dcsimg

Description

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Unarmed tree, crown conical or rounded young parts covered with silky tomentum. Leaf paripinnately decompound. Rachis c. 4-12 cm long with numerous raised glands. Pinnae 8-21 pairs, leaflets 16-70 pairs, c. 1.5-4 mm long, 1 mm broad. Inflorescence panicle of heads. Fruit c: 3-10 cm long, c. 5-8 mm broad, dark in colour, densely covered with tomentum.
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Missouri Botanical Garden, 4344 Shaw Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63110 USA
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Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Distribution

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Distribution: A native of Australia, introduced in Hazara.
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Flora of Pakistan Vol. 0 in eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden. Accessed Nov 12, 2008.
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Brief Summary

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Acacia mearnsii is a fast-growing leguminous tree native to Southeastern Australia and Tasmania. Common names for it include Black Wattle, Acácia-negra (Portuguese), Australian Acacia, Australische Akazie (German), Swartwattel (Afrikaans), Uwatela (Zulu).

It has been widely introduced to North America, South America, Asia, Europe, Pacific and Indian Ocean islands, Africa, and New Zealand, where it is often used as a commercial source of tannin or a source of firewood for local communities, or for reclaiming degraded areas. A range of other products, such as resins, thinners and adhesives, can also be made from bark extracts, and its timber is used for building materials, the charcoal is used for fuel and the pulp and wood chips are used to produce paper. In rural communities in South Africa the trees are important as a source of building material and fuel. In the introduced ranges, it has often become invasive, and is now known as one of the worst invasive species in the world (Global Invasive Species Database 2011). It threatens native habitats by competing with indigenous vegetation, replacing grass communities, reducing native biodiversity and increasing water loss from riparian zones.

A. mearnsii plays an important role in the ecosystem in its native Australia. As a pioneer plant it quickly binds the erosion-prone soil following the bushfires that are common in the Australian wilderness. Like other leguminous plants, it fixes the atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. Other woodland species can rapidly utilize these increased nitrogen levels provided by the nodules of bacteria present in their expansive root systems. Hence they play a critical part in the natural regeneration of Australian bushland after fires.

The pioneering characteristics that make it beneficial in controlling erosion also contribute to its success as an invasive. In addition, it produces large numbers of long-lived seeds (which may be triggered to germinate en masse following bush fires), and develops a large crown that effectively shades out other vegetation.

Acacia mearnsii trees are unarmed, evergreen and grow 6 to 20 meters high. The branchlets are shallowly ridged; all parts finely hairy; growth tips golden-hairy. Leaves are dark olive-green, finely hairy, bipinnate; leaflets short (1.5 to 4 mm) and crowded; raised glands occur at and between the junctions of pinnae pairs. Flowers are pale yellow or cream, globular flower heads in large, fragrant sprays. Fruits are dark brown pods, finely hairy, usually markedly constricted.

The species is named after American naturalist Edgar Alexander Mearns, who collected the type from a cultivated specimen in East Africa.
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Jacqueline Courteau, modified from Wikipedia
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Modified from “Acacia mearnsii.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 29 Mar 2011, 16:14 UTC. 7 Jun 2011 <http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acacia_mearnsii&oldid=431899942>.
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Description

provided by Flora of Zimbabwe
Unarmed shrub or small tree, to 15 m. Leaves: rhachis bearing glands on upper side, not only at the junction of each pair of pinnae but at other points as well. Leaves with c.12-20 pairs of pinnae; leaflets to 4 mm, numerous. Flowers pale yellow. Pods beaded, with 3-12 segments.
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Mark Hyde, Bart Wursten and Petra Ballings
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=126030
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Frequency

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Locally abundant in the E Highlands
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=126030
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Insects whose larvae eat this plant species

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Chiasmia simplicilinea (Oblique peacock)
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=126030
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Worldwide distribution

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Native of Australia; naturalised in southern Africa.
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Hyde, M.A., Wursten, B.T. and Ballings, P. (2002-2014). Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Flora of Zimbabwe website. Accessed 28 August 2014 at http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/species.php?species_id=126030
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Physical Description

provided by USDA PLANTS text
Perennial, Trees, Woody throughout, Nodules present, Stems erect or ascending, Stems greater than 2 m tall, Stems solid, Stems or young twigs glabrous or sparsely glabrate, Leaves alternate, Leaves petiolate, Extrafloral nectary glands on petiole, Stipules free, Leaves compound, Leaves bipinnate, Leaf or leaflet margins entire, Leaflets opposite, Leaflets 10-many, Leaves glabrous or nearly so, Inflorescences globose heads, capitate or subcapitate, Inflorescence axillary, Bracts very small, absent or caducous, Flowers actinomorphic or somewhat irregular, Calyx 5-lobed, Calyx glabrous, Petals united, valvate, Petals white, Stamens numerous, more than 10, Stamens completely free, separate, Stamens long exserted, Filaments glabrous, Style terete, Fruit a legume, Fruit unilocular, Fruit tardily or weakly dehiscent, Fruit indehiscent, Fruit elo ngate, straight, Fruit coriaceous or becoming woody, Fruit exserted from calyx, Fruit compressed between seeds, Fruit torulose or moniliform, strongly constricted between seeds, Fruit hairy, Fruit 3-10 seeded, Seed with elliptical line or depression, pleurogram, Seeds ovoid to rounded in outline, Seed surface smooth, Seeds olive, brown, or black, Seeds with appendage - aril, caruncle, funiculus, or strophiole.
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Swartwattel ( Afrikaans )

provided by wikipedia AF

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Peule

Die swartwattel (Acacia mearnsii) is 'n boom en indringerplant in Suid-Afrika wat inheems is aan die suidooste van Australië asook Tasmanië. Die boom groei in grasvelde, langs paaie, waterlope en woudrande.

