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California Wild Grape

Vitis californica Benth.

Associations

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In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
Erysiphe necator parasitises Vitis californica

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Common Names

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California wild grape
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

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More info for the terms: dioecious, fruit, liana, shrubs

California wild grape is a native, usually dioecious, deciduous liana. Stems are from 6.6 to 60 feet (2-20 m) long. When support such as trees or shrubs is available, California wild grape attaches to and climbs the support using branched tendrils located opposite its leaves. It has a sprawling and bushlike form when support is unavailable. California wild grape leaves are from 2.8 to 5.6 inches (7-14 cm) broad. The fruit is a pulpy berry. The seeds have a thick, hard testa; hard endosperm; and minute embryo [19,21,24].
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

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California wild grape is endemic to southern Oregon and California. It is distributed in the Coast Ranges from Douglas County, Oregon, south to San Luis Obispo County, California; in the Klamath Mountains, the Cascade Range, and the Sierra Nevada from Siskiyou to Kern counties, California; and in the Central Valley [19,21].
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

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More info for the terms: fire regime, seed

Literature concerning California wild grape adaptations to fire is scant. Sampson and Jesperson [24] list California wild grape as a root crown sprouter. Its hard-coated seeds may be cracked by fire, but documented evidence linking fire with increased germination of California wild grape seed is lacking. FIRE REGIMES: Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Management Considerations

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More info for the term: fuel

California wild grape is probably a ladder fuel, carrying fire into the canopies of the trees upon which it climbs.
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

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More info for the term: phanerophyte

Phanerophyte
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

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More info for the term: mesic

California wild grape grows in mesic riparian areas such as swales, streambanks, and canyon bottoms [19,30]. It is found at elevations below 4,000 feet (1,219 m) [19].
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

221 Red alder
222 Black cottonwood - willow
232 Redwood
233 Oregon white oak
234 Douglas-fir - tanoak - Pacific madrone
243 Sierra Nevada mixed conifer
244 Pacific ponderosa pine - Douglas-fir
245 Pacific ponderosa pine
246 California black oak
249 Canyon live oak
250 Blue oak - Digger pine
255 California coast live oak
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bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

More info for the term: shrub

FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES27 Redwood
FRES28 Western hardwoods
FRES34 Chaparral - mountain shrub
FRES41 Wet grasslands
FRES42 Annual grasslands
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bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the term: forest

K005 Mixed conifer forest
K006 Redwood forest
K029 California mixed evergreen forest
K030 California oakwoods
K048 California steppe
K049 Tule marshes
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

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California wild grape is probably top-killed by fire [5,24].
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bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

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More info for the term: cover

Riparian vegetation provides important habitat for wildlife [15]. California wild grape is among the most valuable of the riparian plant species. As well as providing cover, it is an important animal food. The fruits are a fall staple for many animal species, including coyote, opossum, western spotted skunk, striped skunk, wood duck, band-tailed pigeon, California quail, mountain bluebird, and other passerines [2,16]. Black-tailed deer browse the leaves and young stems. Additionally, it is browsed by all classes of domestic livestock [24].
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bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

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More info for the terms: fern, natural, shrub, tree, vine

California wild grape is a conspicuous vine of riparian forests and
woodlands. It is a minor to major component of valley oak (Quercus
lobata) riparian, mixed-oak riparian, Fremont cottonwood (Populus
fremontii), black cottonwood (P. trichocarpa), cottonwood-willow,
mixed-hardwood riparian, red alder (Alnus rubra), and white alder (A.
rhombifolia) communities [28]. It may dominate the lower and midstories
and reach into the canopy, particularly in valley oak and Fremont
cottonwood forests [10]. The following classifications name California
wild grape as a dominant in community types:

Terrestrial natural communities of California [10]
The vascular plant communities of California [28]

Tree associates of California wild grape not listed in Distribution and
Occurrence include California black walnut (Juglans hindsii), California
sycamore (Platanus racemosa), interior live oak (Quercus wislizeni),
California box elder (Acer negundo var. californicum), Oregon ash
(Fraxinus latifolia), California bay (Umbellularia californica), and
California buckeye (Aesculus californica) [3,8,10,15].

