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Common Names

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desert willow
desertwillow
flowering willow
flowering-willow
willowleaf catalpa
desert catalpa
catalpa willow
false-willow
bow willow
mimbre
Flor de Mimbre
jano
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Cover Value

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More info for the term: cover

Desert willow provides nesting sites for desert songbirds and cover for
other wildlife species [20].
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

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More info for the terms: capsule, fruit, shrub, tree

Desert willow is a large deciduous shrub or small tree that may grow 10
to 30 feet (3-9 m) tall, and often has a leaning trunk and an open,
spreading crown [18,25,46]. Basal diameter of the trunk rarely exceeds
5 inches (12.5 cm) [14]. The dark brown bark is very thin, up to about
0.25 inch (6.3 mm) thick [14]. Pale green willowlike leaves are about 5
inches (12.5 cm) long and less than 0.5 inch (1.25 cm) wide with smooth
margins [27,46]. The pink to light violet flowers are 1.25 inches (3.2
cm) long and wide, and occur in clusters up to 4 inches (10 cm) long at
the end of the twigs [25]. The fruit is a narrow, elongated two-celled
podlike capsule 4 to 10 inches (10-30 cm) long [48]. First year twigs
are green but later turn gray to reddish-brown [46].

Henrickson [13] provides a key for separating subspecies and varieties.
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

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Desert willow is distributed from southwestern and Trans-Pecos Texas
west to extreme southwestern Utah, southern Nevada, and southern
California [21]. It is also found in northern Mexico.

Subspecies linearis var. linearis occurs primarily east of the Rio
Grande River in eastern New Mexico and western Texas, while subspecies
arcuata occurs primarily west of the Rio Grande River [13].
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

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More info for the terms: fire regime, root crown, top-kill

Desert willow primarily occurs in washes that rarely burn [48]. It is
able to sprout from the root crown following top-kill by fire [41,42].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

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More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

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Desert willow primarily occupies dry washes, intermittent streams and
other water courses, and moist canyons in deserts and mountain foothills
[4,16,18,27,35,49]. These sites generally have underground water
available year-round. Plants can withstand seasonal flooding quite
well, and often occupy the middle of drainage channels, sometimes
covering broad expanses in wash areas [10,16].

Soils: Sites are mostly well drained, neutral to basic and mildly
saline [48]. Soils are mostly sandy to gravelly alluvium [29,35,48].

Associated species: Common associates of desert washes include blue
paloverde (Cerdidium floridum), desert ironwood (Olneya tesota), catclaw
acacia (Acacia greggii), smoketree (Dalea spinosa), mesquites (Prosopis
spp.), desertbroom (Baccharis sarothroides), netleaf hackberry (Celtis
reticulata), littleleaf sumac (Rhus microphylla), Arizona walnut
(Juglans major), velvet ash (Fraxinus velutina), spitleaf brickellia
(Brickellia laciniata), cottontop (Digitaria californica) and
southwestern condalia (Condalia lycoides) [4,10,16,29,31,48].

Elevational range by location:

Range State Reference

below 4,000 feet (1,219 m) AZ [18]
below 5,000 feet (1,524 m) CA [27]
from 2,000 to 5,000 feet (610-1,524 m) TX [32]
below 4,920 feet (1,500 m) UT [49]
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

242 Mesquite
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES30 Desert shrub
FRES32 Texas savanna
FRES33 Southwestern shrubsteppe
FRES40 Desert grasslands
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: cactus, shrub

K027 Mesquite bosque
K041 Creosotebush
K042 Creosotebush - bursage
K043 Paloverde - cactus shrub
K044 Creosotebush - tarbush
K054 Grama - tobosa prairie
K058 Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe
K059 Trans-Pecos shrub savanna
K061 Mesquite - acacia savanna
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

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More info for the terms: top-kill, wildfire

Most fires probably top-kill desert willow. In southern California, a
July wildfire in a chaparral-desert ecotone resulted in nearly all
desert willow plants being charred and defoliated, but less than 10
percent of the plants were killed [41].
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

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More info for the term: fruit

Livestock: Livestock generally do not browse desert willow. It is
consumed only when other forage is scarce [18,46].

