"Genus PARASMITTINA, new genus
Avicularia variously distributed on the frontal, but never median, suboral and bilaterally symmetrically developed around the proximal border of the aperture; they take their origin from areolar pores on one side. The frontal is a pleurocyst with a row of areolar pores and occa¬sionally there are some additional pores, usually at the proximal end; the lyrula and cardelles usually well developed, though the overhanging peristome in some cases may require dissection to expose them. The ovicell is variously perforated, by numerous small pores, by several larger ones which may vary in size and form, or more rarely by 1 to 3 central pores. Genotype, Lepralia jeffreysi Norman, 1876:208.
The essential differences between this group and Smittina (sens str.) arc in the nature of the frontal and the avicularia. The frontal is a Pleurocyst, and even in the occasional zooecia which have additional pores inside from the areolar row the pleurocystal layer is seen to develop from the border toward the center; young marginal zooecia show this manner of growth, especially after incineration. The avicularia are various in size, form and distribution, but the chamber is never bilateral; they may be oval, spatulate, short-triangular or long-pointed and range from minute to gigantic, and they may sometimes be interzooecial; not infrequently there may be several forms and sizes on a single zooecium; they often vary greatly on the same zoarium." (Osburn, 1952: 411)
Parasmittina is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Smittinidae.[1]
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.[1]
Species:[1]
Parasmittina is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Smittinidae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
Parasmittina abrolhosensis Ramalho, Taylor & Moraes, 2018 Parasmittina acondylata Dick, Ngai & Doan, 2020 Parasmittina aculeata Tilbrook, 2006 Parasmittina acuta (Canu & Bassler, 1929) Parasmittina agathae Hayward & Parker, 1994 Parasmittina alanbanneri Soule & Soule, 1973 Parasmittina alaskensis Osburn, 1952 Parasmittina alba Ramalho, Muricy & Taylor, 2011 Parasmittina aleutensis Soule & Soule, 2002 Parasmittina alitis Winston & Jackson, 2021 Parasmittina amazonensis Ramalho & Moraes, 2021 Parasmittina anderseni Cheetham & Sandberg, 1964 Parasmittina aotea (Brown, 1952) Parasmittina areolata (Canu & Bassler, 1927) Parasmittina atypica (Powell, 1967) Parasmittina auris Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Parasmittina avicularissima Gontar, 1982 Parasmittina aviculifera (d'Hondt, 1986) Parasmittina aviculifera Soule & Soule, 2002 Parasmittina aviculoumbonata Kataoka, 1961 Parasmittina baccula Hayward & Winston, 2011 Parasmittina barbadensis Winston & Woollacott, 2009 Parasmittina betamorphaea Winston, 2005 Parasmittina bimucronata (Hincks, 1884) Parasmittina breli d'Hondt & Mascarell, 2010 Parasmittina californica (Robertson, 1908) Parasmittina californiensis (Robertson, 1908) Parasmittina cheilodon (MacGillivray, 1869) Parasmittina chikagawaensis Hayami, 1975 Parasmittina circinanata Liu, 2001 Parasmittina circularis Soule & Soule, 1973 Parasmittina collifera (Robertson, 1908) Parasmittina collum (Canu & Bassler, 1920) Parasmittina contraria Seo, 1992 Parasmittina crosslandi (Hastings, 1930) Parasmittina cryptoavicularia Baradari, Nasrolahi & Taylor, 2019 Parasmittina cyclops Winston & Jackson, 2021 Parasmittina delicatula (Busk, 1884) Parasmittina dentigera (Harmer, 1957) Parasmittina dependeo Tilbrook, 2006 Parasmittina distincta Ramalho, Taylor. & Moraes, 2018 Parasmittina dolabrata Soule & Soule, 1973 Parasmittina dubitata Hayward, 1980 Parasmittina eccentrica Winston & Jackson, 2021 Parasmittina echinata Canu & Bassler, 1928 Parasmittina egyptiaca (Waters, 1909) Parasmittina emersoni Soule & Soule, 1973 Parasmittina ensifera (Maplestone, 1909) Parasmittina erecta Gordon & d'Hondt, 1997 Parasmittina exasperatrix d'Hondt, 1986 Parasmittina exiguiuncinata Tilbrook, 2006 Parasmittina fistulata (Harmer, 1957) Parasmittina floridana Winston, 2005 Parasmittina fraseri Osburn, 1952 Parasmittina galerita Ryland & Hayward, 1992 Parasmittina geometrica (Kirkpatrick, 