Common shrub associates are Mexican tea (Chenopodium ambrosoides),
California blackberry (Rubus vitifolius), coyote bush (Baccharis
pilularis var. consanguinea), California wild rose (Rosa californica),
valley willow (Salix hindsiana), and arroyo willow (S. lasiolepis)
[3,8,9]. Dutchman's pipe vine (Aristolochia californica), poison-oak
(Toxicodendron diversilobum), and wild clematis (Clematis spp.) are vine
associates [3,12].

Groundcover associates include Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), holly
fern (Polystichum lonchitis), and blue vervain (Verbena hastata)
[3,15,18].
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bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

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More info for the term: vine

Vine
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

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Trees such as valley oak and Fremont cottonwood often die after
California wild grape climbs into their canopies [11,24].

California wild grape is a host of the western grapeleaf skeletonizer
(Harrisina brillians). This moth can decimate commercial vineyards [25].
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bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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CA OR
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

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California wild grape is of great importance to wine industries throughout the world. This species was used to save the European wine industry between 1870 and 1900 when most wine grapes (Vitis vinifera) were killed by leaf- and root-attacking grape phylloxera aphids (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae). Since that time, nearly all commercial wine grapes grown anywhere in the world have been grafted onto rootstocks of resistant California wild grape cultivars. The grapes of this species are palatable to humans. They are eaten raw or made into jelly.
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bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Palatability

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California wild grape browse has been rated fair to poor for sheep,
goats, and black-tailed deer and poor to useless for cattle and horses
[24].
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bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

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California wild grape flowers from May to June [19]. Fruits ripen in September. Leaves are shed from mid-October to November (pers. obs.).
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

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More info for the terms: root crown, seed

California wild grape sprouts from the root crown after fire [24]. It probably colonizes from animal-dispersed seed.
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

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Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

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More info for the term: seed

California wild grape reproduces from seed [13]. Plants require outcrossing to effect pollination [23]. Seeds are presumably disseminated by frugivorous animals.
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regional Distribution in the Western United States

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This species can be found in the following regions of the western United States (according to the Bureau of Land Management classification of Physiographic Regions of the western United States):

1 Northern Pacific Border
3 Southern Pacific Border
4 Sierra Mountains
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

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More info for the term: climax

California wild grape is found in climax valley oak riparian forests. It is also named as a component of communities (such as Fremont cottonwood and Great Valley mixed-hardwood riparian forests) that undergo recurrent flooding [10].
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Synonyms

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Vitis californicum Benth.
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

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The scientific name of California wild grape is Vitis
californica Benth. There are no subspecies, varieties, or forms
[17,19,21].
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bibliographic citation
Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Value for rehabilitation of disturbed sites

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More info for the term: restoration

California wild grape is planted for riparian restoration [8]. It is easily started from cuttings [13,23] and shows favorable rates of establishment. Containerized cuttings transplanted onto the north banks of the Crescent Bypass and the South Fork of the Kings River showed less than 2 percent mortality after 2 years [20].
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Howard, Janet L. 1993. Vitis californica. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Vitis californica

provided by wikipedia EN

Vitis californica, with common names California wild grape, Northern California grape, and Pacific grape,[1] is a wild grape species widespread across much of California as well as southwestern Oregon.[2][3][4]

The California wild grape grows in canyons, alongside springs, streams. It tends to thrive in damp conditions and so it is common in riparian areas.[5] It can be found on slopes as well as flat ground in wetland and forested habitats. Once matured[5] like most other native California plants it can withstand periods of dry conditions.[6]

Description

Vitis californica is a deciduous vine distributed along the Coast Ranges from Douglas County, Oregon, south to San Luis Obispo County, California; in the Klamath Mountains, the Cascade Range, and the Sierra Nevada from Siskiyou to Kern counties, California; and in the Central Valley.[7] It is fast growing and it can grow to over 10 m (33 ft) in length.[8] It climbs on other plants or covers the ground with twisted, woody ropes of vine covered in green leaves. In the fall the leaves turn many shades of orange and yellow before losing its leaves then in the spring it flowers typically in May and June.[4]

New leaves in a riparian woodland in the San Joaquin Valley

Bunches of small and often sour but edible purple grapes hang from the vines in autumn, which can be made into wine or jelly.[9] The grapes provide an important food source for a variety of wild animals, especially birds, and the foliage provides thick cover. The grapes are a common sight along the banks of the Sacramento River.

Cultivation

Viticulture

The wild grape is strong and robust, and viticulturists worldwide often use it as rootstock for their wine grapes.[10] It prefers heavier soils.[8] In some areas where the plant is not native it has the capacity to become a noxious weed. Though its invasive nature can be kept under control and is very easy to pull out.[8]

Roger’s Red, ripe

Horticulture

Vitis californica is cultivated as an ornamental plant. The interesting shape and color of the leaves and the lush, trainable vines make this species an attractive garden plant. This vine is commonly used in native plant gardens, where once established it thrives without summer water.

The cultivar 'Roger's Red' (named for noted horticulturist Roger Raiche) turns brilliant red in fall.[11] It is a hybrid with a wine grape, × Vitis vinifera cv. Alicante Bouschet.[11] The cultivar 'Walker Ridge' turns yellow in the autumn.[12]

References

  1. ^ "Vitis californica". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 7 July 2015.
  2. ^ Jepson Flora: Vitis californica
  3. ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
  4. ^ a b Calflora taxon report, Vitis californica Benth. California grape, California wild grape
  5. ^ a b Smither-Kopperl, Margaret (June 2022). "Plant Guide for California wild grape (Vitis californica)" (PDF). USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
  6. ^ "Plant Details - Kumeyaay Garden". University of San Diego. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
  7. ^ Howard, Janet L. (1993). "Vitis californica In: Fire Effects Information System". U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
  8. ^ a b c "California Grape, Vitis californica". Calscape, California Native Plant Society. Retrieved 2022-10-01.
  9. ^ Elias, Thomas S.; Dykeman, Peter A. (2009) [1982]. Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods. New York: Sterling. pp. 214, 216. ISBN 978-1-4027-6715-9. OCLC 244766414.
  10. ^ Dangl, Gerald S.; Mendum, Mary Lou; Yang, Judy; Walker, M. Andrew; Preece, John E. (2015-11-19). "Hybridization of cultivated Vitis vinifera with wild V. californica and V. girdiana in California". Ecology and Evolution. 5 (23): 5671–5684. doi:10.1002/ece3.1797. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 4813103. PMID 27069616.
  11. ^ a b Cantu, Dario; Walker, Andrew; Kole, Chittaranjan (2019). The Grape Genome. Compendium of Plant Genomes. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. ISSN 2199-4781. S2CID 207988507. 978-3-030-18600-5. 978-3-030-18603-6. 978-3-030-18601-2.: 27, 34  This book cites this research. Dangl, Gerald; Raiche, Roger; Sim, Sue; Yang, Judy; Golino, Deborah (2010). "Genetic Composition of the Ornamental Grape Roger's Red". American Journal of Enology and Viticulture. American Society for Enology and Viticulture. 61 (2): 266–271. ISSN 0002-9254.
  12. ^ "Vitis 'Roger's Red'". Pacific Horticulture. Retrieved 2022-10-20.

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Vitis californica: Brief Summary

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Vitis californica, with common names California wild grape, Northern California grape, and Pacific grape, is a wild grape species widespread across much of California as well as southwestern Oregon.

The California wild grape grows in canyons, alongside springs, streams. It tends to thrive in damp conditions and so it is common in riparian areas. It can be found on slopes as well as flat ground in wetland and forested habitats. Once matured like most other native California plants it can withstand periods of dry conditions.

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