Voorkoms

Die swartwattel kan tot 15 m hoog raak en is middelgroot. Die boom is doringloos met neerhangende, varingagtige takke. Die bas is glad en 'n bietjie harig by die jonger takke. Die blare is saamgestel en dubbelveervormig met baie klein blaartjies. Die blomhofies is liggeel en verskyn in saamgestelde trosse van Augustus tot November. Die sade is in peulvorm en afgeplat.

Die boom word gebruik vir looibas (om leer te maak), beskutting en vuurmaakhout.

Bron

Sien ook

Wiki letter w.svg Hierdie artikel is ’n saadjie. Voel vry om Wikipedia te help deur dit uit te brei.
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Swartwattel: Brief Summary ( Afrikaans )

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 src= Peule

Die swartwattel (Acacia mearnsii) is 'n boom en indringerplant in Suid-Afrika wat inheems is aan die suidooste van Australië asook Tasmanië. Die boom groei in grasvelde, langs paaie, waterlope en woudrande.

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Acacia mearnsii ( Azerbaijani )

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Acacia mearnsii (lat. Acacia mearnsii) - paxlakimilər fəsiləsinin akasiya cinsinə aid bitki növü.

Mənbə

  1. "List of names matching "Acacia mearnsii"". ILDIS. 2005-11-01. İstifadə tarixi: 2008-10-21.

Xarici keçidlər

Bu şablona bax Akasiya cinsinə aid növlər A. cornigeraA. covenyiA. cowleanaA. craspedocarpaA. crassicarpaA. cultriformisA. cuspidifoliaA. cuthbertsoniiA. cyclopsA. cyperophyllaA. daemonA. deaneiA. decoraA. decurrensA. delibrataA. densispinaA. denticulosaA. didymaA. dolichostachyaA. drepanolobiumA. drummondiiA. elataA. enterocarpaA. eriolobaA. estrophiolataA. etilisA. euthycarpaA. extensaA. falcataA. farinosaA. ferrugineaA. filicianaA. fimbriataA. flagellarisA. floribundaA. furcatispinaA. gaumeriA. genistifoliaA. georginaeA. glaucopteraA. grasbyiA. greggiiA. gunniiA. harpophyllaA. hemitelesA. heterophyllaA. holosericeaA. horridaA. howittiiA. imbricataA. flexifoliaA. implexaA. inaequilateraA. jacquemontiiA. juremaA. karrooA. kempeanaA. kingianaA. koaA. koaiaA. laetaA. lanigeraA. leprosaA. leprosaA. ligulataA. lineataA. lingulataA. longifoliaA. maideniiA. maitlandiiA. mangiumA. manubensisA. mathuataensisA. mearnsiiA. meianthaA. melanoxylonA. melliferaA. mitchelliiA. moggiiA. moiriiA. montanaA. montis-ustiA. murrayanaA. myrtifoliaA. neriifoliaA. nigricansA. niloticaA. obtusifoliaA. ochraceaA. oerfotaA. origenaA. oxycedrusA. papyrocarpaA. paradoxaA. parramattensisA. pendulaA. penninervisA. penniveniaA. permixtaA. pervilleiA. phlebophyllaA. plicataA. plumosaA. podalyriifoliaA. polyacanthaA. prasinataA. pravissimaA. prominensA. pruinocarpaA. pseudonigrescensA. pulchellaA. purpureaA. pycnanthaA. pyrifoliaA. quadrimargineaA. restiaceaA. retinodesA. rigensA. rigidula Inula britannica.jpeg İkiləpəlilər ilə əlaqədar bu məqalə qaralama halındadır. Məqaləni redaktə edərək Vikipediyanı zənginləşdirin.
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Acacia mearnsii: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

provided by wikipedia AZ

Acacia mearnsii (lat. Acacia mearnsii) - paxlakimilər fəsiləsinin akasiya cinsinə aid bitki növü.

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Akácie Mearnsova ( Czech )

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Akácie Mearnsova (Acacia mearnsii) je vždyzelený listnatý strom dorůstající výšky až 18 metrů. Vyskytuje se v jihovýchodní Austrálii a na Tasmánii. Roste na pobřežích a přilehlých horských pásmech až do nadmořské výšky 600 metrů. Akácie Mearnsova patří do skupiny australských akácií s dvakrát zpeřenými listy složenými z drobných lístků. Kulovitá, krémově zbarvená květenství se objevují na konci jara.

Popis a využití

Je to druh akácie, který je mezi 950 druhy australských akácií výjimečný využitím v dřevařství v jižní a východní Africe, Indii, Brazílii a Chile. Díky rychlému růstu a adaptaci na chudých půdách se stala hlavním zdrojem tříslové kůry pro kožedělný průmysl a výrobu lepidel. Tmavě hnědá kůra se sloupává z poražených stromů, poté se otlouká a vyváží. Je bohatá na třísloviny, které konzervují a zesilují pravou kůži, a používá se také při lepení plastů a překližky. Použitá drcená kůra se pokládá na jezdecké a atletické dráhy. Dřevo se dále využívá jako palivo.

Literatura

  • ROOD, Tony; STACKHOUSE, Jennifer. Stromy. Velký obrazový průvodce. Martin,Slovensko. 2010. ISBN 978-80-255-0397-3.

Externí odkazy

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Akácie Mearnsova: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Akácie Mearnsova (Acacia mearnsii) je vždyzelený listnatý strom dorůstající výšky až 18 metrů. Vyskytuje se v jihovýchodní Austrálii a na Tasmánii. Roste na pobřežích a přilehlých horských pásmech až do nadmořské výšky 600 metrů. Akácie Mearnsova patří do skupiny australských akácií s dvakrát zpeřenými listy složenými z drobných lístků. Kulovitá, krémově zbarvená květenství se objevují na konci jara.

