 288 m depths in the Bahamas, which makes them some of the deepest occurring photosynthetic organisms.[2][5][6] Being a calcareous alga, Peyssonnelia contributes to consolidating and building coral reefs. This also makes them among the algae which are vulnerable to ocean acidification.[7] However, a study in 2018 found that while CO3 concentrations of Peyssonnelia squamaria decreased after exposure to elevated CO2 levels, the photosynthetic performance actually increased, suggesting that the species has the capacity for self-regulation under acidic conditions, and may benefit from a more acidified ocean.[8]
Life History
Peyssonnelia sp. from Reunion Island (Bourjon, 2014)
A study conducted on nine Peyssonnelia species collected from Spain found that most species possessed fertile tetrasporophytes in Autumn, suggesting this is the season of peak reproduction, followed by spring.[9] Information on the life cycle of Peyssonnelia is limited, however, based on culture studies, tetraspores grow into discs and can reach up to 300 um in 10 days. Gametangial sori develop and release gametes and develop into carposporangia.[10]
Chemical Composition
A study in 2009 found that extracts of a certain Peyssonnelia species contained peyssonoic acids A-B (1-2), which are growth inhibitors for bacteria (Pseudoalteromonas bacteriolytica) and fungal pathogens (Lindra thalassiae) of marine algae, as evidenced by strong antimicrobial activities in the ecological assays.[11] It was also reported that Peyssonnelia sp. inhibited another fungal pathogen, Dendryphiella salina, but not through peyssonoic acids A-B (1-2), suggesting it has other secondary metabolites to defend against the fungus which remain unexplored. Peyssonoic acids A-B (1-2) were also tested for inhibition of human ovarian cancer cell lines, with 2 showing higher inhibitory activity than 1.[11] These results suggest the pharmaceutical potential of Peyssonnelia and warrant further research into the chemical components of this genus.
Cultivation and Utilization
Currently there does not appear to be any literature on the cultivation or utilization of Peyssonnelia since information regarding its chemical composition is currently rather limited.
Species
The species currently recognized are:
- P. abyssica
- P. antiqua
- P. armorica
- P. asiatica
- P. atropurpurea
- P. balanicola
- P. bicolor
- P. boergesenii
- P. bornetii
- P. boudouresquei
- P. calcea
- P. capensis
- P. caulifera
- P. clarionensis
- P. conchicola
- P. coriacea
- P. crispata
- P. dawsonii
- P. delicata
- P. distenda
- P. dubyi
- P. evae
- P. flavescens
- P. foliosa
- P. foveolata
- P. guadalupensis
- P. hairii
- P. hancockii
- P. hariotii
- P. harveyana
- P. imbricans
- P. immersa
- P. inamoena
- P. indica
- P. intermedia
- P. involvens
- P. japonica
- P. johanseni
- P. lemoinei
- P. luciparensis
- P. luzonensis
- P. magdalenae
- P. magna
- P. mariodinalis
- P. maris-rubri
- P. mariti
- P. meridionalis
- P. mexicana
- P. neocaledonica
- P. nitida
- P. nordstedtii
- P. novae-hollandiae
- P. obbesii
- P. obscura
- P. orientalis
- P. pacifica
- P. polymorpha
- P. profunda
- P. rara-avis
- P. replicata
- P. rosa-marina
- P. rosenvingei
- P. rubra
- P. rugosa
- P. rumoiana
- P. simulans
- P. splendens
- P. squamaria
- P. stoechas
- P. thomassinii
- P. valentinii
References
- Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2008). "Peyssonnelia". AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
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^ Schneider, C. W.; Reading, R. P. (1987). "A revision of the genus Peyssonnelia (Rhodophyta, Cryptonemiales) from North Carolina, including P. atlantica new species". Bulletin of Marine Science. 40 (2): 175–192.
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^ a b c d Pestana, Edilene Maria dos Santos; Nunes, José Marcos de Castro; Cassano, Valéria; Lyra, Goia de Mattos (2021-10-13). "Taxonomic revision of the Peyssonneliales (Rhodophyta): Circumscribing the authentic Peyssonnelia clade and proposing four new genera and seven new species". Journal of Phycology. 57 (6): 1749–1767. doi:10.1111/jpy.13207. ISSN 0022-3646. PMID 34448497. S2CID 237321243.
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^ M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. August 12, 2021. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. https://www.algaebase.org; searched on January 24, 2022.
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^ Krayesky, David M (2007). "Phylogenetic and developmental studies in selected red algae, with a focus on taxa from the Gulf of Mexico". University of Louisiana, Lafayette, Louisiana (PhD dissertation).
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^ a b c Krayesky, David M.; Norris, James N.; Gabrielson, Paul W.; Gabriel, Daniela; Fredericq, Suzanne (2009). "A new order of red algae based on the Peyssonneliaceae, with an evaluation of the ordinal classification of the Florideophyceae (Rhodophyta)". Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington. 122 (3): 364–391. doi:10.2988/08-43.1. ISSN 0006-324X. S2CID 86232035.
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^ a b Ballantine, David L.; Ruiz, Hector (2010). "Two new deepwater Peyssonnelia species, Peyssonnelia iridescens and Peyssonnelia gigaspora (Peyssonneliaceae, Rhodophyta) from Puerto Rico, Caribbean Sea". Phycologia. 49 (6): 537–544. doi:10.2216/09-88.1. ISSN 0031-8884. S2CID 86043337.
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^ Horta, Paulo Antunes; Riul, Pablo; Amado Filho, Gilberto M.; Gurgel, Carlos Frederico D.; Berchez, Flávio; Nunes, José Marcos de Castro; Scherner, Fernando; Pereira, Sonia; Lotufo, Tito; Peres, Letícia; Sissini, Marina (2016). "Rhodoliths in Brazil: Current knowledge and potential impacts of climate change". Brazilian Journal of Oceanography. 64 (spe2): 117–136. doi:10.1590/s1679-875920160870064sp2. ISSN 1679-8759.
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^ Yıldız, Gamze (2018-08-10). "Physiological Responses of the Mediterranean Subtidal Alga Peyssonnelia squamaria to Elevated CO2". Ocean Science Journal. 53 (4): 691–698. doi:10.1007/s12601-018-0044-9. ISSN 1738-5261. S2CID 91998672.
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^ Boisset, F. (1992). "On the Reproductive Phenology of Some Species of Peyssonnelia (Cryptonemiales, Rhodophyta) from the Mediterranean Coasts of Spain". Botanica Marina. 35 (1). doi:10.1515/botm.1992.35.1.47. ISSN 0006-8055. S2CID 84388858.
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^ Maggs, Christine A.; Irvine, Linda M. (1983). "Peyssonnelia immersasp. nov. (Cryptonemiales, Rhodophyta) from the British Isles and France, with a survey of infrageneric classification". British Phycological Journal. 18 (3): 219–238. doi:10.1080/00071618300650241. ISSN 0007-1617.
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^ a b Lane, Amy L.; Mular, Laurlynn; Drenkard, Elizabeth J.; Shearer, Tonya L.; Engel, Sebastian; Fredericq, Suzanne; Fairchild, Craig R.; Prudhomme, Jacques; Le Roch, Karine; Hay, Mark E.; Aalbersberg, William (2009). "Ecological leads for natural product discovery: novel sesquiterpene hydroquinones from the red macroalga Peyssonnelia sp". Tetrahedron. 66 (2): 455–461. doi:10.1016/j.tet.2009.11.042. ISSN 0040-4020. PMC 2908918. PMID 20661312.
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