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Thelazia callipaeda

Thelazia callipaeda

provided by wikipedia EN

Thelazia callipaeda is a parasitic nematode, and the most common cause of thelaziasis (or eyeworm infestation) in humans, dogs and cats.[1] It was first discovered in the eyes of a dog in China in 1910.[2] By 2000, over 250 human cases had been reported in the medical literature.[3]

Morphology

The adult Thelazia callipaeda worm typically measures 5 to 20 mm in length and 250 to 800 µm in diameter. The males tend to be smaller than the females in size. In distinguishing this species from other worms, they have a distinct buccal capsule and a cuticle with spaced transverse striations giving it a ridged appearance. Adult females could also be identified by the position of their vulva which is anterior to the oesophagus-intestinal junction. The males can be distinguished by their possession of five pairs of postcloacal papillae.[4]

Hosts

In addition to humans, cats and dogs,[1] definitive hosts of T. callipaeda include the wolf (Canis lupus), raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides), red fox (Vulpes fulva), and European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). This species has been found in China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Russia, Switzerland, Taiwan, Croatia and Thailand.[5]

Two intermediate hosts have been identified so far: Phortica variegata (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in Europe and Phortica okadai in China,[6] which feed on tears of humans and carnivores.[7] Some data suggests that only the males of A. (P.) variegata carry Thelazia callipaeda larvae, making Thelazia the only parasite species known to be spread exclusively by a male vector.[8][9]

Life cycle

The eggs of Thelazia callipaeda develop into first stage larvae (L1), in utero while the female is in the tissues in and around the eye of the definitive host.[10] The female deposits these larvae, which are still enclosed in the egg membranes, in the tears (lacrymal secretions) of the host. When a tear-feeding fly (intermediate host) feeds, it ingests the T. callipaeda larvae. Once inside the fly, the L1 larvae "hatch" from the egg membrane and penetrate the gut wall. They remain in the hemocoel (the fly's circulatory system) for 2 days, and then invade either the fat body or testes of the flies. In these tissues, the larvae develop into third stage larvae (L3). The L3 migrates to the head of the fly, and is released in or near the eye of a new host mammal when the fly feeds again. Once in the eye, eyelid, tear glands, or tear ducts of the mammalian host, the L3 larvae develop through the L4 larval stage and into adults in about 1 month. The seasonal timing of L1 and L4 larvae in the lacrymal (tear) secretions of naturally infested dogs in Italy was found to coincide with the activity of the fly vectors.[11]

Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment

Thelazia callipaeda in the eye of a dog

Symptoms of T. callipaeda infestation include conjunctivitis, excessive watering (lacrimation), visual impairment, and ulcers or scarring of the cornea. In some cases, the only symptom is the worm obscuring the host's vision as a "floater".[12]

Diagnosis is made by finding the adult worms in the eye or surrounding tissues. Human cases are treated by simply removing the worms. In canines, topical imidacloprid with moxidectin,[13] or milbemycin oxime (Interceptor)[14] have been recommended.

In canines, prevention against canine thelaziosis by monthly administrations of a combination of milbemycin oxime and afoxolaner has been found effective.[15]

