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Associations

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Foodplant / gall
solitary, hypophyllous Amphorophora rubi causes gall of live, curled leaf of Rubus chamaemorus

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Comments

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The edible fruit are harvested commercially and are used in preserves and juices.

The following taxa have been described from or reported for China, but we have seen no specimens and are therefore unable to treat them in this account. Further revisionary study is necessary.

Rubus calophyllus C. B. Clarke (J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 25: 19. 1889), described from India, reported for Xizang (“Tibet”): F. K. Ward 6321.

Rubus chui Handel-Mazzetti (Oesterr. Bot. Z. 90: 121. 1941), described from Sichuan: K. L. Chu 3019; K. L. Chu 3533.

Rubus hiemalis Focke (Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20: 105. 1917, not Kuntze, 1879), described from Taiwan: O. Warburg 10161.

Rubus nigricaulis Prochanov (Bot. Mater. Gerb. Glavn. Bot. Sada RSFSR 5: 54. 1924), described from Yunnan: A. Henry s.n.

Rubus parapungens H. Hara (Bull. Univ. Mus. Univ. Tokyo 2: 58. 1971; R. horridulus J. D. Hooker, Fl. Brit. India 2: 341. 1878, not P. J. Mueller, 1868; R. pungens Cambessèdes var. horridulus H. Hara): a specimen (at E, not seen) from SE Xizang has been identified as this taxon (Eona Aitken, pers. comm.).

Rubus pekinensis Focke (Annuaire Conserv. Jard. Bot. Genève 20: 104. 1917), described from Hebei: O. Warburg 6549.

Rubus rectangulifolius Kuntze (Meth. Sp.-Beschr. Rubus, 60, 78. 1879), described from China: G. Staunton s.n.

Rubus sinosudrei H. Léveillé (Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot. 24: 251. 1914), described from Guizhou: J. Esquirol 3506.

Rubus sweginzowianus Sivers ex Focke (Biblioth. Bot. 17(Heft 72): 188. 1911), described from Gansu: M. v. Sivers s.n.

Rubus viburnifolius Franchet (Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. (Paris) 1: 63. 1895, not Focke, 1910, nor (Greene) Rydberg, 1913), described from ?NE Yunnan (“Tchen-fong-chan”): Delavay s.n.

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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
bibliographic citation
Flora of China Vol. 9: 285 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Description

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Herbs perennial, dwarf, 5–30 cm tall, dioecious, with long branched creeping rhizomes. Stems annual, somewhat woody, simple, erect, 30 cm tall, with few squamous leaves, pubescent, with intermixed sparse, short glandular hairs. Leaves simple; petiole 3–6(–9) cm, pubescent or with sparse, short glandular hairs when young; stipules free, leaflike, brownish, oblong, 5–10 × 4–7 mm, pubescent, with sparse, intermixed short glandular hairs when young, glabrescent; cauline leaf blade reniform or orbicular, 4–9 cm in diam., abaxially pubescent, ± with intermixed short glandular hairs when young, adaxially subglabrous or slightly pilose, base cordate, margin 5–7-lobed; lobes obtuse, with uneven coarse sharp serrations. Inflorescences terminal, 1-flowered. Pedicel 3.5–6 cm, pubescent, with sparse, intermixed short glandular hairs. Flowers unisexual, 2–3 cm in diam., usually staminate larger than pistillate, to 3 cm in diam. Calyx abaxially pubescent, sometimes with intermixed short glandular hairs; tube 1.5–2 mm; sepals erect, spreading, 4 or 5, oblong, 0.8–1.2 cm × 4–6 mm, apex obtuse or acute. Petals 4 or 5, white, obovate, 1.4–1.8 cm × 7–10 mm, apex retuse. Stamens shorter than petals; filaments long, linear, basally somewhat broadened. Pistils abortive in staminate flowers; in pistillate flowers ca. 20; styles linear, long, but stamens not developed or without anthers in pistillate flowers. Aggregate fruit orange-red or becoming yellowish brown, subglobose, ca. 1 cm in diam., glabrous; pyrenes smooth or slightly rugulose. Fl. May–Jul, fr. Aug–Sep. 2n = 56.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of China Vol. 9: 285 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Habitat & Distribution