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Acacia mearnsii ( German )

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Acacia mearnsii, auch als Black wattle bezeichnet, ist eine Pflanzenart in der Gattung Akazien (Acacia). Sie ist in Australien heimisch, jedoch heute weit verbreitet.

Merkmale

Acacia mearnsii ist ein großer Strauch bis Baum, der Wuchshöhen bis zu 15 Meter erreicht. Die Borke ist glatt und grünlich bis schwärzlich. Die Zweige sind etwas kantig und dicht behaart. Die Laubblätter sind olivgrün bis dunkelgrün und doppelt gefiedert. Der Blattstiel ist 10 bis 50 mm lang, behaart und trägt eine bis mehrere Drüsen. Die Rhachis ist 40 bis 150 mm lang und behaart. Das Blatt besteht aus 8 bis 25 Paar Fiedern 1. Ordnung, die jeweils 20 bis 60 mm lang sind. An ihnen stehen 16 bis 70 Paar Fiederblättchen 2. Ordnung, die länglich, oberseits kahl, unterseits und an den Rändern behaart sind. Die Fiederblättchen sind 1 bis 5 mm lang, 0,5 bis 0,8 mm breit und gerade. Junge Blätter sind goldgelb bis gelbgrün.[1]

Der Blütenstand besteht aus 20 bis 40 fahlgelben Blüten, die in kugeligen Köpfen stehen. Der Blütenstandsstiel ist dick, golden behaart und 5 bis 8 mm lang. Diese Köpfe stehen in Trauben und Rispen. Die Blüten haben einen Kelch mit kurzen spitzen und kahlen Lappen. Die Kronblätter sind kahl, der Fruchtknoten behaart.[1]

Die Hülsenfrucht ist gerade, 3 bis 18 cm lang und 4 bis 9 mm dick. Sie ist dunkel und fein behaart.[1]

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 26 oder 52.[2]

 src=
Acacia mearnsii auf Maui (Hawaii)

Verbreitung

Acacia mearnsii Art ist ursprünglich in Australien beheimatet. Sie kommt von Nordost-Tasmanien über den Süden von Victoria bis in den Süden von New South Wales bis nördlich Sydney vor. Auch in South Australia kommt sie vor. In weiteren Bereichen von New South Wales ist sie eingebürgert, wo sie sich von Straßenrand-Bepflanzungen aus verselbständigt hat.[1]

Sie wächst in offenen Eukalyptus-Wäldern und Woodlands und kommt vorwiegend auf trockenen, schweren Böden vor.[1]

Acacia mearnsii ist inzwischen auch in Nord- und Südamerika, Afrika, Asien, Europa und im Pazifik-Raum eingebürgert. Die Art gilt außerhalb ihres Ursprungsgebietes vielfach als invasiver Neophyt, der eine massive Bedrohung für die angestammten Ökosysteme darstellt. Das südafrikanische Programm Working for Water zielt unter anderem auf die Entfernung dieser Baumart ab, weil sie sich negativ auf den Wasserhaushalt und die indigene Pflanzenvielfalt auswirkt. So konkurriert sie mit der indigenen Vegetation, reduziert die einheimische Biodiversität und führt darüber hinaus zu einem Wasserverlust in Uferrandstreifen. Dies ist der Grund, weshalb Acacia mearnsii in der Global Invasive Species Database zu den hundert schädlichsten invasiven Neobiota weltweit gezählt wird.[3]

Nutzung

Aus der Borke werden Tannine zur Ledergerbung gewonnen. Das Holz wird zur Herstellung von Holzkohle und Papier verwendet. Die Bäume wurden auch zur Verringerung der Bodenerosion angepflanzt.[3]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e Terry Tame, Phillip Kodela, Barry Conn, Ken Hill: Acacia mearnsii, in: Wattle Web, Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney, 2001, abgerufen 6. Jänner 2009.
  2. Acacia mearnsii bei Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.
  3. a b 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species. Global Invasive Species Database. Abgerufen am 10. Februar 2011.
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Acacia mearnsii: Brief Summary ( German )

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Acacia mearnsii, auch als Black wattle bezeichnet, ist eine Pflanzenart in der Gattung Akazien (Acacia). Sie ist in Australien heimisch, jedoch heute weit verbreitet.

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Barakatsi ( Kinyarwanda )

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Barakatsi

Barakatsi (izina ry’ubumenyi mu kilatini Acacia mearnsii) ni ubwoko bw’igiti n’urubuto.

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Acacia mearnsii

provided by wikipedia EN

Acacia mearnsii, commonly known as black wattle, late black wattle or green wattle,[2] is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is usually an erect tree with smooth bark, bipinnate leaves and spherical heads of fragrant pale yellow or cream-coloured flowers followed by black to reddish brown pods. In some other parts of the world, it is regarded as an invasive species.

Description

Acacis mearnsii is a spreading shrub or erect tree that typically grows to a height of 10 m (33 ft) and has smooth bark, sometimes corrugated at the base of old specimens. The leaves are bipinnate with 7 to 31 pairs of pinnae, each with 25 to 78 pairs of pinnules. There is a spherical gland up to 8 mm (0.31 in) below the lowest pair of pinnae. The scented flowers are arranged in spherical heads of twenty to forty and are pale yellow or cream-coloured, the heads on hairy peduncles 2–8 mm (0.079–0.315 in) long. Flowering mainly occurs from October to December and black to reddish-brown pods, 30–150 mm (1.2–5.9 in) long and 4.5–8 mm (0.18–0.31 in) wide develop from October to February.[2][3][4]

Taxonomy

Belgian naturalist Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman described the black wattle in 1925 in his book Plantae Bequaertianae.[5] The species is named after American naturalist Edgar Alexander Mearns, who collected the type from a cultivated specimen in East Africa.[6] Along with other bipinnate wattles, it is classified in the section Botrycephalae within the subgenus Phyllodineae in the genus Acacia. An analysis of genomic and chloroplast DNA along with morphological characters found that the section is polyphyletic, though the close relationships of many species were unable to be resolved. Acacia mearnsii appears to be most closely related to A. dealbata, A. nanodealbata and A. baileyana.[7]

Distribution and habitat

A. mearnsii is native to south-eastern Australia and Tasmania, but has been introduced to North America, South America, Asia, Europe, Pacific and Indian Ocean islands, Africa, and New Zealand.[8][9][10][11][12] In these areas it is often used as a commercial source of tannin or a source of firewood for local communities.