References

  1. ^ a b do Vale, Beatriz; Lopes, Ana Patrícia; da Conceição Fontes, Maria; Silvestre, Mário; Cardoso, Luís; Coelho, Ana Cláudia (2020). "Systematic review on infection and disease caused by Thelazia callipaeda in Europe: 2001–2020". Parasite. 27: 52. doi:10.1051/parasite/2020048. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 7526429. PMID 32996882. open access
  2. ^ Railliet A, Henry A (1910). "Nouvelles observations sur les Thélazies, Nématodes parasites de l'oeil". Comptes rendus des séances de la Société de biologie et de ses filiales. 68: 213–216, 783–785.
  3. ^ Koyama Y, Ohira A, Kono T, Yoneyama T, Shiwaku K (April 2000). "Five cases of thelaziasis". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 84 (4): 439c–439. doi:10.1136/bjo.84.4.439c. PMC 1723424. PMID 10777285.
  4. ^ Otranto, Domenico; Eberhard, Mark (23 March 2011). "Zoonotic helminths affecting the human eye". Parasites & Vectors. 4 (41): 1756-3305. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-41. PMC 3071329. PMID 21429191.
  5. ^ Otranto D, Dutto M (April 2008). "Human thelaziasis, Europe" (Free full text). Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (4): 647–9. doi:10.3201/eid1404.071205. PMC 2570937. PMID 18394285.
  6. ^ Otranto D, Lia RP, Cantacessi C, Testini G, Troccoli A, Shen JL, Wang ZX (December 2005). "Nematode biology and larval development of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in the drosophilid intermediate host in Europe and China". Parasitology. 131 (Pt 6): 847–55. doi:10.1017/S0031182005008395. PMID 16336738. S2CID 32500537.
  7. ^ Otranto D, Brianti E, Cantacessi C, Lia RP, Máca J (December 2006). "The zoophilic fruitfly Phortica variegata: morphology, ecology and biological niche". Medical and Veterinary Entomology. 20 (4): 358–64. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2915.2006.00643.x. PMID 17199746. S2CID 29371796.
  8. ^ Otranto D, Cantacessi C, Testini G, Lia RP (September 2006). "Phortica variegata as an intermediate host of Thelazia callipaeda under natural conditions: evidence for pathogen transmission by a male arthropod vector". International Journal for Parasitology. 36 (10–11): 1167–73. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.06.006. PMID 16842795.
  9. ^ Otranto D, Stevens JR, Cantacessi C, Gasser RB (March 2008). "Parasite transmission by insects: a female affair?". Trends in Parasitology. 24 (3): 116–20. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2007.12.005. PMID 18258484.
  10. ^ Anderson, Roy C. (2000). "T. callipaeda Railliet and Henry, 1910". Nematode parasites of vertebrates: their development and transmission. Wallingford: CAB International. p. 405. ISBN 978-0-85199-421-5. OCLC 42080206.
  11. ^ Otranto D, Lia RP, Buono V, Traversa D, Giangaspero A (November 2004). "Biology of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) eyeworms in naturally infected definitive hosts". Parasitology. 129 (Pt 5): 627–33. doi:10.1017/S0031182004006018. PMID 15552407. S2CID 23696681.
  12. ^ Zakir R, Zhong-Xia Z, Chioddini P, Canning CR (October 1999). "Intraocular infestation with the worm, Thelazia callipaeda". The British Journal of Ophthalmology. 83 (10): 1194–5. doi:10.1136/bjo.83.10.1194a. PMC 1722833. PMID 10636646.
  13. ^ Bianciardi P, Otranto D (April 2005). "Treatment of dog thelaziosis caused by Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) using a topical formulation of imidacloprid 10% and moxidectin 2.5%". Veterinary Parasitology. 129 (1–2): 89–93. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.12.020. PMID 15817208.
  14. ^ Ferroglio E, Rossi L, Tomio E, Schenker R, Bianciardi P (July 2008). "Therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of milbemycin oxime (Interceptor) against Thelazia callipaeda in naturally exposed dogs". Veterinary Parasitology. 154 (3–4): 351–3. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.03.011. PMID 18456409.
  15. ^ Lebon, Wilfried; Guillot, Jacques; Álvarez, Maria-Jesús; Antonio Bazaga, José; Cortes-Dubly, Marie-Laure; Dumont, Pascal; Eberhardt, Marianne; Gómez, Héctor; Pennant, Olivier; Siméon, Noémie; Beugnet, Frederic; Halos, Lénaïg (2019). "Prevention of canine ocular thelaziosis (Thelazia callipaeda) with a combination of milbemycin oxime and afoxolaner (Nexgard Spectra®) in endemic areas in France and Spain". Parasite. 26: 1. doi:10.1051/parasite/2019001. ISSN 1776-1042. PMC 6333103. PMID 30644355. open access
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wikipedia EN

Thelazia callipaeda: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Thelazia callipaeda is a parasitic nematode, and the most common cause of thelaziasis (or eyeworm infestation) in humans, dogs and cats. It was first discovered in the eyes of a dog in China in 1910. By 2000, over 250 human cases had been reported in the medical literature.