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Forests, mossy bogs, mossy tundra. Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning. [Japan, Korea, Russia; C and N Europe, North America].
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Flora of China Vol. 9: 285 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Flora of China @ eFloras.org
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Wu Zhengyi, Peter H. Raven & Hong Deyuan
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Notes

provided by EOL authors

Rubus chamaemorus (Rosaceae), the Cloudberry, used to have more significance before agriculture, technology, and trade advanced. Cloudberry is thought to be a key part of survival because it is a plant that grows in cold climates such as Russia, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Someone stranded with no food in these Arctic and Subarctic regions would see a cloudberry as a lifeline due to its edibility and nutrition. Cloudberry flourishes in these climates, making it a key food for survival because it may be the only food around (due to the cold climates) in some locations (Karst 2011). Collection Cloudberry for sustenance was a seasonal cultural tradition to because they were important for survival and were a symbol of life in such cold places. Presently, cloudberries are not a means for survival and aren’t consumed as much as they used to be. Children lack the interest in them and it is very likely that the next generation will continue to lose interest (Karst 2011).

It is necessary to know what cloudberries contain that are essential for survival and improve living conditions. “Cloudberries among other Rubus—berries are rich in ellagitannins, which are complex phenolic secondary metabolites with various positive bioactivities (anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities) for human health” (Nohynek 2014). Cloudberries are beautiful plants that have a great history. Though they have lost their importance for survival, they are still highly beneficial in many other ways.

Cloudberries can be found in the northern hemisphere around the world. They grow in cool environments like tundra, boreal forests, and mountain ranges. While there are edible and can be used as a food source, their biggest use comes in the form of their antioxidant properties. This is of huge significance. Once scientific journal produced a study and results from a study in Finland. This is a country located in northern Europe. In the article, the author discussed how berries have been found to have high amounts of phenolic compounds. These compounds have been directly linked to good health. Phenolic compounds are essentially antioxidant components, resulting in less bacteria and healthier food and people. Since Finland is located in northern Europe, it has a large cloudberry population. The cloudberry is very common in the Finnish diet, meaning these people are consuming a lot of antioxidants.

The second set of information came from a different scientific journal. The article talks about the chemical makeup of berries, and why they have antioxidant properties. Raspberries and cloudberries are very high in a chemical compound called ellagitannins. The chemical name for these compounds is very long, but it consists of a chain of chemicals, that when strung together, produce this compound that acts as an antioxidant.



References

  • Karst, A., & Turner, N. (2011). Local Ecological Knowledge and Importance of Bakeapple (Rubus chamaemorus L.) in a Southeast Labrador Métis Community. Ethnobiology Letters, 2, 6-18.
  • Nohynek, L., Bailey, M., Tähtiharju, J., Seppänen-Laakso, T., Rischer, H., Oksman-Caldentey, K.-M. and Puupponen-Pimiä, R. (2014), Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus) cell culture with bioactive substances: Establishment and mass propagation for industrial use.

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General Ecology

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Rubus chamaemorus (Cloudberry) is a small plant, stem being 5 to 20cm in height and with its 1 to 3 leaves ranging from 2 to 5cm across and 3 to 7cm long. It possesses a dynamic color sequence as it starts out green, then turns to red, and finishes flowering at an orange-yellow color. It depends on nonflowering reproduction, which takes place underground through the stem or rhizome. Its growth relies on and is most successful in moist or even drier arctic tundras with just enough snow cover to provide protection against harsher weather. (Forbes, 2011)

Male flowers are larger than females but do not produce as much nectar, however little the female flower may produce. Of 43 insect families that visited the cloudberries being studied at the University of Ottawa, the Apidae, Halictidae, Muscidae, and Syrphidae made up 87% of the insects total (Brown, 2009). Although, Dipterans (flies) were found to be the most important pollinator because it is unable to extract the nectar from the competing plant, Ericaceae. This means that flies depend on cloudberries for food and regularly pollinate them. (Brown, 2009)

References

  • Forbes, Ralph. (2011). Rubus chamaemorus- cloudberry. 1.
  • Brown, A., McNeil, J. (2009). Pollination Ecology of the High Latitude, Dioecious Cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus, Rosaceae). American Journal of Botany, 1096.