Wildlife: Various species of birds eat desert willow seeds [12,46].
Hummingbirds are attracted to the showy flowers and feed on the nectar
[3,12]. Mule deer eat small quantities of the leaves and fruit [34].
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

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More info for the term: codominant

Desert willow sometimes codominates desert washes and water courses with
other phreatophytes [see SITE CHARACTERISTICS for a list of codominant
plants]. Published classification schemes listing desert willow as an
indicator species or dominant part of the vegetation in community types
(cts) or plant associations (pas) are listed below:

Area Classification Authority

s CA general veg. pas Paysen & others 1980

s CA general veg. cts Burk 1977
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

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More info for the terms: shrub, tree

Tree, Shrub
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

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Use of desert willow by livestock generally indicates overbrowsing or
overstocking of the range [45,48].
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Nutritional Value

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The sucrose in desert willow nectar is a good energy source for bees and
hummingbirds [3].
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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AZ CA NV NM TX UT MEXICO
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

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Desert willow is cultivated as an ornamental because of its attractive
flowers [38]. It has been used for roadside beautification, border
rows, screenings, and mass plantings [48]. In the 1930's the Civilian
Conservation Corps planted desert willow in shelterbelts [35]. Indians
used the wood to make bows and baskets [35,46].
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability

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More info for the terms: presence, wildfire

Desert willow is considered to be unpalatable to livestock and low in
palatability to wildlife [5]. The presence of cyanogenic glycosides may
account for its low palatability [50]. Following fire, however, tender
sprouts may be highly palatable. Two months after a July wildfire in
southern California, 55 percent of available desert willow sprouts were
browsed by mule deer, bighorn sheep, and cottontail rabbits, but this
use declined to about 1 percent within 1 year [41].
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

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Since desert willow is primarily restricted to washes or water courses
with available underground water, it is able to maintain a full
compliment of leaves during the summer months even though it is not well
adapted to high temperatures [4]. Plants are winter deciduous and drop
leaves in late fall following the first hard frost [6]. Leaf drop may
be photoperiodically controlled, as plants in temperature controlled
greenhouses lose their leaves during the winter [6].

Flowering occurs mostly in May and June but may occur later in the
summer after rain [46]. Most fruits ripen from late summer to fall, and
the capsules persist overwinter [46,48]. Under extremely dry
conditions, plants may fail to form fruits [31]. In a wash near Tucson,
Arizona, flowering occurred mostly in May and June, and most fruits were
mature by September 2 [31].

Flowering time by location is as follows:

Time of flowering Location Reference

May - September s CA [27]
April - August AZ [18]
April - September w TX [32]
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

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More info for the terms: root crown, top-kill, wildfire

Following top-kill by fire, desert willow survives by producing numerous
root crown sprouts. Following a July wildfire in southern California,
more than 90 percent of desert willow plants survived [41]. These
residual plants started sprouting within 2 months after the fire.
Plants developed a multistemmed growth form and averaged 171 sprouts per
plant 10 months after this fire. Sprout growth is summarized below
[41]:

Average # Average length of Ave. productivity
sprouts/plant unbrowsed sprouts per plant in grams
(inches) (cm) (oven dry weight)

2 months after
fire (Sept) 16 2.2 5.5 2

4 months after
fire (Nov) 21 10.7 27.1 40

7 months after
fire (Feb) 48 18.7 47.6 132

10 months after
fire (June) 171 19.4 49.3 892
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

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More info for the term: root crown

survivor species; on-site surviving root crown or caudex
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

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More info for the terms: capsule, fruit, root crown, seed

Desert willow reproduces sexually by producing abundant seed. Flowers
are primarily pollinated by numerous species of bees and hummingbirds
[3]. Large numbers of flowers are produced continuously over several
weeks [31]. Desert willow flowers are self-incompatible. Fruit set may
be limited by insufficient amounts of outcrossed pollen and by
inadequate movement of pollinators between trees [31]. Fruit production
does not appear to be limited by inadequate moisture, probably because
plants are primarily found along washes.

Several 0.33 inch (8 mm) long, light brown, oval seeds are encased
within a two-celled capsule [26]. Seeds have a fringe of soft white
hairs at each end which aid in wind dispersal [26,30]. Seeds do not
display dormancy, and probably only remain viable until the spring
following dispersal [26]. There are between 50,000 and 100,000 seeds
per pound (110,200-220,400/kg) [26,45]. Germination has been reported
between 40 and 60 percent [45]. Commercial seed has shown 92 percent
purity and 87 percent soundness [26].

Sprouting: Following damage to the aboveground portion of the plant,
such as by fire, most plants regenerate by sprouting from the root crown
[41].
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

7 Lower Basin and Range
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

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More info for the term: formation

Desert willow sometimes invades freshly deposited channel sediments
following seasonal water runoff. As plants develop they may trap
sediments, leading to the formation of islands within the channel [10].

Desert willow plants are long-lived and help stabilize the banks of
water courses. Desert willow is a component of desert wash communities
that are somewhat stable.
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

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The currently accepted scientific name of desert willow is Chilopsis
linearis (Cav.) Sweet [17,27,49].

Chilopsis is a monotypic genus native to the southwestern United States
and northern Mexico. It is a member of the Bignoniaceae family, and is
most closely related to the genus Catalpha Scop. Presented below is a
taxonomic revision of Chilopsis, which divides the species into 3
subordinate taxa based primarily on leaf morphology and growth form
[13]:

Chilopsis linearis (Cav.) Sweet

Chilopsis linearis subsp. linearis

Chilopsis linearis var. linearis - Chihuahuan Desert

Chilopsis linearis var. tomenticaulis Henrickson - eastern Mexico

Chilopsis linearis subsp. arcuata (Fosberg) Henrickson - Sonoran and Mojave Deserts
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites

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More info for the terms: hardwood, softwood

Desert willow is used in soil stabilization plantings. It is often used
along highways and in well-drained barrow ditches [36]. Numerous
cultivars are available, including 'Barranco', released by the Soil
Conservation Service [40], and 'White Storm', 'Dark Storm', 'Marfa
Lace', 'Alpine', and 'Tejas', released in 1988 from the Texas A&M
Research and Extension Center [36,39]. It is usually transplanted from
nursery stock. Removing competing vegetation around transplants and
irrigating during the first season after transplanting is recommended
[48]. Methods for growing seedlings in a nursery have been discussed
[15,48]. Plants may be successfully propagated by both softwood and
hardwood cuttings [7,48].
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Wood Products Value

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More info for the term: fuel

Desert willow is occasionally used for fence posts and fuel [14,46].
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Uchytil, Ronald J. 1990. Chilopsis linearis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Chilopsis

provided by wikipedia EN

Chilopsis is a monotypic genus of flowering plants containing the single species Chilopsis linearis. It is known commonly as desert willow[4] or desert-willow[1] because of its willow-like leaves, but it is not a true willow – being instead a member of the catalpa family.

It is a shrub or tree native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. It is commonly seen in washes and along riverbanks.

Description

Ranging from 1.5 to as much as 8 meters in height, it can take the form of a shrub or small tree. The linear, curved, deciduous leaves are 10 to 26 cm long and just a few millimeters wide.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chilopsis linearis.

The generic name is derived from the Greek words χεῖλος, (cheilos), meaning "lip," and ὄψις (opsis), meaning "resembling," referring to the flowers. They occur in a terminal panicle or raceme, blooming in May through September. About two to four flowers at a time are open in each inflorescence. The calyx is about 8–14 mm, slightly inflated, and varying shades of purple, while the corolla is 2–5 cm, and with colors ranging from lavender to light pink. The throat and lower lip has a pattern of yellow ridges and purple lines, and the margins are crinkled. It is pollinated primarily by large bees in the family Apidae, such as carpenter bees, bumblebees, Anthophora, and Centris. The fruit is a linear pod up to 35 cm long, containing numerous winged seeds.

There are two subspecies:

  • Chilopsis linearis subsp. linearis. Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, Mexico.
  • Chilopsis linearis subsp. arcuata. Nevada, California, Baja California.

Distribution and habitat

As a phreatophyte, it is well adapted to ephemeral desert washes and sandy streams. It can be found through much of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It is usually found below 5,000 feet (1,500 m).[5]

Cultivation and uses

Chilopsis linearis is cultivated for its large, showy flowers, and tolerance of hot, dry climates. Although the natural growth is a very irregular shape, it can be readily pruned into a conventional tree shape. A number of cultivars have been selected. Some, such as 'Rio Salado', have dark purple or magenta flowers.

Chilopsis may survive temperatures as low as 10 degrees F (-12 °C).

Chilopsis is closely related to the genus Catalpa and hybrids can be made between the two genera. The nothogeneric hybrid between Chilopsis linearis and Catalpa bignonioides has been named × Chitalpa tashkentensis. It originated in a botanic garden at Tashkent in Uzbekistan.

Parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicine. It has been used to treat fungal infections[6] such as candidiasis and athlete's foot, as well as wounds and cough.[7]

The wood was used to make bows and baskets.[8]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ a b Chilopsis linearis. NatureServe. 2012.
  2. ^ Quattrocchi, U. (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. 1 A-C. CRC Press. p. 514. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
  3. ^ "Chilopsis linearis". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2010-01-27.
  4. ^ Chilopsis linearis. USDA PLANTS.
  5. ^ Pavek, Diane S. (1993). "Carnegiea gigantea". US Forest Service Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Archived from the original on 2002-11-01. Retrieved 2019-10-02.
  6. ^ Moore, M. (1989). Medicinal Plants of the Desert and Canyon West. Museum of New Mexico Press. ISBN 0-89013-104-X.
  7. ^ Ross, J., et al. Chilopsis linearis. Archived 2012-04-02 at the Wayback Machine Medicinal Plants of the Southwest. New Mexico State University. 2001.
  8. ^ Vines, R. (1960). Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-73414-2.

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Chilopsis: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Chilopsis is a monotypic genus of flowering plants containing the single species Chilopsis linearis. It is known commonly as desert willow or desert-willow because of its willow-like leaves, but it is not a true willow – being instead a member of the catalpa family.

It is a shrub or tree native to the southwestern United States and Mexico. It is commonly seen in washes and along riverbanks.

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