In some regions, introduced plants of this species are considered a weed. This is because they threaten native habitats by competing with indigenous vegetation, replacing grass communities, reducing native biodiversity and increasing water loss from riparian zones. In Africa, A. mearnsii competes with local vegetation for nitrogen and water resources, which are particularly scarce in certain regions, endangering the livelihoods of millions of people.[13]

In its native range A. mearnsii is a tree of tall woodland and forests in subtropical and warm temperate regions. In Africa the species grows in disturbed areas, range/grasslands, riparian zones, urban areas, water courses, and mesic habitats at an altitude of between 600 and 1,700 metres (2,000 and 5,600 ft). In Africa it grows in a range of climates including warm temperate dry climates and moist tropical climates. A. mearnsii is reported to tolerate an annual precipitation of between 66 and 228 centimetres (26 and 90 in), an annual mean temperature of 14.7 to 27.8 °C (58.5 to 82.0 °F), and a pH of 5.0–7.2.[14] A. mearnsii does not grow well on very dry and poor soils.[15]

Ecology in Australia

A. mearnsii plays an important role in the ecosystem in its native Australia. As a pioneer plant it quickly binds the erosion-prone soil following the bushfires that are common in its Australian habitats. Like other leguminous plants, it fixes the atmospheric nitrogen in the soil. Other woodland species can rapidly use these increased nitrogen levels provided by the nodules of bacteria present in their expansive root systems. Hence they play a critical part in the natural regeneration of Australian bushland after fires.

Acacia mearnsii seed pods
  • Consumption and excretion: The seeds are potentially distributed by rodents or birds.[16]
  • For ornamental purposes (local)
  • By animals: The dispersal of the seeds of A . mearnsii is believed to be aided by cattle and birds.[17]
  • By people: Local people collecting branches and logs for firewood may spread seeds.[18]
    • Transportation of soil: The seeds may also be spread by the movement of seed-contaminated soil.[19]
  • By water: The hard-coated seeds are spread readily down water courses.[19]

Mycorrhizal fungi attach to the roots to produce food for marsupial animals, and these animals in turn disperse the spores in their droppings to perpetuates the symbiotic relationship between wattle's roots and the mycorrhizal fungi.

The cracks and crevices in the wattle's bark are home for many insects and invertebrates. The rare Tasmanian hairstreak butterfly lays her eggs in these cracks, which hatch to produce caterpillar larva attended by ants (Iridomyrmex sp.) that feed off the sweet exudates from the larva. A. mearnsii is used similarly as a larval host plant and food source by the imperial hairstreak, Jalmenus evagoras.[20]

The tree is home to various grubs, such as wood moths, which provide a food source to the Australian black cockatoos, who strip the bark for access to these borers.

During winter insects, birds and marsupials are hosted by the black wattle with the aid of their supplies of nectar in their leaf axials. These creatures provide an important predatory role to deal with tree dieback caused by scarab beetles and pasture pests.

Black wattles, along with gums, native box and native hop form the framework vegetation on so-called "hill-topping" sites. They are often isolated remnant pockets of native vegetation amongst a lower sea of exotic pasture. These "hill-topping" sites are critical habitat for male butterflies to attract females for mating, which then lay their eggs under the wattle's bark elsewhere but still within close proximity. It's the only acceptable mating site in the area for these butterflies.

Black wattle flowers provide very nitrogen rich pollen with no nectar. They attract pollen-feeding birds such as wattlebirds, yellow-throated honeyeaters and New Holland honeyeaters. The protein-rich nectar in the leaf axials is very sustaining for nurturing the growth of juvenile nestlings and young invertebrates, e.g. ants.

Ants harvest the seed, attracted by the fleshy, oil rich elaiosome (or seed stalk), which they bury and store in widely dispersed locations. These seeds are buried ready for germinating with the next soaking rains. However, a "wattle seed-eating insect" which enjoys liquid meals using its proboscis-like injector to pierce the testa and suck out the embryo, often reduces the seed's viability.[21]

Status as an invasive species

In some parts of the world, A. mearnsii is considered to be an invasive species. Its invasiveness is due to its production of large numbers of seeds each year and to its large crown that shades other species.[22]

In South Africa it is listed as a Category 2 invader in the National Environmental Biodiversity Management Act. This means a permit is required to handle a species and ensure it does not spread beyond the area of the permit.[23]

Uses

The Ngunnawal people of the Australian Capital Territory use the gum as food and to make cement (when mixed with ash), and to ensure a supply of sap, the bark was cut in the autumn.[24] The bark was also used to make coarse rope and string, and used to be infused in water to make a medicine for indigestion.[24]

Reproduction

A. mearnsii produces copious numbers of small seeds that are not dispersed actively. The species may resprout from basal shoots following a fire.[8] It also generates numerous suckers that result in thickets consisting of clones.[8] Seeds may remain viable for up to 50 years.[25]

Chemistry

Leuco-fisetinidin, a flavan-3,4-diol (leucoanthocyanidin) and a monomer of the condensed tannins called profisetinidins, can be extracted from the heartwood of A. mearnsii.[26]