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Thelazia callipaeda ( French )

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Thelazia callipaeda est un ver nématode parasite, principale cause de thélaziose ou infection oculaire par un ver, chez les humains, les chiens et les chats [1]. Il a été découvert pour la première fois dans les yeux d'un chien en 1910[2]. En 2000, plus de 250 cas humains ont été répertoriés dans la littérature médicale[3].

Hôtes

Outre les humains, les chiens et les chats, les hôtes définitifs de Thelazia callipaeda sont les loups (Canis lupus), le chien viverain (Nyctereutes procyonoides), le renard roux (Vulpes vulpes), et le lapin européen (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Cette espèce se rencontre en Allemagne, en Chine, en Corée, en France, en Inde, en Indonésie, en Italie, au Japon, aux Pays-Bas, en Russie, en Suisse, à Taïwan et en Thaïlande[4].

On a identifié deux hôtes intermédiaires assez éloignés : Amiota (Phortica) variegata (Diptera: Drosophilidae) en Europe, et Phortica okadai en Chine[5], qui se nourrit des larmes d'humains et de carnivores[6]. Certaines données suggèrent que seuls les mâles de A. (P.) variegata transportent les larves de Thelazia callipaeda[7], alors que dans tous les cas de mouches hématophages, ce sont les femelles qui véhiculent les parasites[8].

Cycle de vie

Les œufs de Thelazia callipaeda se développent durant le premier stade larvaire (L1), in utero, alors que la femelle est dans les tissus et internes et autour de l'œil de l'hôte définitif[9]. La femelle dépose ses larves, alors encore contenues dans la membrane de l'œuf, dans les larmes (sécrétions lacrymales) de l'hôte. Lorsque la mouche lacrymophage (hôte intermédiaire) se nourrit, elle ingère les larves de T. callipaeda. Une fois dans la mouche, la larve L1 se dégage de la membrane de l'œuf et traverse la paroi intestinale. Elle reste dans l'hémolymphe (le liquide corporel de la mouche) pendant 2 jours, puis envahit soit les tissus adipeux, soit les testicules de la mouche. Dans ces tissus, la larve se développe jusqu'au troisième stade larvaire (L3). La L3 migre vers la tête de la larve et est relâchée dans ou à proximité de l'œil d'un autre mammifère lorsque la mouche se nourrit de nouveau. Une fois dans l'œil, les paupières, les glandes lacrymales ou les conduits lacrymaux de l'hôte Mammifère, les larves L3 se développent en stade L4 puis en adulte en environ 1 mois. La saison de résidence des stades L1 à L4 dans les sécrétions lacrymales des chiens naturellement infectés en Italie coïncident avec l'activité des mouches-vecteurs[10].

Symptômes, diagnostic et traitement

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Thelazia callipaeda dans l'oeil d'un chien

Les symptômes d'une infection par T. callipaeda sont une conjonctivite, une production excessive de larmes, une détérioration de la vision, des ulcères et des rayures de la cornée. Dans certains cas, le seul symptôme est l'affection de la vue de l'hôte par un « bouchon flotteur »[11]. Le diagnostic est réalisé lorsqu'on trouve des vers adultes dans les yeux ou dans les tissus proches. Les cas humains sont traités par simple élimination des vers. Chez les canins, on recommande actuellement le traitement par imidaclopride avec moxidectine[12], ou par oxime de milbémycine[13].

La prévention de la thélaziose chez les chiens est possible par l’administration mensuelle d'une association d'oxime de milbémycine et d’afoxolaner (NexGard Spectra)[14].

Notes et références

  1. Beatriz do Vale, Ana Patrícia Lopes, Maria da Conceição Fontes, Mário Silvestre, Luís Cardoso et Ana Cláudia Coelho, « Systematic review on infection and disease caused by Thelazia callipaeda in Europe: 2001–2020 », Parasite, vol. 27,‎ 2020, p. 52 (ISSN , PMID , DOI , lire en ligne Accès libre)
  2. Railliet, A. and A. Henry (1910) "Les Thelazieo, Nematodes parasites de l'œil." Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologiques et de ses Filiales 68:213-216, 783-785.
  3. Koyama, Y., A. Ohira, T. Kono, T. Yoneyama, and K. Shiwaku (2000) "Five cases of thelaziasis." British Journal of Ophthalmology 84(4):441-442. (Note: The pdf begins on page 439.)
  4. Otranto, D. and M. Dutto (2008) "Human thelaziasis, Europe." Emerging Infectious Diseases 14(4):647-649.
  5. Otranto, D., R.P. Lia, C. Cantacessi, G. Testini, A. Troccoli, J.L. Shen, and Z.X. Wang (2005) "Nematode biology and larval development of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in the drosophilid intermediate hosts in Europe and China." Parasitology 131(6):847-855.
  6. Otranto, D., E. Brianti, C. Cantacessi, R.P. Lia, and J. Máca (2006) "The zoophilic fruitfly Phortica variegata: Morphology, ecology and biological niche." Medical and Veterinary Entomology 20(4):358-364.
  7. Otranto, D., C. Cantacessi, G. Testini, and R.P. Lia (2006) "Phortica variegata as an intermediate host of Thelazia callipaeda under natural conditions: Evidence for pathogen transmission by a male arthropod vector." International Journal for Parasitology 36(10-11):1167-1173
  8. Otranto, D., J.R. Stevens, C. Cantacessi, and R.B. Gasser (2008) "Parasite transmission in insects: A female affair?" Trends in Parasitology 24(3):116-120.
  9. Anderson, R.C. (2000) "Thelazia callipaeda." In: Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates: Their Development and Transmission. Second Edition. CABI Publishing: Wallingford, England. (ISBN 0-85199-421-0), pp. 405.
  10. Otranto, D., R.P. Lia, V. Buono, D. Trversa, and A. Giangaspero (2004) "Biology of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) eyeworms in naturally infected definitive hosts." Parasitology 129(5):627-633.
  11. Zakir, R., Z. Zhong-Xia, P. Chiodini, and C. Canning (1999) Intraocular infestation with the worm, Thelazia callipaeda." British Journal of Ophthalmology 83(10):1194-1195.
  12. Bianciardi, P. and D. Otranto (2005) "Treatment of dog thelaziosis caused by Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) using a topical formulation of imidacloprid 10% and moxidectin 2.5%." Veterinary Parasitology 129(1-2):89-93.
  13. E. Ferroglio, L. Rossi, E. Tomio, R. Schenker, and P. Bianciardi (2008) "Therapeutic and prophylactic efficacy of milbemycin oxime (Interceptor) against Thelazia callipaeda in naturally exposed dogs." Veterinary Parasitology 154(3-4):351-353.
  14. Wilfried Lebon, Jacques Guillot, Maria-Jesús Álvarez, José Antonio Bazaga, Marie-Laure Cortes-Dubly, Pascal Dumont, Marianne Eberhardt, Héctor Gómez, Olivier Pennant, Noémie Siméon, Frederic Beugnet et Lénaïg Halos, « Prevention of canine ocular thelaziosis (Thelazia callipaeda) with a combination of milbemycin oxime and afoxolaner (Nexgard Spectra®) in endemic areas in France and Spain », Parasite, vol. 26,‎ 2019, p. 1 (ISSN , DOI , lire en ligne Accès libre)

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wikipedia FR

Thelazia callipaeda: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Thelazia callipaeda est un ver nématode parasite, principale cause de thélaziose ou infection oculaire par un ver, chez les humains, les chiens et les chats . Il a été découvert pour la première fois dans les yeux d'un chien en 1910. En 2000, plus de 250 cas humains ont été répertoriés dans la littérature médicale.

