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Comprehensive Description

provided by Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology
Paralimna (Phaiosterna) lineata de Meijere

Paralimna lineata de Meijere, 1908:165.—Bezzi, 1928:154 [list, Fiji].—Malloch, 1933:11 [list, Marquesas]; 1934a:313 [list, Samoa].—Cresson, 1948:10 [in part; listed as a species incertae].—Cogan and Wirth, 1977:334 [Oriental catalog].—Bock, 1988:893–894 [revision].—Mathis, 1989:644 [Australasian/Oceanian catalog].

Phaiosterna aequalis Cresson, 1929:193 [list, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam].—Cogan and Wirth, 1977:334 [synonymy].—Cogan, 1980:663 [synonymy].

Paralimna (Phaiosterna) aequalis.—Cresson, 1948:10 [generic combination; list, India, Philippines, Taiwan].—Mathis and Zatwarnicki, 1995:127 [world catalog].

DIAGNOSIS.—This species is distinguished from congeners, especially those of the subgenus Phaiosterna, by the following combination of characters: first flagellomere lacking fringe or fringe of long, whitish setulae along dorsum and dorsal portion of rounded apex far shorter than height of 1st flagellomere; apex of 1st flagellomere with dorsoapical corner more angulate than posteroapical corner; and mesonotum mottled, gray to dark brown, dull to subshiny, with moderately dense gray to brown microtomentum, consistently darker medially, between dorsocentral setae.

DESCRIPTION.—Small to medium-sized shore flies, body length 2.15–3.0 mm; generally dark, whitish gray to brown species, moderately densely to densely microtomentose, dorsum appearing mottled, dull to slightly subshiny, especially mesonotum.

Head: Generally grayish brown to dark brown. First flagellomere bearing short, generally inconspicuous fringe of whitish setulae along dorsum and dorsal portion of apex, setulae far less than height of 1st flagellomere. Face mottled, gray to dark brown, moderately densely microtomentose, appearing dull, subdued. Gena-to-eye ratio 0.23–0.24.

Thorax: Generally gray to dark brown, legs darker; mesonotum mottled, moderately densely gray to dark brown microtomentose, appearing dull to very slightly subshiny, infrequently with darker brown, longitudinal stripes medially, between dorsocentral setae, although consistently darker there. Costal-vein ratio 0.51–0.52; M-vein ratio 0.85–0.94. Foreleg of male lacking long, slender setulae.

Abdomen: Slightly lighter in color than mesonotum, mostly grayish brown; anterior portion of tergites fasciate, darker gray to brown, less microtomentose. Male terminalia (Figures 107, 125–127): epandrium inverted U-shaped in posterior view (Figure 125), wide, width about equal throughout length, with dorsal margin of cercal cavity broadly rounded; cercus pointed dorsomedially and ventrally, medial margin sinuous; presurstyli in posterior view (Figure 125) connected medially, forming shallowly arched band at ventral margin of cerci, produced ventrolaterally as narrow, triangular-shaped projections; postsurstylus in lateral view (Figure 127) with anterior margin swollen medially, bearing several setulae medially, bifurcate apically, anterior lobe narrower and shorter than posterior lobe in lateral view, posterior lobe broadly rounded apically; aedeagal apodeme with keel asymmetrical, more angulate toward hypandrium and more rounded toward base of aedeagus, attachment with base of aedeagus shallowly recurved, attachment with hypandrium curved slightly ventrally; aedeagus in lateral view (Figure 127) narrowly triangular, subrectangular in ventral view (Figures 107, 126), slightly narrowed basally, otherwise mostly parallel sided, apex broadly rounded to truncate thereafter, forming short, narrow point; lateral aedeagal process wide throughout length, broadly rounded apically, spatulate (Figure 126); hypandrium deeply invaginated, pocket-like (Figures 126, 127).