References

  1. ^ a b "Acacia mearnsii". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  2. ^ a b Kodela, Phillip G. "Acacia mearnsii". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment: Canberra. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  3. ^ Kodela, Phillip G. "Acacia mearnsii De Wild". Royal Botanic Garden Sydney. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  4. ^ "Acacia mearnsii". Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  5. ^ "Acacia mearnsii". APNI. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  6. ^ Tame, Terry; Phillip Kodela; Barry Conn; Ken Hill (June 2001). "WattleWeb – Acacia mearnsii". Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2008.
  7. ^ Brown, Gillian K.; Ariati, Siti R.; Murphy, Daniel J.; Miller, Joseph T. H.; Ladiges, Pauline Y. (1991). "Bipinnate acacias (Acacia subg. Phyllodineae sect. Botrycephalae) of eastern Australia are polyphyletic based on DNA sequence data". Australian Systematic Botany. 19 (4): 315–26. doi:10.1071/SB05039.
  8. ^ a b c PIER, 2003. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk web
  9. ^ Adair, R. (2002). Black Wattle: South Africa Manages Conflict of Interest. CABI Biocontrol News March 2002, Volume 23 No. 1. web Archived 4 April 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Paiva, J. 1999. Acacia. In Talavera, S. Aedo, C, Castroviejo, S, Romero Zarco, C, Sáez, L, Salgueiro, F.J & Velayos, (ed). Flora Iberica – Plantas Vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Vol.VII(I). Leguminosae. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIS. Madrid. ISBN 84-00-06221-3. pp. 11- 25.
  11. ^ Franco, J.A. 1971. Nova Flora de Portugal (Continente e Açores). Vol. 1. Franco, J.A. (Ed.). Lisboa.
  12. ^ Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. 1992. Flora Europaea. Vol.2 Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. (reprint). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. ISBN 0-521-06662-X, pp. 84–85
  13. ^ Jose, Shibu; Singh, Harminder Pal; Batish, Daizy Rani; Kohli, Ravinder Kumar (2013). Invasive Plant Ecology. CRC Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-1-4398-8126-2.
  14. ^ Duke, J. A. 1983. Acacia mearnsii. Handbook of Energy Crops. Unpublished. web
  15. ^ Franco, J.A. 1943. Dendrologia Florestal. Lisboa.
  16. ^ Carr, G. D. Acacia mearnsii University of Hawaii, Botany Department. web
  17. ^ Milton, S.J., Dean W.R.J. and Richardson, D.M. 2003. Economic Incentives for Restoring Natural Capital in Southern African Rangelands, Front Ecol Environ+C26 1 (5): 247,254.
  18. ^ Sankaran, K. V. (2002). Black Wattle Problem Emerges in Indian Forests. CABI Biocontrol News March 2002 23(1) web page (archived 2005)
  19. ^ a b De Wit, M.P., Crookes, D.J. and Van Wilgen, B.W. 2001. Conflicts of Interest in Environmental Management: Estimating the Costs and Benefits of a Tree Invasion, Biological Invasions: 3 167 – 178.
  20. ^ Biology of Australian butterflies. Kitching, R. L. (Roger Laurence), 1945-, CSIRO (Australia). Collingwood, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Pub. 1999. ISBN 978-0643050273. OCLC 40792921.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  21. ^ Australian Plants Society (Tasmania), June 2000
  22. ^ "Acacia mearnsii". Global Invasive Species Database. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
  23. ^ "South African Government Gazette: Number 37320" (PDF). South Africa Government Gazette. 584: 8.
  24. ^ a b Ngunnawal Elders (2014) 'Ngunnawal Plant Use.' ACT Government: Canberra
  25. ^ "Alien Invader Plants". 2002. Archived from the original on 24 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
  26. ^ Roux, D. G.; Paulus, E. (1962). "Condensed tannis. 12. Polymeric leucofisetinidin tannins from the heartwood of Acacia mearnsii". The Biochemical Journal. 82 (2): 320–324. doi:10.1042/bj0820320. PMC 1243455. PMID 14494576.

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Acacia mearnsii: Brief Summary

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Acacia mearnsii, commonly known as black wattle, late black wattle or green wattle, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fabaceae and is endemic to south-eastern Australia. It is usually an erect tree with smooth bark, bipinnate leaves and spherical heads of fragrant pale yellow or cream-coloured flowers followed by black to reddish brown pods. In some other parts of the world, it is regarded as an invasive species.

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Acacia mearnsii ( Spanish; Castilian )

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 src=
Vainas de la planta

La acacia negra o acacia australiana (Acacia mearnsii) es una legumbre de rápido crecimiento nativa de Australia. Está incluida en la lista de las especies exóticas invasoras más dañinas del mundo.[1]

 src=
Flores
 src=
Ilustración
 src=
Vista del árbol

Descripción

Acacia mearnsii es un pequeño y expandible árbol que mide de 7 a 10 metros de altura, con forma de dosel o cónica y con ramas que llegan casi al suelo; las mismas son angulares y pubescentes, oscurecidas y ásperas en los troncos principales, con corteza suave y de marrón verdosa las más jóvenes. A menudo exudan una goma.

Acacia mearnsii tiene todas sus partes bipartitas, suavemente pubescentes; el pecíolo mide de 1 a 5 cm de largo, a menudo con una glándula debajo. Sus ejes miden de 4 a 15 cm de largo, con una glándula que crece en la confluencia de cada par de aurículas —que van de 8 a 25— y generalmente con glándulas adicionales espaciadas de forma irregular entre los pares de aurículas. Tiene entre 30 y 70 pares de subhojas, frondosa de 1.5 a 4 mm de largo y de 0.5 a 0.75 mm de ancho, de líneas oblongas y obtusas. La inflorescencia de la mimosa negra es muy abundante en racimos largos, axilares y panojas.