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Thelazia callipaeda ( Portuguese )

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Thelazia callipaeda é uma espécie de nematódeo da família Thelaziidae. São parasitos de cães, gatos e outros carnívoros, assim como de humanos, causando a telazíase.[1][2]

Referências

  1. Otranto, D.; Lia, R.P.; Cantacessi, C.; Testini, G.; Troccoli, A.; Shen, J.L.; Wang, Z.X. (2005). «Nematode biology and larval development of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in the drosophilid intermediate host in Europe and China». Parasitology. 131 (Pt 6): 847–55. doi:10.1017/S0031182005008395
  2. do Vale, Beatriz; Lopes, Ana Patrícia; da Conceição Fontes, Maria; Silvestre, Mário; Cardoso, Luís; Coelho, Ana Cláudia (2020). «Systematic review on infection and disease caused by Thelazia callipaeda in Europe: 2001–2020». Parasite. 27. 52 páginas. ISSN 1776-1042. PMID 32996882. doi:10.1051/parasite/2020048 publicação de acesso livre - leitura gratuita
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wikipedia PT

Thelazia callipaeda: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

provided by wikipedia PT

Thelazia callipaeda é uma espécie de nematódeo da família Thelaziidae. São parasitos de cães, gatos e outros carnívoros, assim como de humanos, causando a telazíase.

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동양안충 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

동양안충(東洋眼蟲, Thelazia callipaeda)은 개,고양이,사람등을 종숙주로 하며 숙주에게 동양안충증(thelaziasis)을 일으키는 선충이다. 1910년 중국 개의 눈에서 처음 발견되었다. 2000년에는 250건 이상의 인간 감염사례가 보고되었다.

숙주

동양안충은 주로 인간,고양이,개를 종숙주로 하며 이따금 늑대너구리, 붉은 여우, 토끼등도 종숙주가 된다. 중화인민공화국, 프랑스, 독일, 인도, 인도네시아, 이탈리아, 일본, 대한민국, 네덜란드, 스위스, 중화민국, 타이, 러시아 등에서 발견되었다.[1]

동양안충은 두 종의 초파리를 중간숙주로 한다. 유럽에서는 Amiota (Phortica) variegata 종이, 아시아에서는 Phortica okadai종이 중간숙주이다.[2]

연구 자료에 따르면 동양안충은 중간숙주 초파리종 중에서도 수컷 초파리를 통해서만 유충을 퍼뜨리는데, 이는 피를 통해 유충을 감염시키고 피를 먹이로 하는 비슷한 행동양식을 보이는 다른 모든 기생충들이 보통 중간숙주를 암컷으로 삼는 것과는 다른 특이한 케이스다.[3]

감염 증상 및 치료

결막염, 과도한 눈물, 시각 장애, 궤양, 각막의 흉터가 생길 수 있으며 육안을 통해 눈에 기생하고 있는 기생충을 확인 할 수 있다. 인간이 감염된 경우, 핀셋등을 이용하여 눈에서 직접 기생충을 뽑아낸다. 개의 경우 직접 잡아 빼는 것은 힘들고 위험하므로 이미다클로 프리드, 목시덱틴(밀베마이신-B) , 밀베마이신 옥심을 사용하는 것이 권장된다.

각주

  1. Otranto, Domenico; Dutto, Moreno (Apr 2008). “Human Thelaziasis, Europe”. 《Emerging Infectious Diseases》 14 (4): 647–9. doi:10.3201/eid1404.071205. ISSN 1080-6040. PMC 2570937. PMID 18394285. 2009년 4월 24일에 원본 문서 (Free full text)에서 보존된 문서. 2014년 11월 8일에 확인함.
  2. Otranto, D; Lia, RP; Cantacessi, C; Testini, G; Troccoli, A; Shen, JL; Wang, ZX (2005). “Nematode biology and larval development of Thelazia callipaeda (Spirurida, Thelaziidae) in the drosophilid intermediate host in Europe and China”. 《Parasitology》 131 (Pt 6): 847–55. doi:10.1017/S0031182005008395. PMID 16336738.
  3. Otranto, D; Stevens, JR; Cantacessi, C; Gasser, RB (2008). “Parasite transmission by insects: a female affair?”. 《Trends in Parasitology》 24 (3): 116–20. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2007.12.005. PMID 18258484.
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