dcsimg
Image of Dianthus barbatus subsp. barbatus
Creatures » » Plants » » Dicotyledons » » Carpetweeds »

Sweetwilliam

Dianthus barbatus L.

Associations

provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / spot causer
colony of Alternaria dematiaceous anamorph of Alternaria dianthi causes spots on leaf of Dianthus barbatus

In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / spot causer
densely gregarious, subepidermal, erumpent pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomycetous anamorph of Ascochyta cookei causes spots on live leaf of Dianthus barbatus

Foodplant / spot causer
clustered, blackish pycnidium of Ascochyta coelomatous anamorph of Ascochyta dianthi causes spots on live leaf of Dianthus barbatus
Remarks: season: summer
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / pathogen
Carnation Vein Mottle virus infects and damages live leaf (younger) of Dianthus barbatus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / miner
larva of Delia cardui mines live stem of Dianthus barbatus
Remarks: season: 9-

Foodplant / parasite
Erysiphe buhrii parasitises Dianthus barbatus

Foodplant / pathogen
effuse colony of Cladosporium dematiaceous anamorph of Mycosphaerella dianthi (Sweet William race) infects and damages live stem of Dianthus barbatus
Other: sole host/prey

Foodplant / saprobe
brown haloed, gregarious pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Phomopsis caryophylli is saprobic on patchily bleached peduncle of Dianthus barbatus

Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous, often circinate telium of Puccinia arenariae parasitises live leaf of Dianthus barbatus
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / spot causer
epiphyllous, numerous, black pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Septoria dianthi causes spots on live leaf of Dianthus barbatus
Remarks: season: 7-9

Foodplant / spot causer
amphigenous, gregarious, covering the whole spot pycnidium of Septoria coelomycetous anamorph of Septoria sinarum causes spots on fading leaf of Dianthus barbatus
Remarks: season: 7

Foodplant / parasite
amphigenous uredium of Uromyces dianthi parasitises live leaf of Dianthus barbatus

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
BioImages
project
BioImages

Dianthus barbatus

provided by wikipedia EN

Dianthus barbatus, the sweet William,[2] is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, native to southern Europe and parts of Asia. It has become a popular ornamental garden plant. It is a herbaceous biennial or short-lived perennial plant growing to 13–92 cm tall, with flowers in a dense cluster of up to 30 at the top of the stems. Each flower is 2–3 cm diameter with five petals displaying serrated edges. Wild plants produce red flowers with a white base, but colours in cultivars range from white, pink, red, and purple to variegated patterns. The exact origin of its English common name is unknown but first appears in 1596 in botanist John Gerard's garden catalogue. The flowers are edible and may have medicinal properties. Sweet William attracts bees, birds, and butterflies.

Description

Sweet William grows in the mountains of southern Europe from the Pyrenees east to the Carpathians and the Balkans, with a variety disjunct in northeastern China, Korea, and southeasternmost Russia.[3][4][5] It grows to 13–92 cm tall (depending on the variety),[6] with green to glaucous blue-green tapered leaves 4–10 cm long and 1–2 cm broad. The flowers are produced in a dense cluster of up to 30 at the top of the stems (known as an umbel) and have a spicy, clove-like scent; each flower is 2–3 cm diameter with five petals with serrated edges; in wild plants the petals are red with a white base.[5][7][8]

There are two varieties:[5]

  • Dianthus barbatus var. barbatus. Southern Europe. Leaves broader, up to 2 cm broad.
  • Dianthus barbatus var. asiaticus Nakai. Northeastern Asia. Leaves slenderer, not over 1 cm broad.

English name

Many legends purport to explain how sweet William acquired its English common name, but none is verified. It is often said to honour the 18th century Prince William, Duke of Cumberland. As a result of the Duke's victory at the Battle of Culloden and his generally brutal treatment of the king's enemies, it is also claimed that the Scots sometimes call the flower "stinking Billy".[9][10][11] Though this makes a nice story, it is entirely untrue. The Scots sometimes refer to the noxious ragwort as stinking willy in memory of the infamous Duke. Phillips speculated that the flower was named after Gerard's contemporary, William Shakespeare.[12] It is also said to be named after Saint William of York or after William the Conqueror. Another etymological derivation is that william is a corruption of the French oeillet, meaning both "carnation" and "little eye". Sweet William is a favourite name for lovelorn young men in English folkloric ballads, e.g., "Fair Margaret and Sweet William".