Posee numerosas flores. La inflorescencia es globular, de color amarillo pálido y fragante. Los pedúnculos son dorados pubescentes, de 5 a 8 mm de largo. Las vainas son de lineamiento ancho, de 5 a 10 cm de largo y de 5 a 8 mm de ancho, casi uniformes, de color gris amarronado a negro, más o menos cubiertas con una fina tormenta blanquecina. Las semillas, con forma de elipse, se encuentran longitudinalmente en el interior de la vaina y poseen un funículo modificado, que interviene en la dispersión de estas.

Distribución geográfica

A. mearnsii es nativa del sudeste de Australia y Tasmania, pero ha sido introducida a América del Norte, América del Sur, Asia, Europa, las islas del Pacífico y del océano Índico, África y Nueva Zelanda,[2][3][4][5][6]​ encontrada en bosques tropicales lluviosos.

Se utiliza en numerosas partes del mundo como fuente de tanino para el comercio, y como fuente de leña en comunidades locales. Se considera una hierba que amenaza los hábitats nativos, pues compite con la vegetación local reemplazando las comunidades de grama, reduce la biodiversidad e incrementa la falta de agua en las zonas ribereñas.

Descripción del hábitat

En su área de distribución natural Acacia mearnsii es un árbol de los bosques de altura y otros bosques de las regiones cálidas y subtropicales.

En África, la especie crece en áreas alteradas, cordilleras, pastizales, zonas ribereñas, zonas urbanas, en zonas con agua y hábitats con mucha humedad en una altitud de entre 600 a 1700 metros. Crece en una variedad de climas, incluyendo altas temperaturas, climas secos y climas tropicales húmedos. Se reporta que A. mearnsii puede tolerar una precipitación anual entre 0.66–2.28 metros, una temperatura media anual de 14.7–27.8 °C y un pH entre 5.0–7.2.[7]​ No crece bien en en suelos muy secos y pobres.[8]

Esta especie juega un papel importante en el ecosistema de su Australia natal. Como una planta pionera, se establece rápidamente en suelos propensos a la erosión, tras los incendios forestales que son comunes en las hábitats australianas. Al igual que otras plantas leguminosas, Acacia mearsii fija el nitrógeno atmosférico en el suelo, permitiendo que otras especies propias de los bosques puedan rápidamente usar estos altos niveles de hidrógeno biosférico proporcionados por los nódulos de bacterias presentes en su sistema de raíces expansivas. Acacia mearsii se convierte así en parte fundamental de la regeneración de los matorrales australianos luego de incendios.

Reproducción

La Acacia mearnsii produce un número abundante de pequeñas semillas que no se dispersan de manera activa. La especie pueden re-germinar a partir de brotes basales después de un incendio.[2]​ También genera numerosos retoños que resultan en matorrales formados por clones.[2]​ Las semillas pueden permanecer viables hasta por 50 años. [9]

Química

Del duramen de esta especie es posible extraer leucofisetinidina, leucoantocianidina y un monómero de los taninos condensados llamado profisetinidina.

Taxonomía

Acacia mearnsii fue descrita por Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman y publicado en Plantae Bequaertianae 3(1): 62–63. 1925.[10]

Etimología

Ver: Acacia: Etimología

mearnsii: epíteto otorgada en honor del naturalista estadounidense Edgar Alexander Mearns, quien recolectó muestras de un espécimen cultivado en el este de África.[11]

Sinonimia
  • Acacia decurrens auct. non Willd.
  • Acacia decurrens Willd. var. mollis auct. non Lindl.
  • Acacia decurrens Willd. var. mollis Lindl.
  • Acacia mollissima sensu auct.
  • Albizia mearnsii De Wild.
  • Racosperma mearnsii (De Wild.) Pedley[12]

Referencias

  1. «Global Invasive Species Database: 100 Worst Invasive Species». Consultado el 25 de febrero de 2014.
  2. a b c PIER, 2003. Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk web
  3. Adair, R. (2002). Black Wattle: South Africa Manages Conflict of Interest. CABI Biocontrol News March 2002, Volume 23 No. 1. web Archivado el 4 de abril de 2005 en Wayback Machine.
  4. Paiva, J. 1999. Acacia. In Talavera, S. Aedo, C, Castroviejo, S, Romero Zarco, C, Sáez, L, Salgueiro, F.J & Velayos, (ed). Flora ibérica – Plantas Vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Vol.VII(I). Leguminosae. Real Jardín Botánico, CSIS. Madrid. ISBN 84-00-06221-3. pp. 11- 25.
  5. Franco, J.A. 1971. Nova Flora de Portugal (Continente e Açores). Vol. 1. Franco, J.A. (Ed.). Lisboa.
  6. Tutin, T. G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M. & Webb, D.A. 1992. Flora Europaea. Vol.2 Rosaceae to Umbelliferae. (reprint). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. ISBN 0 521 06662 X pp. 84–85
  7. Duke, J. A. 1983. Acacia mearnsii. Handbook of Energy Crops. Unpublished. web
  8. Franco, J.A. 1943. Dendrologia Florestal. Lisboa.
  9. «Alien Invader Plants». Wessa Alien Plants. 2002. Archivado desde el original el 24 de octubre de 2009. Consultado el 22 de octubre de 2008.
  10. «Acacia mearnsii». Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden. Consultado el 30 de julio de 2014.
  11. Tame, Terry; Phillip Kodela; Barry Conn; Ken Hill (junio de 2001). «WattleWeb – Acacia mearnsii». Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. Archivado desde el original el 10 de julio de 2009. Consultado el 21 de octubre de 2008.
  12. «List of names matching "Acacia mearnsii"». ILDIS. 1 de noviembre de 2005. Consultado el 21 de octubre de 2008.
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Acacia mearnsii: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES
 src= Vainas de la planta

La acacia negra o acacia australiana (Acacia mearnsii) es una legumbre de rápido crecimiento nativa de Australia. Está incluida en la lista de las especies exóticas invasoras más dañinas del mundo.​

 src= Flores  src= Ilustración  src= Vista del árbol
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Acacia mearnsii ( Basque )

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Akazia beltza edo Australiako akazia (Acacia mearnsii) Australiako jatorrizko zuhaitz txikia da. Munduko espezie inbaditzaile kaltegarrienen zerrendan dago. [1]

Deskribapena

Akazia beltza, zuhaitz txikia eta zabalgarria, 7 eta 10 metroko altuera izan ditzakeen zuhaitza da, forma konikoa du eta ia lurrera iristen diren adarrak ditu.