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Distribution

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Cloudberries are inhabitants of Arctic and subarctic regions of the northern temperate zone (Encyclopedia Britannica 2015). Cloudberries are found as north as 78°30' N in Svalbard, Norway and they can be found as south as 44°N in New Hampshire in the United States. It is also very common in northern parts of Norway and can be seen in highland areas and mountains to the south. Cloudberries are also found in many parts of Canada including Alberta, Manitoba, Nunavut, and Quebec. They are widespread in the Northern US and Canada as well.

Cloudberries can handle cold temperatures to as low as -40 degrees Celsius. However, they are extremely sensitive to salt and dry conditions and will not thrive in humid environments. “It grows in bogs, marshes, wet meadows, and tundra, requiring acidic ground (between 3.5 and 5 pH)” (Wikipedia 2017).

References

  • The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. "Cloudberry." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., 08 Apr. 2015. Web. 04 Apr. 2017
  • “Rubus Chamaemorus.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 11 March 2017. Web. 4 April 2017

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Common Names

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
cloudberry
bake-apple
baked-apple berry
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bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Description

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: forb, fruit, herbaceous

Cloudberry is a herbaceous perennial forb 4 to 12 inches (10-30 cm) high.
It is prostrate to erect in form with slender, creeping, woody rhizomes.
The leaves are 1 to 3 inches (2-8 cm) long. The aggregate fruit is
composed of 6 to 18 large drupelets [16,22,32].
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bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Distribution

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Cloudberry has a circumboreal distribution. In North America it occurs
from Alaska, across Canada to Greenland and Labrador and south to New
York [1,16,30].
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bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Fire Ecology

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More info for the terms: fire regime, fuel, severity, tundra

Fire is very common in the ericaceous shrub-tussock tundra where
cloudberry grows. Fires burns with varying degrees of severity
depending on the available fuel and moisture. Cloudberry sprouts from
the rhizomes after aboveground vegetation is destroyed or damaged by
fire [4,9,11,35].

FIRE REGIMES :
Find fire regime information for the plant communities in which this
species may occur by entering the species name in the FEIS home page under
"Find FIRE REGIMES".
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Growth Form (according to Raunkiær Life-form classification)

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More info for the terms: geophyte, hemicryptophyte

Hemicryptophyte
Geophyte
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat characteristics

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More info for the term: cover

Cloudberry grows on a broad range of sites from dry to wet but is most
common on wetter sites. It reaches its greatest cover on raised bogs,
meadows, and freshwater marshes [14,24,27].
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Cover Types

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This species is known to occur in association with the following cover types (as classified by the Society of American Foresters):

1 Jack pine
12 Black spruce
13 Black spruce - tamarack
16 Aspen
17 Pin cherry
107 White spruce
223 Sitka spruce
225 Western hemlock - Sitka spruce
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Ecosystem

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This species is known to occur in the following ecosystem types (as named by the U.S. Forest Service in their Forest and Range Ecosystem [FRES] Type classification):

FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES24 Hemlock - Sitka spruce
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Habitat: Plant Associations

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This species is known to occur in association with the following plant community types (as classified by Küchler 1964):

More info for the terms: bog, forest

K001 Spruce - cedar - hemlock forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K096 Northeastern spruce - fir forest
K108 Northern hardwoods - spruce forest
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Immediate Effect of Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
Fire top-kills cloudberry. The rhizomes are not usually damaged by low-
to medium-severity fires [4,14]; however, the rhizomes usually do not
penetrate deep into the soil and consequently may be killed by severe
fires [25]
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Importance to Livestock and Wildlife

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
The leaves and twigs of cloudberry are browsed by moose and caribou
[23]. In the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, moose and caribou occasionally
browse the new shoots [20].
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bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Key Plant Community Associations

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: association, bog, codominant, forest, lichens, peat, tundra, tussock

Cloudberry occurs as a dominant or codominant in a variety of habitats
within its range. It occurs as an understory component in open or
closed forest habitats, primarily in the black spruce-sphagnum (Picea
mariana-Sphagnum spp.) community type. Cloudberry also dominates or
codominates in dwarf-shrub types, bogs, muskegs, and open tussock tundra
[3,6,7,26].

The following publications list cloudberry as a dominant or codominant
species:

Forest community types of west-central Alberta in relation to selected
environmental factors [6]
Preliminary forest plant association management guide [7]
Vegetation types in northwestern Alaska and comparisons with communities
in other Artic regions [13]
Classification and ordination of southern boreal forest from the
Hondo-Slave Lake area of central Alberta [19]
The vegetation and retrogressive changes of peat areas ("muskegs") in
central Alberta [21]
Classification of peatlands in Newfoundland [27]

Associated understory species of cloudberry include dwarf arctic birch
(Betula nana), bog birch (B. glandulosa), red raspberry (Rubus idaeus),
bog labrador tea (Ledum groenlandicum), low sweet blueberry (Vaccinium
angustifolium), Saskatoon serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), bog
laurel (Kalmia polifolia), feathermoss (Pleurozium schreberi), reindeer
lichens (Cladonia spp.), and sphagnum mosses [2,7,13].
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Life Form

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More info for the terms: forb, shrub

Shrub, Forb
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Occurrence in North America

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AK CT ME MA NH NY RI AB BC NB
NF NT NS ON PE PQ YT
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Other uses and values

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The berries of cloudberry are used by the Inuit to make jam and as a
flavoring in ice cream [15,29].
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bibliographic citation
Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Phenology

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More info on this topic.

In the southern parts of its range cloudberry flowers in June and July
and the berries ripen in late August and early September [37].
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Plant Response to Fire

provided by Fire Effects Information System Plants
More info for the terms: density, frequency

In the second growing season after the Wickersham Dome fire near
Fairbanks, Alaska, cloudberry reached a density of 3.9 percent and a
frequency of 56 percent [36].
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Post-fire Regeneration

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More info for the terms: herb, rhizome

Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Regeneration Processes

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More info for the term: seed

Cloudberry reproduces primarily vegetatively from rhizomes. It also
reproduces by seed [5,15,17].
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Successional Status

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More info on this topic.

More info for the terms: bog, cover

Cloudberry is shade tolerant. In the bog flats of southwestern Alaska,
it was one of the first species to come in after dense sphagnum cover
was established [8]. Cloudberry is an important component in the
understory of mid- to late-seral northern woodlands [24,31,38].
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Taxonomy

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The currently accepted scientific name for cloudberry is Rubus
chamaemorus L. [16,37]. There are no recognized subspecies, varieties,
or forms.
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Coladonato, Milo. 1993. Rubus chamaemorus. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online]. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer). Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/

Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Rubus chamaemorus L. Sp. PI. 494. 1753
Rubus nubis S. F. Gray, Nat. Arr. Brit. PI. 2: 585. 1821. Chamaemorus norwegica Greene, Leaflets 1: 245. 1906.
A herbaceous subdioecious perennial, with creeping rootstock; stems erect, 1-3 dm. high, finely puberulent and sometimes glandular on the upper part, with scattered scales below, 1-3leaved and somewhat zig-zag above; stipules broadly ovate, obtuse or acute, finely puberulent and often glandular, 3-5 mm. long; petioles 1-6 cm. long; leaf-blades reniform, 2-6 cm. long, 3-10 cm. broad, with 3-7 rounded lobes, sparingly hairy or glabra te on both sides, palmately veined, somewhat rugose and at first strongly folded; flowers solitary at the end of the stems; sepals ovate, acute, pubescent, 6-10 mm. long, becoming somewhat longer and closing around the fruit; petals white, obovate, 8—12 mm. long, ascending or spreading; stamens numerous, in the pistillate flowers without anthers; pistils 15-20, in the staminate flowers abortive; styles in the pistillate flowers long, filiform, in the staminate ones short; fruit spheric, at first red, when ripe yellow or golden, pulpy; drupelets large, coherent; putamen about 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, smooth.
Type locality: Sweden, in wet swamps.
Distribution: Arctic and subarctic America, from Greenland to New Hampshire, British Columbia, and Alaska; Montauk Point, Long Island, New York; also in northern Europe and Asia;
circumpolar.
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Per Axel Rydberg. 1913. ROSACEAE (pars). North American flora. vol 22(5). New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
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Rubus chamaemorus

provided by wikipedia EN

Rubus chamaemorus is a species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae, native to cool temperate regions, alpine and arctic tundra and boreal forest.[2] This herbaceous perennial produces amber-colored edible fruit similar to the blackberry. English common names include cloudberry,[3] nordic berry, bakeapple (in Newfoundland and Labrador), knotberry and knoutberry (in England), aqpik or low-bush salmonberry (in Alaska – not to be confused with salmonberry, Rubus spectabilis),[4] and averin or evron (in Scotland).[5][6]