Cultivation and uses

Sweet William is a popular ornamental plant in gardens, with numerous cultivars and hybrids selected for differing flower colour, ranging from white, pink, red, and purple to variegated patterns.[8]

The plant was introduced to northern Europe in the 16th century, and later to North America and elsewhere, and has become locally to widely naturalised in these areas.[7][13]

John Gerard praises its beauty but omits any reference to medicinal uses. Its height makes it convenient for flower arrangements. In the Victorian language of flowers, sweet william symbolizes gallantry. The plant is widely used in borders, rock gardens and informal country cottage style gardens. Sweet William is a good candidate for a naturalistic garden because its nectar attracts birds, bees, and butterflies. Its flowers are considered edible. Sweet Williams is a family of dianthus. It thrives in loamy, slightly alkaline soil with sun to partial shade. Propagation is by seed, cuttings, or division, but seeds of cultivars will not breed true. If it is planted from seed after the last frost, it will flower in the second year. If it is planted in flats before the last frost and then transplanted, it may flower in the first year. Some gardeners recommend deadheading to encourage further flowering. The plant is self-seeding.[14] Sweet William can suffer from Fusarium Wilt which causes the leaves to curl or droop down.[15]

In 1977 the question of possible medical uses was revisited by Cordell. Saponins were found in Sweet William, but there has been little follow-up.[16]

At the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton on 29 April 2011, Catherine Middleton included Sweet William in her bouquet, a tribute to her bridegroom.[17]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved 19 April 2015.
  2. ^ Thompson and Morgan plant catalog spelling – Sweet William
  3. ^ Flora Europaea: Dianthus barbatus
  4. ^ Med-Checklist: Dianthus barbatus
  5. ^ a b c Flora of China: Dianthus barbatus var. asiaticus
  6. ^ Types of Sweet William Flowers
  7. ^ a b Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
  8. ^ a b Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  9. ^ Meyer, D. (1987). The Highland Scots of North Carolina, 1732–1776, p. 14. Univ. N. Carolina Press
  10. ^ Hairr, J. (2002). Harnett County: A History, pp. 23–24. Arcadia Publishing
  11. ^ Ross, D. R. (2001). On the Trail of Bonnie Prince Charlie, p. 112. Dundurn Press
  12. ^ Phillips, H. (1829). Flora Historica, p. 43. E. Lloyd & Son
  13. ^ Missouriplants: Dianthus barbatus Archived 2013-12-17 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Crockett, J.U. 1961. Greenhouse gardening as a hobby. Doubleday & Company, Inc., Garden City, New York.
  15. ^ "Horticulture | AHDB".
  16. ^ Cordell, G. A., Lyon, R. L., Fong, H. H., Benoit, P. S., & Farnsworth, N. R. (1977). Biological and phytochemical investigations of Dianthus barbatus cv." China Doll"(Caryophyllaceae). Lloydia, 40(4), 361-363.
  17. ^ "Meghan Markle v Kate Middleton wedding bouquet: Meaning of both brides' flowers compared". 19 May 2018.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Dianthus barbatus: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Dianthus barbatus, the sweet William, is a species of flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae, native to southern Europe and parts of Asia. It has become a popular ornamental garden plant. It is a herbaceous biennial or short-lived perennial plant growing to 13–92 cm tall, with flowers in a dense cluster of up to 30 at the top of the stems. Each flower is 2–3 cm diameter with five petals displaying serrated edges. Wild plants produce red flowers with a white base, but colours in cultivars range from white, pink, red, and purple to variegated patterns. The exact origin of its English common name is unknown but first appears in 1596 in botanist John Gerard's garden catalogue. The flowers are edible and may have medicinal properties. Sweet William attracts bees, birds, and butterflies.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN