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Indian Long Pepper

Piper longum L.

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Used medicinally.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 4: 119 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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eFloras.org
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Description

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Climbers to several m long, dioecious; many parts very finely powdery pubescent when young. Stems often flexuous. Petiole 0-9 cm, leaves toward base of stem long petiolate, those at apex of stem sometimes nearly sessile and clasping, very finely powdery pubescent; prophyll ca. 1/3 as long as petiole; leaf blades toward base of stem ovate to ± reniform, those at apex of stem ovate to ovate-oblong, 6-12 × 3-12 cm, papery, densely glandular, base cordate, basal lobes rounded and equal, slightly incurved, leaf blades toward apex of stem sometimes with basal lobes overlapping, slightly unequal, apex acute to acuminate; veins 7, apical pair partly closely parallel to midvein, reaching leaf apex, others basal; reticulate veins lax. Spikes leaf-opposed, recurved. Male spikes 4-5 cm × ca. 3 mm; peduncle 2-3 cm; bracts suborbicular, sometimes slightly cuneate, ca. 1.5 mm wide, peltate, glabrous, stalk short. Stamens 2; filaments very short; anthers ellipsoid. Female spikes (1-) 1.5-2.5 cm × 2.5-4 mm, 2-3 cm in fruit; peduncle and rachis as in male spikes; bracts 0.9-1 mm in diam. Ovary ovoid, partly connate to rachis; stigmas 3, ovoid, apex acute. Drupe globose, ca. 2 mm in diam., apex umbonate, partly connate to rachis. Fl. Jul-Oct.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 4: 119 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Distribution

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Himalaya (Nepal to Bhutan), India, Ceylon, Malaysia.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
author
K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
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Distribution

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SE to SW Yunnan; cultivated in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan [India, Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Vietnam]
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 4: 119 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
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eFloras

Elevation Range

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200-800 m
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Annotated Checklist of the Flowering Plants of Nepal @ eFloras.org
author
K.K. Shrestha, J.R. Press and D.A. Sutton
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Habitat

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Forests; circa 600 m.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 4: 119 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Synonym

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Chavica roxburghii Miquel.
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cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 4: 119 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
source
Flora of China @ eFloras.org
editor
Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
project
eFloras.org
original
visit source
partner site
eFloras

Long pepper

provided by wikipedia EN

Long pepper (Piper longum), sometimes called Indian long pepper or pippali, is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. Long pepper has a taste similar to, but hotter than, that of its close relative Piper nigrum – from which black, green and white pepper are obtained.

The fruit of the pepper consists of many minuscule fruits – each about the size of a poppy seed – embedded in the surface of a flower spike that closely resembles a hazel tree catkin. Like Piper nigrum, the fruits contain the pungent compound piperine, which contributes to their pungency. Another species of long pepper, Piper retrofractum, is native to Java, Indonesia. The fruits of this plant are often confused with chili peppers, which belong to the genus Capsicum, originally from the Americas.

History

The oldest known reference to long pepper comes from ancient Indian textbooks of Ayurveda, where its medicinal and dietary uses are described in detail. It reached Greece in the sixth or fifth century BCE, though Hippocrates discussed it as a medicament rather than a spice.[1] Among the Greeks and Romans and prior to the Columbian exchange, long pepper was an important and well-known spice.

The ancient history of black pepper is often interlinked with (and confused with) that of long pepper, though Theophrastus distinguished the two in the first work of botany. The Romans knew of both and often referred to either as just piper; Pliny erroneously believed dried black pepper and long pepper came from the same plant.

Round, or black, pepper began to compete with long pepper in Europe from the twelfth century and had displaced it by the fourteenth. The quest for cheaper and more dependable sources of black pepper fueled the Age of Discovery.

Only after the discovery of the American continents and of chili pepper, called by the Spanish pimiento, employing their word for long pepper, did the popularity of long pepper fade away.[2] Chili peppers, some of which, when dried, are similar in shape and taste to long pepper, were easier to grow in a variety of locations more convenient to Europe. Today, long pepper is a rarity in general commerce.

Etymology

The word pepper itself is derived from the word for long pepper, Tamil word pippali.[3][4] The plant itself is a native of India. The word pepper in bell pepper, referring to completely different plants under genus Capsicum, is of the same etymology. That usage began in the 16th century.[5]

Usage

Dried long pepper catkins
Ganthoda, the root of long pepper

Though often used in medieval times in spice mixes like "strong powder", long pepper is today a very rare ingredient in European cuisines, but it can still be found in Indian and Nepalese vegetable pickles, some North African spice mixtures, and in Indonesian and Malaysian cooking. It is readily available at Indian grocery stores, where it is usually labeled pippali. Pippali is the main spice of Nihari, one of the national dishes of Pakistan and the Indian metropolis of Lucknow.

See also

References

  1. ^ Toussaint-Samat, Maguelonne (2009) [1992]. The History of Food. Translated by Bell, Anthea (revised ed.). Blackwell. ISBN 978-0631177418.
  2. ^ Hyman, Philippe; Hyman, Mary (June 1980). "Connaissez-vous le poivre long?". L'Histoire. 24.
  3. ^ Rawlinson, H. G. (1916). Intercourse Between India and the Western World: From the Earliest Times of the Fall of Rome. ISBN 9788120615496.
  4. ^ Barnett, Lionel D. (1914). Antiquities of India: An Account of the History and Culture of Ancient Hindustan. p. 14. ISBN 9788171564422.
  5. ^ "Pepper". Oxford English Dictionary (OED). Vol. 7 N–Poy (1 Corrected re-issue ed.). Oxford, UK. 1913. p. 663. Retrieved 2023-04-28. definition 1c, 2b
  6. ^ Kim, KS; Kim, JA; Eom, SY; Lee, SH; Min, KR; Kim, Y (February 2006). "Inhibitory effect of piperlonguminine on melanin production in melanoma B16 cell line by downregulation of tyrosinase expression". Pigment Cell Research. 19 (1): 90–8. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2005.00281.x. PMID 16420250.
  7. ^ Lee, W; Yoo, H; Kim, J. A; Lee, S; Jee, J. G; Lee, M. Y; Lee, Y. M; Bae, J. S (2013). "Barrier protective effects of piperlonguminine in LPS-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 58: 149–57. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.027. PMID 23619565.
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Wikipedia authors and editors
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wikipedia EN

Long pepper: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Long pepper (Piper longum), sometimes called Indian long pepper or pippali, is a flowering vine in the family Piperaceae, cultivated for its fruit, which is usually dried and used as a spice and seasoning. Long pepper has a taste similar to, but hotter than, that of its close relative Piper nigrum – from which black, green and white pepper are obtained.

The fruit of the pepper consists of many minuscule fruits – each about the size of a poppy seed – embedded in the surface of a flower spike that closely resembles a hazel tree catkin. Like Piper nigrum, the fruits contain the pungent compound piperine, which contributes to their pungency. Another species of long pepper, Piper retrofractum, is native to Java, Indonesia. The fruits of this plant are often confused with chili peppers, which belong to the genus Capsicum, originally from the Americas.

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Wikipedia authors and editors
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wikipedia EN