Description

Male flower

Unlike most Rubus species, the cloudberry is dioecious, and fruit production by a female plant requires pollination from a male plant.[2]

The cloudberry grows to 10–25 cm (4–10 in) high.[2] The leaves alternate between having 5 and 7 soft, handlike lobes on straight, branchless stalks. After pollination, the white (sometimes reddish-tipped) flowers form raspberry-sized aggregate fruits which are more plentiful in wooded rather than sun-exposed habitats.[2] Consisting of between 5 and 25 drupelets, each fruit is initially pale red, ripening into an amber color in early autumn.

Distribution and ecology

Cloudberries are a circumpolar boreal plant, occurring naturally throughout the Northern Hemisphere from 78°N, south to about 55°N, and are scattered south to 44°N mainly in mountainous areas and moorlands.[2] In Europe, they grow in the Nordic countries but are rare in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) and Poland.[2] They occur across northern Russia east towards the Pacific Ocean as far south as Japan in the island of Hokkaido.[2] Due to peatland drainage and peat exploitation, they are considered endangered[2] and are under legal protection in Germany's Weser and Elbe valleys, and at isolated sites in the English Pennines and Scottish Highlands. A single, fragile site exists in the Sperrin Mountains of Northern Ireland.[7]

In North America, cloudberries grow wild across Greenland, most of northern Canada, Alaska, northern Minnesota, New Hampshire, Maine, and New York.[2][8]

Wide distribution occurs due to the excretion of the indigestible seeds by birds and mammals. Further distribution arises through its rhizomes, which are up to 10 m (33 ft) long and grow about 10–15 cm (4–6 in) below the soil surface, developing extensive and dense berry patches.[2] Cuttings of these taken in May or August are successful in producing a genetic clone of the parent plant.[9] The cloudberry grows in bogs, marshes, wet meadows, tundra and elevations of 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) above sea level in Norway, requiring acidic ground (between 3.5 and 5 pH).[2]

Cloudberry leaves are food for caterpillars of several Lepidoptera species. The moth Coleophora thulea has no other known food plants. See also List of Lepidoptera that feed on Rubus.

Cultivation

Ripe cloudberries

Despite great demand as a delicacy (particularly in Sweden, Norway and Finland) the cloudberry is not widely cultivated and is primarily a wild plant. Wholesale prices vary widely based on the size of the yearly harvest, but cloudberries have gone for as little as €10/kg (in 2004).[10]

Since the middle of the 1990s, however, the species has formed part of a multinational research project. Beginning in 2002, selected cultivars have been available to farmers, notably 'Apolto' (male), 'Fjellgull' (female) and 'Fjordgull' (female). Finnish self-pollinated 'Nyby' variety is monoecious, i.e. the female and male flowers are located in the same plant unit.[11] The cloudberry can be cultivated in Arctic areas where few other crops are possible, for example along the northern coast of Norway.

Uses

Unripe cloudberry
Cloudberry jam

When ripe, cloudberry fruits are golden-yellow, soft and juicy, and are rich in vitamin C.[2] When eaten fresh, cloudberries have a distinctive tart taste. When over-ripe, they have a creamy texture somewhat like yogurt and a sweet flavor.[12] They are often made into jams, juices, tarts, and liqueurs. In Finland, the berries are eaten with heated leipäjuusto (a local cheese; the name translates to "bread-cheese"), as well as cream and sugar. In Sweden, cloudberries (hjortron) and cloudberry jam are used as a topping for ice cream, pancakes, and waffles. In Norway, they are often mixed with whipped cream and sugar to be served as a dessert called multekrem (cloudberry cream), as a jam or as an ingredient in homemade ice cream. Cloudberry yoghurt—molte- or multeyoughurt—is a supermarket item in Norway.[13]

In Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, cloudberries are used to make "bakeapple pie" or jam. Arctic Yup'ik mix the berries with seal oil, reindeer or caribou fat (which is diced and made fluffy with seal oil) and sugar to make "Eskimo ice cream" or akutaq.[2] The recipes vary by region. Along the Yukon and Kuskokwim River areas, white fish (pike) along with shortening and sugar are used. The berries are an important traditional food resource for the Yup'ik.

Due to its high vitamin C content,[2] the berry is valued both by Nordic seafarers and Northern indigenous peoples. Its polyphenol content, including flavonoid compounds such as ellagic acid, appears to naturally preserve food preparations of the berries.[2] Cloudberries can be preserved in their own juice without added sugar, if stored cool.[14]

Extract of cloudberries is also used in cosmetics such as shower gels, hand creams and body lotions.

Alcoholic drinks

In Nordic countries, traditional liqueurs such as lakkalikööri (Finland) are made of cloudberry,[15] having a strong taste and high sugar content. Cloudberry is used as a flavouring for making akvavit. In northeastern Quebec, a cloudberry liqueur known as chicoutai (Innu-aimun name) is made.[16]

Nutrients and phytochemicals

Cloudberries are rich in vitamin C and ellagic acid,[2] citric acid, malic acid, α-tocopherol, anthocyanins and the provitamin A carotenoid, β-carotene in contents which differ across regions of Finland due to sunlight exposure, rainfall or temperature.[17] The ellagitannins lambertianin C and sanguiin H-6 are also present.[18] Genotype of cloudberry variants may also affect polyphenol composition, particularly for ellagitannins, sanguiin H-6, anthocyanins and quercetin.[19]

Polyphenol extracts from cloudberries have improved storage properties when microencapsulated using maltodextrin DE5-8.[20] At least 14 volatile compounds, including vanillin, account for the aroma of cloudberries.[21]

Cultural references

The cloudberry in the coat of arms of Muurame

The cloudberry appears on the Finnish version of the 2 euro coin.[22] The name of the hill Beinn nan Oighreag in Breadalbane in the Scottish Highlands means "Hill of the Cloudberries" in Scottish Gaelic.[23] Transactions of Camden's Britain (1637 edition) indicates the etymological origins of 'cloud-berry', the plant's name in old Lancashire dialect: 'Pendelhill [in Lancashire] advenceth itselfe up the skie [...] and in the very top thereof bringeth forth a peculiar plant which, as though it came out of the clowdes, they tearme clowdes-berry'.[24] In Norrland cloudberries are known as Norrland's gold.[25]

One of the gnomes in The Little Grey Men, a 1942 children's book by "BB" (Denys Watkins-Pitchford), and its sequel is named Cloudberry.

Harvesting on public property

In some northern European countries such as Norway, a common use policy to non-wood forest products allows anyone to pick cloudberries on public property and eat them on location, but only local residents may transport them from that location.[26][27][28] Transporting ripe cloudberries from the harvest location is permitted in many counties.[26]

It was illegal to harvest unripe cloudberries in Norway between 1970 and 2004.[29][30] Many people still believe that it's illegal to harvest unripe cloudberries in Norway, but the law has been made defunct.[30]

Gallery

References

  1. ^ Maiz-Tome, L. (2016). "Rubus chamaemorus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T64323876A67730717. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T64323876A67730717.en. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Thiem B (2003). "Rubus chamaemorus L. – a boreal plant rich in biologically active metabolites: a review" (PDF). Biological Letters. 40 (1): 3–13.
  3. ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
  4. ^ University of Alaska @ Fairbanks, Cooperative Extension Service, Cloudberrries
  5. ^ "Cloudberry". FooDB. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  6. ^ Rapp, Kåre. "About the Cloudberry". Joint Global Ocean Flux Study. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  7. ^ "Rubus chamaemorus - cloudberry". National Museums, Northern Ireland. 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  8. ^ "Rubus chamaemorus". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014.
  9. ^ K. Rapp (1986). "Vegetativ oppformering av molte (Rubus chamaemorus L.)". Jord og Myr. 10: 1–11.
  10. ^ Ville Heiskanen & Juho Erkheikki (28 July 2005). "Record Cloudberry Crop Lures Thousands of Finns to Lapland Bogs (see § "Prices Drop"; ¶ 1)". Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  11. ^ "Lakka". Viherpeukalot.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 2023-05-25.
  12. ^ Ogletree, Kelsey (March 18, 2020). "What Are Cloudberries?". Farm Flavor. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  13. ^ "TINE Yoghurt Molte". TINE.no.
  14. ^ "Wild berries: cloudberries". Arctic Flavours Association. 2014. Archived from the original on 15 September 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2014.
  15. ^ "Cloudberry - Rubus chamaemorus L." Flora of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Canadian Museum of Nature. Retrieved 23 October 2022.
  16. ^ "Chicoutai" (in French). terroirsquebec.com. Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  17. ^ Jaakkola, M; Korpelainen, V; Hoppula, K; Virtanen, V (2012). "Chemical composition of ripe fruits of Rubus chamaemorus L. Grown in different habitats". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 92 (6): 1324–30. doi:10.1002/jsfa.4705. PMID 22083544.
  18. ^ Kähkönen, M; Kylli, P; Ollilainen, V; Salminen, J-P; Heinonen, M (2012). "Antioxidant activity of isolated ellagitannins from red raspberries and cloudberries". J Agric Food Chem. 60 (5): 1167–74. doi:10.1021/jf203431g. PMID 22229937.
  19. ^ McDougall, G. J.; Martinussen, I; Junttila, O; Verrall, S; Stewart, D (2011). "Assessing the influence of genotype and temperature on polyphenol composition in cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L.) using a novel mass spectrometric method". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 59 (20): 10860–8. doi:10.1021/jf202083b. PMID 21916411.
  20. ^ Laine, P; Kylli, P; Heinonen, M; Jouppila, K (2008). "Storage stability of microencapsulated cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus ) phenolics". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 56 (23): 11251–61. doi:10.1021/jf801868h. PMID 18989975.
  21. ^ Pyysalo, T; Honkanen, E (1977). "The influence of heat on the aroma of cloudberries (rubus Chamaemorus l.)". Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung. 163 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1007/BF01123552. PMID 835340. S2CID 29831932.
  22. ^ "Finnish face of Euro coins: cloudberry, swan and heraldic lion". ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2013.
  23. ^ "Beinn nan Oighreag, Hill of the Cloudberries". Scotsman.com. 20 May 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2013.
  24. ^ John Howard Nodal, George Milner, A Glossary of the Lancashire Dialect, Part 1, 1875, 84
  25. ^ "Hjortron - Institutet för språk och folkminnen". www.isof.se. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30.
  26. ^ a b Saastamoinen, Olli. "Forest policies, access rights and non-wood forest products in northern Europe" (PDF). FAO. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  27. ^ "Guide to Cloudberries". My Little Norway. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  28. ^ "Dette har du lov til å gjøre på tur" (in Norwegian). UT.no, Norwegian Trekking and NRK. 2015. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
  29. ^ "Lov om forbud mot plukking av moltekart - Lovdata". lovdata.no. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
  30. ^ a b "Is It Illegal To Pick Unripe Cloudberries In Norway In 2022? All You Need To Know! - The Norway Guide". 2022-08-13. Retrieved 2022-08-19.
  31. ^ "Cloudberry". Sierra Club BC. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 23 October 2022. Cloudberry is a relative of the raspberry. It has toothed leaves, white flowers in June-July and yellow-orange berries that ripen in August-September...You can find cloudberries in Canada, Scandinavia, Greenland, Russia and the US.
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Rubus chamaemorus: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Rubus chamaemorus is a species of flowering plant in the rose family Rosaceae, native to cool temperate regions, alpine and arctic tundra and boreal forest. This herbaceous perennial produces amber-colored edible fruit similar to the blackberry. English common names include cloudberry, nordic berry, bakeapple (in Newfoundland and Labrador), knotberry and knoutberry (in England), aqpik or low-bush salmonberry (in Alaska – not to be confused with salmonberry, Rubus spectabilis), and averin or evron (in Scotland).

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