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Common Names

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maleberry
he-huckleberry
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bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

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More info for the terms: capsule, fruit, shrub

Maleberry is a native, branching shrub with longitudinally furrowed bark
[14,28]. The typical variety is deciduous but L. l. var. foliosiflora
may retain its leaves for much of the year [12,14]. Maleberry grows to
13 feet (4 m) in height. The fruit is a five-valved dry capsule. The
seeds are 0.03 to 0.07 inches (0.7-1.7 mm) long [14,28].

Aerial stems arise from branched rhizomes to form maleberry clones. The
aerial stems may be as much as 13 feet (4 m) apart on the rhizomes. The
woody rhizomes are usually 0.13 to 0.38 inches (0.3-1.0 cm) in diameter.
They are generally confined to the humus layer and the top 2 inches (5
cm) of the A1 soil horizon. Roots are generally confined to the same
soil level as the rhizomes, but may extend as deep as 4 inches (10 cm)
[19].
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bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

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Maleberry occurs in the eastern United States. The range of the typical
variety extends from Maine south in the Appalachian Mountains, Piedmont,
and Atlantic Coastal Plain to Virginia, and further south in the
mountains and Piedmont to northern Georgia and Alabama. Lyonia
ligustrina var. foliosiflora occurs on the Atlantic and Gulf coastal
plains from southeast Virginia south to central Florida and west to
eastern Texas and southeastern Oklahoma. It also occurs in southern and
central Arkansas. The ranges of the two varieties overlap slightly in
southeastern Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, northern
Alabama, and Tennessee [14].
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cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

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More info for the terms: fire tolerant, succession, swamp, tree

Maleberry is fire tolerant. Aboveground parts are probably destroyed by
most fires, but dormant buds on rhizomes survive and sprout [13].
Severe fire can probably reduce or eliminate maleberry from a site.

Maleberry occurs in habitats that regularly experience fire including
the New Jersey Pine Barrens and the pine flatwoods of the southeastern
coastal plains [2,10]. Maleberry colonized tree islands in the
Okefenokee Swamp in Georgia and Florida 0 to 20 years after fire. It
occurred earlier in postfire succession than in primary succession,
probably due to its intolerance of saturated conditions [5].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

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More info for the term: geophyte

Geophyte
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bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

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More info for the terms: organic soils, phreatophyte, swamp

Maleberry is adapted to a wide range of ecological conditions from dry
rocky sites to just above the standing water in bogs and swamps [13].
The typical variety occurs from sea level to nearly 6,500 feet (2,000 m)
elevation. Lyonia ligustrina var. foliosiflora occurs to 1,000 feet
(300 m) elevation [14].

Maleberry primarily grows on acidic, organic soils [13,16], but it grows
on sandy soils as well [6,12,28].

Maleberry is a facultative phreatophyte; its roots extend to the water
table in lowland areas but do not reach the water table in upland areas
[19]. The typical variety occurs on both moist and dry sites whereas L.
l. var. foliosiflora occurs primarily on moist sites [14]. In the
Okefenokee Swamp on the border of Georgia and Florida, L. l. var.
foliosiflora occurs on relatively high, dry sites [5].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

13 Black spruce - tamarack
38 Tamarack
45 Pitch pine
75 Shortleaf pine
76 Shortleaf pine - oak
80 Loblolly pine - shortleaf pine
83 Longleaf pine - slash pine
97 Atlantic white-cedar
108 Red maple
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES12 Longleaf - slash pine
FRES13 Loblolly - shortleaf pine
FRES14 Oak - pine
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES16 Oak - gum - cypress
FRES18 Maple - beech - birch
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, forest

K091 Cypress savanna
K094 Conifer bog
K106 Northern hardwoods
K111 Oak - hickory - pine forest
K112 Southern mixed forest
K114 Pocosin
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: cover, fruit, seed

Maleberry probably provides shelter and cover for wildlife. Animals
presumably eat the fruit since the seed is animal-dispersed.

Maleberry foliage is suspected of causing livestock poisoning [8,14,15].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: bog, fen, forest, heath, marsh, shrub, succession, swamp, tree

Maleberry is a common but rarely dominant shrub in moist and dry woods
and thickets, heath balds, shrub bogs, and the margins of swamps, ponds
and rivers [14].

Maleberry frequently occurs in transitional communities such as pond and
swamp margins and forest edges [13]. In New York, maleberry is a
characteristic species of shrub swamp and pine barrens shrub swamp
communities which are transitional between marsh, fen, or bog and upland
communities [25]. In a moat bog in Massachusetts, maleberry occurs in a
transitional community between the fringe moat community (a floating mat
at the bog edge) and the shrub thicket community of the bog interior
[21]. A moat bog is an intermediate stage of lake-fill succession in
which a circle of water separates the island bog from uplands [31].
Maleberry occurs in the grassy bald ecotone between grassy balds and
deciduous forests [30].

In the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, maleberry
occurs in pitch pine (Pinus rigida) heath, Table Mountain pine (Pinus
pungens) heath, and heath bald communities [30]. In these communities,
maleberry is associated with other heath species including rhododendron
(Rhododendron spp.), highbush cranberry (Vaccinium corymbosum),
mountain-laurel (Kalmia latifolia), and sweet pepperbush (Clethra spp.)
[3,29,20].

On tree islands of the Okefenokee Swamp on the border of Georgia and
Florida, maleberry occurs with fetterbush (Leucothoe racemosa),
hurrahbush (Lyonia lucida), and southern bayberry (Myrica cerifera) [5].

Maleberry occurs with northern bayberry (Myrica pensylvanica) and
beach-plum (Prunus maritima) on secondary dunes surrounding bogs on
Monomoy Island, Massachusetts [20].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

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More info for the term: shrub

Shrub
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bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Management considerations

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Maleberry stem cuttings rooted within 30 days when they were maintained
in a moist greenhouse, dusted with a rooting hormone, and grown in pure
vermiculite [1].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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AL AR CT DE FL GA KY LA ME MD
MA MS NH NJ NY NC OH OK PA RI
SC TN TX VT VA WV
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

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Maleberry flowers from late April to early July [14], and fruits from
September to October [23].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

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More info for the terms: fire regime, rhizome, shrub

Rhizomatous shrub, rhizome in soil


FIRE REGIMES : Find fire regime information for the plant communities in
which this species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under "Find FIRE REGIMES".
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

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More info for the term: seed

Maleberry regenerates by vegetative reproduction and seed. It
reproduces vegetatively after disturbance by sprouting from rhizomes
[13]. Maleberry probably colonizes new sites by animal-dispersed seed [2].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

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More info for the terms: forest, heath, shrub, succession, swamp, tree

Facultative Seral Species

Maleberry is intermediate in shade tolerance but grows best in light [13].

During primary succession, maleberry does not appear in tree island
communities in the Okefenokee Swamp until islands have been occupied by
woody species for 30 to 45 years. On the islands, maleberry is most
abundant on old-growth sites, and typically does not occur in places
lacking an almost complete canopy [5].

In the Appalachian Mountains, maleberry occurs in stable heath bald
communities which are resistant to tree invasion. These communities may
have formerly supported trees but shrub species became dominant after
disturbance [29].

In New Hampshire, maleberry occurs in a mid- to late-successional forest
of white oak (Quercus alba), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and
sassafras (Sassafras albidum) [22].
license
cc-publicdomain
bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

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More info for the term: fern

The currently accepted scientific name for maleberry is Lyonia
ligustrina (L.) DC. (Ericaceae) [8,11,23].

Lyonia ligustrina is quite variable in stature, pubescence, leaf size
and shape, and inflorescence. Numerous intergrading varieties have been
described. Most of the varieties represent extremes of the total
variation [14,23]. The following two varieties are distinct from each
other and are commonly recognized [11,14,23]:

Lyonia ligustrina var. ligustrina
Lyonia ligustrina var. foliosiflora (Michx.) Fern.

The inflorescence of L. l. var. foliosiflora has conspicuously
foliaceous bracts whereas the typical variety inflorescence is naked or
with only a few foliaceous bracts [14].
license
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bibliographic citation
Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Lyonia ligustrina

provided by wikipedia EN

Lyonia ligustrina is a species of flowering plant in the family Ericaceae known by the common names maleberry and he-huckleberry. It is native to the eastern United States from Maine to Florida and west to Texas and Oklahoma.[1]

This shrub grows up to 4 meters tall. It has long rhizomes which may send up new stems up to 4 meters apart. The stems have longitudinally furrowed bark. The leaves may be deciduous or not, depending on variety. They are oval in shape and up to 10.5 centimeters long by 5 wide. The small flowers are white. The fruit is a small, dry capsule.[1][2]

This is a common plant in several types of habitat, including savanna, bog, forest, pocosin, and swamp. It often occurs in ecotones. It can grow in wet and dry habitat types. It is tolerant of fire, budding and sending up shoots from its rhizome if aboveground parts are burned away. It grows in fire-prone habitat types, such as pine barrens.[1]

The plant gets its common names from the fact that it produces hard, dry capsules instead of fleshy, juicy, edible fruits like other Ericaceae species such as huckleberries and blueberries.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c Carey, Jennifer H. 1994. Lyonia ligustrina. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
  2. ^ Lyonia ligustrina. Flora of North America.
  3. ^ Lyonia ligustrina. Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of North Carolina

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Lyonia ligustrina: Brief Summary

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Lyonia ligustrina is a species of flowering plant in the family Ericaceae known by the common names maleberry and he-huckleberry. It is native to the eastern United States from Maine to Florida and west to Texas and Oklahoma.

This shrub grows up to 4 meters tall. It has long rhizomes which may send up new stems up to 4 meters apart. The stems have longitudinally furrowed bark. The leaves may be deciduous or not, depending on variety. They are oval in shape and up to 10.5 centimeters long by 5 wide. The small flowers are white. The fruit is a small, dry capsule.

This is a common plant in several types of habitat, including savanna, bog, forest, pocosin, and swamp. It often occurs in ecotones. It can grow in wet and dry habitat types. It is tolerant of fire, budding and sending up shoots from its rhizome if aboveground parts are burned away. It grows in fire-prone habitat types, such as pine barrens.

The plant gets its common names from the fact that it produces hard, dry capsules instead of fleshy, juicy, edible fruits like other Ericaceae species such as huckleberries and blueberries.

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