Munduko hainbat tokitan erabiltzen da merkataritzan tanino iturri gisa eta tokiko komunitateetako egur-iturri gisa. Jatorrizko espeziak mehatxatzen dituen zuhaitza da, bertako landarediarekin lehiatzen baitira larreetako tokiko komunitateen ordez; biodibertsitatea eta ibaiertzetako ura murrizten du.

Taxonomia

Acacia mearnsii zuhaitza Émile Auguste Joseph De Wildeman-ek deskribatu eta Plantae Bequaertianae lanean 3 (1): 62-63 argitaratu zuen. 1925. [2]

Erreferentziak

Landare Artikulu hau landareei buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz.
(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Acacia mearnsii: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Akazia beltza edo Australiako akazia (Acacia mearnsii) Australiako jatorrizko zuhaitz txikia da. Munduko espezie inbaditzaile kaltegarrienen zerrendan dago.

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Parkkiakaasia ( Finnish )

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Parkkiakaasia (Acacia mearnsii) on nopeasti kasvava, hernekasveihin kuuluva puu, joka on kotoisin Australiasta. Nykyisin se on yksi haitallisimmista vieraslajeista.[1]

Levinneisyys ja elinympäristö

Parkkiakaasia on kotoisin Kaakkois-Australiasta ja Tasmaniasta, mutta se on levinnyt aluksi ihmisen toimesta Pohjois- ja Etelä-Amerikkaan, Aasiaan, Eurooppaan, Tyynenmeren ja Intian Valtameren saarille, Afrikkaan ja Uuteen-Seelantiin.[2]

Parkkiakaasiaa on istutettu, koska siitä on saatu parkkia (tanniinia) tai polttopuuta. Se on levinnyt istutuspaikoiltaan, ja sitä pidetään rikkaruohona, joka kilpailee kotoperäisten kasvien kanssa ja vähentää biologista monimuotoisuutta.[3]

Alkuperäisellä levinneisyysalueellaan parkkiakaasia kasvaa metsissä subtrooppisen ja lauhkean ilmaston alueilla. Afrikassa laji kasvaa joutomailla, laitumilla ja rannoilla 600-1700m korkeudessa. Parkkiakaasian on raportoitu sietävän vuotuisen sademäärän vaihtelua 66-228 mm. Vuotuinen keskilämpötila saa olla 15-28 C ja pH 5.0 – 7.2. Parkkiakaasia ei kasva kovin hyvin, jos maaperä on kuiva ja köyhä.[4]

Ekologia

Parkkiakaasialla on tärkeä rooli ekosysteemissä sen alkuperäisillä kotiseuduilla Australiassa. Se on pioneerilaji joka leviää nopeasti pensaspalojen tuhoamille alueille. Muiden palkokasvien tavoin se sitoo ilmasta typpeä maaperään juurikyhmyjensä bakteerien avulla.

Parkkiakaasian kukissa on erittäin typpipitoinen siitepöly, mutta ei mettä. Kukat houkuttelevat siitepölyä syöviä lintuja.

Lisääntyminen

Parkkakaasia tuottaa runsaasti pieniä siemeniä, mutta ei levitä niitä aktiivisesti. Laji versoo juuriversoista voimakkaasti pensaspalojen jälkeen. Se myös tuottaa lukuisia versoja, jotka muodostavat tiheikköjä. Siemenet voivat pysyä elinkelpoisena jopa 50 vuotta.[4]

Lähteet

  • Parkkiakaasia (Suomenkielisen nimen lähde) KASSU. Viitattu 9.9.2016.

Viitteet

  1. 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species Issg.org. Global Invasive Species Database. Viitattu 9.9.2016. (englanniksi)
  2. Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle) Bionet - EAfrinet. Viitattu 9.9.2016.
  3. Acacia mearnsii - De Wild. PFAF. Viitattu 9.9.2016.
  4. a b Acacia mearnsii The Global Invasive Species Database. Viitattu 9.9.2016.
Käännös suomeksi
Tämä artikkeli tai sen osa on käännetty tai siihen on haettu tietoja muunkielisen Wikipedian artikkelista.
Alkuperäinen artikkeli: en:Acacia mearnsii
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Parkkiakaasia: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

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Parkkiakaasia (Acacia mearnsii) on nopeasti kasvava, hernekasveihin kuuluva puu, joka on kotoisin Australiasta. Nykyisin se on yksi haitallisimmista vieraslajeista.

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Acacia mearnsii ( French )

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Acacia mearnsii, l'acacia noir[2] est une espèce d'acacia originaire d'Australie. Il est actuellement présent dans de nombreuses parties du monde où il est souvent utilisé comme source commerciale de tanin ou de bois de chauffage par les communautés locales. Dans les zones où il a été introduit, il se comporte comme une espèce envahissante[3], remplaçant les espèces végétales locales. Son épithète spécifique lui a été donnée en l'honneur de Edgar Alexander Mearns, qui a recueilli le modèle sur un échantillon importé en Afrique de l'Est[4].

Description

 src=
Gousses d'Acacia mearnsii.

C'est un arbre toujours vert, dépourvu d'épines, pouvant mesurer de six à vingt mètres de haut.

Les ramilles sont striés superficiellement; toutes les parties sont couvertes d'un fin duvet, les zones de croissance sont dorées et velues. Les feuilles sont vert-olive foncé, finement velues, bipennées ; les folioles sont courtes (1,5 – 4 mm) et abondantes.