1890) Parasmittina glabra Gordon & d'Hondt, 1997 Parasmittina glomerata (Thornely, 1912) Parasmittina gujaratica Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Parasmittina hanzawae Kataoka, 1960 Parasmittina harudiensis Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Parasmittina hastingsae Soule & Soule, 1973 Parasmittina ilioensis Soule & Soule, 1973 Parasmittina inalienata Tilbrook, 2006 Parasmittina indigenella Winston & Jackson, 2021 Parasmittina indiginella Winston, 2016 Parasmittina japonica (Ortmann, 1890) Parasmittina jeffreysi (Norman, 1876) Parasmittina johni Guha & Gopikrishna, 2005 Parasmittina kauaiensis Soule & Soule, 1973 Parasmittina labellum (Canu & Bassler, 1928) Parasmittina latiavicularia (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Parasmittina lavela Soule & Soule, 2002 Parasmittina leviavicularia Soule & Soule, 1973 Parasmittina livingstonei (Powell, 1967) Parasmittina longirostrata Liu, 2001 Parasmittina loxa (Marcus, 1937) Parasmittina loxoides Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014 Parasmittina luteoserrula Winston & Jackson, 2021 Parasmittina macginitiei Soule & Soule, 2002 Parasmittina macphersonae Powell, 1967 Parasmittina margaritata Hayward, 1988 Parasmittina marsupialis (Busk, 1884) Parasmittina masudai Hayami, 1975 Parasmittina mauritiana Hayward, 1988 Parasmittina mexicana Pouyet & Herrera-Anduaga, 1986 Parasmittina multiaviculata Souto, Ramalhosa & Canning-Clode, 2016 Parasmittina munita (Hincks, 1884) Parasmittina murarmata (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Parasmittina nasuta (Harmer, 1957) Parasmittina natalensis O'Donoghue, 1957 Parasmittina nitida (Verrill, 1875) Parasmittina novella Hayward & Cook, 1983 Parasmittina obstructa (Waters, 1889) Parasmittina oculinae Winston, 2016 Parasmittina okadai Hayami, 1975 Parasmittina onychorrhyncha Ryland & Hayward, 1992 Parasmittina ornata (Thornely, 1912) Parasmittina ovilirata Tilbrook, 2006 Parasmittina papulata Harmer, 1957 Parasmittina paradicei (Livingstone, 1926) Parasmittina parsevaliformis Soule & Soule, 1973 Parasmittina parsevalii (Audouin, 1826) Parasmittina parsevalioidea Liu, 2001 Parasmittina parsloeparsloei Hayward & Parker, 1994 Parasmittina parvitatis Tilbrook, 2006 Parasmittina parviuncinata Soule & Soule, 1973 Parasmittina pectinata Hayward & Parker, 1994 Parasmittina peristoaviculata Kataoka, 1961 Parasmittina pinctatae Liu, 2001 Parasmittina plana Kataoka, 1961 Parasmittina projecta (Okada & Mawatari, 1937) Parasmittina protecta (Thornely, 1905) Parasmittina proximoproducta Moyano, 1983 Parasmittina pugetensis Soule & Soule, 2002 Parasmittina pyriformis Seo, 2002 Parasmittina raigiformis Soule & Soule, 1973 Parasmittina raigii (Audouin, 1826) Parasmittina raigioidea Liu, 2001 Parasmittina recidiva Hayward, 1988 Parasmittina regularis Soule & Soule, 2002 Parasmittina rimula Tilbrook, 2006 Parasmittina rostriformis (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Parasmittina rouvillei (Calvet, 1902) Parasmittina saccoi (Canu, 1913) Parasmittina santacruzana Soule & Soule, 2002 Parasmittina serrula Soule & Soule, 1973 Parasmittina serruloides Harmelin, Bitar & Zibrowius, 2009 Parasmittina shibikawaensis Hayami, 1975 Parasmittina simpulata Winston, Vieira & Woollacott, 2014 Parasmittina solenosmilioides Hayward & Parker, 1994 Parasmittina soulesi Scholz & Cusi, 1993 Parasmittina spathulata (Smitt, 1873) Parasmittina spiculata Gluhak, Lewis & Popijak, 2007 Parasmittina spondylicola Harmelin, Bitar & Zibrowius, 2009 Parasmittina subtubulata (Harmer, 1957) Parasmittina talismani (Calvet, 1907) Parasmittina tatianae Denisenko, 2015 Parasmittina telum (Canu & Bassler, 1920) Parasmittina triangularis (Mawatari, 1952) Parasmittina trianguliforma Soule & Soule, 2002 Parasmittina trispinosa (Johnston, 1838) Parasmittina tropica (Waters, 1909) Parasmittina trunculata Tilbrook, 2006 Parasmittina tubula (Kirkpatrick, 1888) Parasmittina tubulata Osburn, 1952 Parasmittina turbula Ryland & Hayward, 1992 Parasmittina uncinata Soule & Soule, 1973 Parasmittina vacuramosa Lu, Nie & Zhong, 1991 Parasmittina variabilis Liu, 2001 Parasmittina veniliae Winston & Jackson, 2021 Parasmittina winstonae Liu, 2001