TYPE MATERIAL.—The lectotype male of Paralimna lineata de Meijere (designated by Bock, 1988:894) is labeled “[Indonesia.] Java[:] I.’ 08 [Jan 1908] Semarang. Jacobson./Paralimna lineata de Meijere Type. [handwritten]/Lectotype [red label]/LECTOTYPE Paralimna lineata de Meij. det B.H. Cogan 1971. [all except “det B.H. Cogan” handwritten]/LECTOTYPE Paralimna lineata de Meijere By I.R. Bock, 1988 [“LECTOTYPE” and “By” in red type; all else handwritten; label with black submargin].” The lectotype is double mounted (minuten into venter of specimen and in rectangular block of pith), is in fair condition (setae on right side largely missing), and is deposited in the ZMA. Three female paralectotypes bear the same locality label data as the lectotype.

The holotype male of Phaiosterna aequalis Cresson is labeled “Fruhstorfer Mittel-Annam [Vietnam]//Phaiosterna AEQUALIS E.T. Cresson, Jr. [red label; species name handwritten]/Collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP).” The holotype is double mounted (minuten in a rectangular block of foam-like plastic, is in good condition (right foreleg missing; some setae, especially on left side of head, displaced or missing), and is deposited in ANSP (6340). There are also four paratypes (1, 3; ANSP, NMW) that bear the same locality data as the holotype.

OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED.—Australasian/Oceanian. AMERICAN SAMOA. Tutuila: Aunuu Island, 10 Dec 1953, C. Hoyt (1; BMNH); Malae'imiV'ey, 7 Jul 1953, C. Hoyt (1, 1; BMNH); Pago Pago, 14 Dec 1925, G.H. Hopkins (1; BMNH).

AUSTRALIA. Queensland: Cairns (bay shore and puddles), 19–25 Apr 1957, W.W. Wirth (3, 5; BMNH). Western Australia: Millstream (at light), 7 Apr 1971, D.H. Colless (2; ANIC).

FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA. Yap: Giliman, 11 Jun 1957, C.W. Sabrosky (1; BMNH); Ruul, near Kolonia, 13 Jun 1957, C.W. Sabrosky (2; BMNH). Ifalik: Ifalik Atoll, 6 Sep 1953 (1; BMNH). Kosrae (=Kusaie): Mutunlik, 18 Mar 1953, J.F.C. Clarke (1; BMNH). Ponape: Not, Palieij, Jan 1948, N.S. Hurlbut (1; BMNH). Truk Islands: Moen, South Valley, Mt. Tonaachau, 25 Apr 1949, R.W.L. Potts (1; BMNH).

FIJI. Viti Levu: Lautoka, 28 Feb 1919, H. Greenwood (2, 1; BMNH); Lautoka (0.5 m), Mar 1976, N.L. Krauss (1, 1; USNM); Nandi (0–100 m), 5 May 1973, N.L.H. Krauss (2, 3; USNM).

GUAM. Agana (muddy stream), 25 May 1936, R.L. Usinger (1; BMNH). Agat (grass), 20 May 1936, O.H. Sweezy (1; BMNH). Inarajan (on rice), 25 Jul 1936, O.H. Sweezy (1; BMNH).

KIRIBATI. Gilbert Islands: Marakei Atoll, Dec 1957, N.L.H. Krauss (1; BMNH).

MARQUESAS. Fatu Hiva: Oomoa Valley, 21 Aug 1930, Le Bronnec (1; BMNH). Nuku Hiva: Haaoatupa, 14 Jun 1987, W.N. Mathis (6, 1; USNM); Taiohae, 9–15 Jun 1987, W.N. Mathis (8, 2; USNM); Toovii (800 m), 10–12 Jun 1987, W.N. Mathis (34, 12; USNM).

NORTHERN MARIANAS. Saipan: Tsutsuuran, 31 Aug 1944, D.G. Hall (1; USNM).

PALAU. Babelthuap: Babelthuap (along streams and cacao), 16 Apr–21 May 1957, C.W. Sabrosky (5, 2; BMNH); Ulimang, 14 Dec 1947, H.S. Dybas (1; BMNH).

PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central: Aieme River (river side), 31 Oct 1982, J.W. Ismay (1; USNM); Brown River Bridge (12 km NW), 18 May 1986, J.W. Ismay (4, 7; USNM); Iomari Creek (stream), 23 May 1986, J.W. Ismay (1; USNM); Kwikila (muddy stream), 23 Jul 1982, J.W. Ismay (1, 1; USNM); Laloki (river margin, mud under tree, marsh), 2 Feb–13 Dec 1982, 1986, J.W. Ismay (6, 8; USNM); Rubberlands (near), 22 Mar 1986, J.W. Ismay (7, 3; USNM); Woitope (river margin), 9 Jun 1986, J.W. Ismay (3; USNM). Morobe: Bubia (marsh), 10 Apr 1986, J.W. Ismay (1, 7; USNM). Western: Sapoka, 4 Mar 1981, J.W. Ismay (1; BMNH).

SOCIETY ISLANDS. Moorea: Opunohu Bay, 16 Oct 1958, D.E. Puleston (3, 1; BMNH). Raiatea: 26 Feb 1921, J.W. Moore (1; BMNH). Tahiti: 13 Mar 1925, L.E. Cheesman (1, 2; BMNH); near Papeete, Mar–Apr 1925, L.E. Cheesman (1, BMNH).

SOLOMON ISLANDS. New Georgia Islands: Gizo, Dec 1980, N.L.H. Krauss (9, 4; BMNH); Kolombangara (8°05′S, 156°47′E), Jan 1974, N.L.H. Krauss (2, 2; BMNH). Guadalcanal: Tenaru River, Apr 1945, G.E. Bohart (2; BMNH); Umasami River, Oct 1944, J. Laffoon (2; BMNH); Guadalcanal and Florida Islands, Jan-Mar 1945, J.R. Stuntz (3; BMNH).

VANUATU. Malekula: Malua Bay, Jun 1929, L.E. Cheesman (1; BMNH); Ounua, Apr–May 1929, L.E. Cheesman (1; BMNH); Malekula (NE), Jun 1929, L.E. Cheesman (1, 1; BMNH).

WESTERN SAMOA. Upolu (610 m), 1 May 1924, P.A. Buxton (lex; BMNH).

Oriental. INDIA. Andhra Pradesh: Hyderabad (17°23′N, 78°28′E), 26–30 Oct 1971, A.C. Pont (100, 100; BMNH). Assam: Rupsi (24 km NW Dhubri), 3 Nov 1943, D.E. Hardy (1; BMNH). Dehli: Dehli (at light), 26 Aug 1962, P.W. Oman (1; BMNH). Kerala: Calicut, 7 Feb 1976 (1; USNM). Tamil Nadu: Coimbatore, Oct 1955, P.S. Nathan (1, 1; BMNH); Madras, Tondiarpet (over open sewage), 13 Aug, Fletcher (1, 1; ANSP, BMNH); Kurumbagaram (associated with stagnant water), Nov 1951, P.S. Nathan (4, 2; BMNH). West Bengal: Calcutta, Tollygunge, 29 Sep 1904, Brunetti (2, 6; BMNH). Calcutta, Edengard, 22 Dec 1956, A.P. Kapur (2; BMNH). Diamond Harbour, 1 Dec 1927, R. Hoogly (1; BMNH).

INDONESIA. Java: Djakarta, Aug 1908, Jacobson (1; ZMA); Wonosobo, May 1909, Jacobson (1; ZMA). (Although Cogan labeled these two specimens as paralectotypes, the localities are not mentioned in the original description, nor do the collection dates correspond.) Lesser Sunda Islands. West Sumbawa: Semongkat (8°35′S, 117°20′E), 10–15 May 1927, Sunda-Expedition, Rensch (3, 1; BMNH); Dompoe (8°32′S, 118°28′E), 24–25 May 1927, Sunda-Expedition, Rensch (2, 2; BMNH); Soembawa-Besár (8°30′S, 117°26′E), 24 Apr–2 May 1927, Sunda-Expedition, Rensch (1; BMNH).