Les fleurs sont jaune pâle ou crème, les capitules globuleux.

Les fruits sont des gousses d'un brun foncé, finement velues, portant des zones resserrées.

Utilisation

Il existe de grandes plantations commerciales en Afrique (Kenya, Afrique du Sud, Zimbabwe). C'est la « principale source mondiale d'écorce à tanin[2] ». L'écorce contient de 30 à 40 % de tanin de haute qualité (en matière sèche). Ce sont des proanthocyanidols (tanins condensés) formés d'une quarantaine de composés, principalement des polymères de (+)-catéchine, (-)-robinetinidol et de (+)-gallocatéchine.

Ce tanin sert au tannage de gros objets en cuir ou de semelles de cuir pour les chaussures. Il est aussi utilisé pour la préparation de colles de tanin formaldéhyde pour le contreplaqué ou les bois agglomérés ou stratifiés.

Synonymes

  • Acacia decurrens auct. non Willd.
  • Acacia decurrens Willd. var. mollis auct. non Lindl.
  • Acacia decurrens Willd. var. mollis Lindl.
  • Acacia mollissima sensu auct.
  • Albizia mearnsii
  • Racosperma mearnsii

Galerie de photographies

Notes et références

Voir aussi

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wikipedia FR

Acacia mearnsii: Brief Summary ( French )

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Acacia mearnsii, l'acacia noir est une espèce d'acacia originaire d'Australie. Il est actuellement présent dans de nombreuses parties du monde où il est souvent utilisé comme source commerciale de tanin ou de bois de chauffage par les communautés locales. Dans les zones où il a été introduit, il se comporte comme une espèce envahissante, remplaçant les espèces végétales locales. Son épithète spécifique lui a été donnée en l'honneur de Edgar Alexander Mearns, qui a recueilli le modèle sur un échantillon importé en Afrique de l'Est.

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Acacia mearnsii ( Portuguese )

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Acacia mearnsii é uma espécie de leguminosa do gênero Acacia, pertencente à família Fabaceae.[1]

Referências

  1. «Acacia mearnsii». Sistema Global de Informação sobre Biodiversidade (em inglês). Consultado em 19 de agosto de 2019

Bibliografia

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Acacia mearnsii: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Acacia mearnsii é uma espécie de leguminosa do gênero Acacia, pertencente à família Fabaceae.

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Keo đen mearnsii ( Vietnamese )

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Acacia mearnsii là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được De Wild. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ “List of names matching "Acacia mearnsii". ILDIS. Ngày 1 tháng 11 năm 2005. Truy cập ngày 21 tháng 10 năm 2008.
  2. ^ The Plant List (2010). Acacia mearnsii. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 6 năm 2013.

Liên kết ngoài


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Keo đen mearnsii: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Acacia mearnsii là một loài thực vật có hoa trong họ Đậu. Loài này được De Wild. miêu tả khoa học đầu tiên.

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黑荆 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Acacia mearnsii
De Willd.

黑荆学名Acacia mearnsii)是豆科金合欢属的植物。分布于台湾岛澳大利亚以及中国大陆四川广西广东浙江云南福建等地,目前已由人工引种栽培。被列入「世界百大外來入侵種」之一。

异名

  • Acacia mollisima auct. non Willd.

参考文献

  • 昆明植物研究所. 黑荆. 《中国高等植物数据库全库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-02-24]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
小作品圖示这是一篇與植物相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。
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黑荆: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

黑荆(学名:Acacia mearnsii)是豆科金合欢属的植物。分布于台湾岛澳大利亚以及中国大陆四川广西广东浙江云南福建等地,目前已由人工引种栽培。被列入「世界百大外來入侵種」之一。

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モリシマアカシア ( Japanese )

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モリシマアカシア 花
分類APG III : 植物界 Plantae 階級なし : 被子植物 angiosperms 階級なし : 真正双子葉類 eudicots 階級なし : コア真正双子葉類 core eudicots 階級なし : バラ類 rosids 階級なし : マメ類 fabids : マメ目 Fabales : マメ科 Fabaceae 亜科 : ネムノキ亜科 Mimosoideae : アカシア属 Acacia : モリシマアカシア
A. mearnsii 学名 Acacia mearnsii
De Wild. シノニム
  • Acacia decurrens
  • A. mollissima
英名 Black Wattle  src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、モリシマアカシアに関連するカテゴリがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにモリシマアカシアに関する情報があります。

モリシマアカシア (Acacia mearnsii) は、マメ科ネムノキ亜科[1]に分類される常緑高木の一種。

分布[編集]

オーストラリア南東部、タスマニアを原産地とする[2]

アフリカ南部に外来種として帰化している[2]

特徴[編集]

6-20mほどの高木で、草原や河原などに生育する。葉は二回羽状複葉で、棘はない。種子生産量の多さと種子の生存期間の長さにより、繁殖力は非常に高い。

南アフリカなどでは本種が林冠を拡げることで日光を遮ってしまい、在来種の植物の生育を妨げている[2]世界の侵略的外来種ワースト100に選定されている[2]。日本では野生化していないものの、外来生物法により要注意外来生物に指定されている[2]

ギャラリー[編集]

  •  src=

    種子

  •  src=

  •  src=

  •  src=

    果実

参考文献[編集]

  1. ^ クロンキスト体系ではネムノキ科とする。
  2. ^ a b c d e 多紀保彦(監修) 財団法人自然環境研究センター(編著) 『決定版 日本の外来生物』 平凡社ISBN 978-4-582-54241-7。p.274
 title=
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モリシマアカシア: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

モリシマアカシア (Acacia mearnsii) は、マメ科ネムノキ亜科に分類される常緑高木の一種。

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia 日本語