LAOS. Ban Theuong (18 km NW Xieng Khouang; 1035 m; at light), 2–6 Aug 1960, R.E. Leech (2; BPBM, TZ). Bolouens Plateau (16 km S Thateng; 1020 m; at light), 22–24 Jul 1960, R.E. Leech (1; BPBM).

MALAYSIA. Sabah: Beaufort (6 km N), 11 Aug 1983, G.F. Hevel, W.E. Steiner (1; USNM); Kota Kinabalu (17 km S), 19 Aug 1983, G.F. Hevel, W.E. Steiner (1; USNM); Kundasang (1 km S; 1530 m), 6 Aug 1983, G.F. Hevel, W.E. Steiner (3; USNM); Paal, 1 Sep 1983, G.F. Hevel, W.E. Steiner (1; USNM); Tambunan (10 km S), 30 Aug 1983, G.F. Hevel, W.E. Steiner (1; USNM); Tenjung Aru (beach), 3–20 Aug 1983, G.F. Hevel, W.E. Steiner (4, 3; USNM). Sarawak: 1st Division, Kuching, 6–7 Oct 1976, P.S. Cranston (7, 4; BMNH); 4th Division, Miri beach, 23 Oct 1976, P.S. Cranston (1; BMNH); Paloh (or Palch?) 1st Division, G.H. Voon (1; BMNH). Selangor: Kuala (3°21′N, 101°15′E), Klang (Nipa Swamp), 24–26 Dec 1958, T.C. Maa (2; BPBM); Klang Rantau Panjang (8 km N; at light), Sep–Dec 1959, H.E. McClure (1; BMNH); Port Kelang (salt marsh), 4 Mar 1982, C.E. Dyte (1, 2; BMNH).

NEPAL. Chitwan: Sauraha (Smithsonian Institution Camp), 31 Oct 1985, W.N. Mathis (5, 2; USNM); Sauraha (Smithsonian Institution Camp), Dhungari Khola (2 km E), 1 Nov 1985, W.N. Mathis (2; USNM).

PAKISTAN. Lahore (at light), Jun–Nov 1957, J. Maldonado (6, 4; BMNH).

PHILIPPINES. Luzon. Pangasinan: Manaoag (4 km NE; 16°4′N 120°31′E; mungbean field), 31 Jan 1978, A.T. Barrion (1; TZ). Bulacon: near Bulacon (rice field), 1 Jun 1985, C.E. Dyte, J. van S. Graver (2; BMNH). Mt. Makiling, C.F. Baker (2, 1; ANSP, BMNH). Manila, 7 Jul 1930, R.C. McGregor (1, 1; ANSP). Panay. Iloilo: Oton (8 km N; 10°46′N, 122°27′E; rice field), 29 Oct 1976, M.D. Lumaban (1; TZ). Visayan. Siquijor: Leyte, Baybay (“Visca” grounds), 15–22 Aug 1980, R.I. Vane-Wright (1; BMNH).

SRI LANKA. Central Province. Kandy: Kandy (1600 m), 12 Sep 1967, P.B. Karunaratne (1; BMNH); Kohowala (Kohuwala wala; 07°09′N, 80°31′E), 7 Nov 1967, P.B. Karunaratne (5 5 ; BMNH). Nuwara Eliya: Nuwara Eliya, Horton Plains, 23 Apr 1980, L. Jayawickrema, W.N. Mathis, T. Wijesinhe (l, 29; USNM); Nuwara Eliya, 22–23 Apr 1980, L. Jayawickrema, W.N. Mathis, T. Wijesinhe (1; USNM). Eastern Province. Amparai: Maha Oya, 1 May 1980, L. Jayawickrema, W.N. Mathis, T. Wijesinhe (11, 16; USNM). North Central Province. Anuradhapura: Anuradhapura (8°21′N, 80°23′E), 19 Feb 1974, P.J. Chandler, A.E. Stubbs (1; BMNH). Northern Province. Mannar: Murunkan (08°50′N, 80°02′E), 12 Feb 1938, J.C. Hutson (1; BMNH). Southern Province. Hambantota: Bundala, 25 Apr 1980, L. Jayawickrema, W.N. Mathis, T. Wijesinhe (9, 13; USNM); Kirinda, 25 Apr 1980, L. Jayawickrema, W.N. Mathis, T. Wijesinhe (33 22; USNM). Western Province. Colombo: Bellanwila, 8 May 1980, L. Jayawickrema, W.N. Mathis, T. Wijesinhe (3, 4; USNM); Boralesgomuwa (06°50′N, 79°54′E), 17 Feb 1974, A.E. Stubbs, P.J. Chandler (1; BMNH); Gampaha Botanical Garden, 16 Apr 1980, L. Jayawickrema, W.N. Mathis, T. Wijesinhe (l; USNM); Kalutaluwewa (light trap), 19 Feb 1958, A.E. Stubbs (2, 1; BMNH); Negombo, 10–11 Feb-7 May 1974, 1980, P.J. Chandler, L. Jayawickrema, W.N. Mathis, T. Wijesinhe (39, 50; BMNH, USNM); Nugegoda (06°52′N 79°53′E), 20 Oct 1967, P.B. Karunaratne (11, 13; BMNH); Siduwa (Seeduwa; 07=08′N, 79°53′E), 13 Feb 1974, P.J. Chandler, A.E. Stubbs (1; BMNH).

TAIWAN. Tainan, Oct 1908, Sauter (1, 3; ANSP). Hualien, 7 Oct 1993, A. Freidberg, F. Kaplan (2 5; USNM).

THAILAND. Bangkok: Huaykwang (light trap), Aug-Sep 1962, J.E. Scanlon (1; BMNH); Bangpo (light trap), Aug-Sep 1962, J.E. Scanlon (1; BMNH); Thonglo, Aug-Sep 1962, J.E. Scanlon, light trap (2, 2; BMNH); Bangkok (at light), Plukchit, Aug-Sep 1962, J.E. Scanlon (2, 1; BMNH); Pratomvan (at light), Aug-Sep 1962, J.E. Scanlon (1; BMNH). Chiengmai: Chiengmai (at light), Apr-May 1958, V. Notonanda (1; BMNH). Cholburi: Bangphra (at light), Oct 1962, J.E. Scanlon (1, 2; BMNH). Loei: Loei (at light), 1–5 Jun 1959, Manop Rattanarithikun (2; BMNH). Na-konrajsrima: (at light), 5–7 Jul 1959, Manop Rattanarithikun (1; BMNH). Khon Kaen: Khon Kaen (at light), 20–24 May 1959, Manop Rattanarithikun (1, 1; BMNH). Thon Buri: Bangkoknoi, 5–7 May 1959, Manop Rattanarithikun (at light) (2, 4; BMNH). Udon Thani: Ampur Muang (at light), Sep 1962, J.E. Scanlon (l; BMNH).

VIETNAM. Fruhstorfer (2; ANSP). Saigon (at light), 30 May 1960, N.R. Spencer (1; BMNH).

DISTRIBUTION.—Australasian/Oceanian: American Samoa, Australia (Queensland, Western Australia), Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati (Gilbert Islands, Phoenix Island), Marquesas (Fatu Hiva, Nuku Hiva), Northern Marianas, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Society Islands (Moorea, Raiatea, Tahiti), Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Western Samoa. Oriental: India (Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Dehli, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal), Indonesia (Java, Lesser Sunda Islands), Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines (Luzon, Panay, Visayan), Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam.
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bibliographic citation
Mathis, Wayne Neilsen and Zatwarnicki, Tadeusz. 2002. "A phylogenetic study of the tribe Dryxini Zatwarnicki (Diptera:Ephydridae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 1-101. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810282.617