Members of the subfamily Mobulinae, the manta and devil rays, strain their food from the water. The large cephalic fins on either side of the mouth (see Physical Description) can be extended to form a funnel that scoops planktonic organisms, small fishes and crustaceans into the ray’s mouth. Manta rays have a highly developed filter system on their gill arches that traps small animals taken in with water during respiration. The other two subfamilies, Myliobatinae (eagle rays) and Rhinopterinae (cownose rays), have interlocking plates of flat, pavement-like teeth suited for grinding mollusks and other hard-shelled prey. Some, however, have also been observed eating fish, octopus, and worms. Spotted eagle rays are able to crush clams and oysters and spit out the shells, accomplishing this so deftly that whole soft oysters, without the shell, have been found in the rays’ stomachs. Cownose and eagle rays use their powerful pectoral fins to fan the substrate, creating a suction that digs out buried clams, and then use the lower parts of their snouts to pry up the mollusks. All members of the family Myliobatidae appear to move around in search of concentrations of prey.
Foraging Behavior: filter-feeding
Primary Diet: carnivore (Piscivore , Eats non-insect arthropods)
Rays perceive and interact with their environment using sensory channels common to many vertebrates: sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. Rays also belong to a group of fishes, the elasmobranchs, whose electrical sensitivity seems to exceed that of all other animals. Elasmobranch fishes are equipped with ampullae of Lorenzini, electroreceptor organs that contain receptor cells and canals leading to pores in the animal’s skin. Sharks and rays can detect the electrical patterns created by nerve conduction, muscular contraction, and even the ionic difference between a body (i.e. of prey) and water. In lab experiments, stingrays changed their feeding location according to artificially induced changes in the electrical field around them. Other experiments have demonstrated that cartilaginous fishes use electrosensory information not only to locate prey, but also for orientation and navigation based on the electrical fields created by the interaction between water currents and the earth’s magnetic field. Although some rays can produce an electric shock to defend themselves or stun prey, members of the family Myliobatidae cannot. Some of them are able, however, to inflict a venomous sting with their tail spine in defense. Rays sometimes let out a sound like a bark when captured.
Communication Channels: visual ; acoustic
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical ; electric ; magnetic
As of 1994 only one species, giant devil ray, was listed as vulnerable to extinction. However, sharks and rays in general are vulnerable to overfishing. They grow and mature slowly, and the size of the adult population closely determines the number of young produced, due to their “slow” reproductive strategy of investing a great deal of energy in relatively few young over a lifetime.
Members of the family Myliobatidae, like other rays and their shark relatives, employ a reproductive strategy that involves putting a great investment of energy into relatively few young over a lifetime. One species, Aetobatus narinari, is known to reach sexual maturity at four to six years of age, but others may not reach maturity until much older. Once sexually mature, rays have only one litter per year, and in manta rays and some cownose rays a litter consists of only one embryo. Since few young are produced, it is important that they survive, and to this end rays are born at a large size, able to feed and fend for themselves much like an adult. Rays develop from egg to juvenile inside the mother’s uterus, sometimes to almost half their adult size. In this system, called aplacental uterine viviparity, developing embryos receive most of their nutriment from a milky, organically rich substance secreted by the mother’s uterine lining. An embryo absorbs this substance, called histotroph, by ingestion, or through its skin or other specialized structures. Rays’ eggs are small and insufficient to support the embryos until they are born, although the first stage of development does happen inside tertiary egg envelopes that enclose each egg along with egg jelly. The embryo eventually absorbs the yolk sac and stalk and the histotroph provides it with nutrition, so much so that in Rhinoptera bonasus, for example, the embryo’s net weight increases to 3,000 times that of the egg. Development from egg to term (birth) usually takes about two to four months. At birth the ray is fully developed and the umbilicus completely absorbed.
Rays of the family Myliobatidae are well known for their extreme grace and great size. With three subfamilies containing seven genera and about 42 species, the family includes the eagle rays, manta or devil rays, and cownose rays (see Systematic/Taxonomic History). These are free-swimming rays with broad, powerful pectoral fins that can measure over 6 m from tip to tip (see Physical Description). Many members of the family are able to leap completely out of the water into the air. Rays, like their shark relatives (both fall within the superorder Euselachii), have a reproductive strategy in which a great deal of energy is invested in relatively few young over a lifetime, which may last several decades. Myliobatids generate, depending on the subfamily, only one to six embryos each year, and these young are born live after growing to considerable size inside the mother’s uterus (see Development, also Reproduction). Despite the imposing size attained by many members of the family, these rays are not dangerous to humans. Mantas have tiny teeth and strain planktonic organisms (and sometimes small schooling fishes) from the water. Eagle and cownose rays have pavement-like teeth suited for grinding mollusks (see Food Habits). Their tail spines, when present, are used for defense. The worst damage caused by these rays is economic, for they are capable of destroying entire beds of cultivated mollusks or oysters (see Economic Importance to Humans). As of 1994 only one species was listed as vulnerable to extinction, but due to their “slow” reproductive strategy rays may have difficulty replenishing their numbers if human activity threatens them.
Eagle rays and cownose rays are considered a nuisance wherever humans cultivate oyster or clam beds. They are capable of clearing an entire area of mollusks, and destroy the beds. If these rays perceive the need to defend themselves, they can deliver a stab with their tail spine that is reported to be excruciating. Members of Myliobatidae, however, cannot whip their tails about as effectively as other stingrays because their sting is located near the base of the tail. The largest members of the family, the manta rays, are plankton feeders and are harmless to humans and their commercial endeavors.
Negative Impacts: injures humans (bites or stings, venomous ); crop pest
While little information was found regarding human use of the family Myliobatidae in particular, cartilaginous fishes in general are important to humans in a number of ways. Australian Aborigines have eaten rays for centuries. They determine whether a seasonal catch is ready to eat by checking a ray’s liver; if it is oily and pinkish white, the ray is suitable for eating. Manta rays, however, along with rays that have two spines, are considered inedible. Aborigines use ray spines for spear tips, although this likely impacts stingrays of other families more than members of Myliobatidae. Rays are considered food fish in Australia, Europe, and parts of Asia, and in some places are among the most highly priced fishes. Like shark fins, fins of some rays are harvested in Asia for soup and as an aphrodisiac. Cartilaginous fishes are used for medical purposes as well. Chondroiten, used as skin replacement for burn victims, is derived from the fishes’ cartilage. Other extracts from cartilage help suppress tumors and may assist cancer treatment. Finally, some large rays are a popular part of public aquarium exhibits.
Positive Impacts: food ; source of medicine or drug
Eagle, manta, and cownose rays are nearly cosmopolitan in tropical and warm temperate seas, and therefore are a consistent predator on populations of mollusks, crustaceans, planktonic organisms, and small fishes. They, especially smaller specimens, provide food for sharks and other large fishes.
Commensal/Parasitic Species:
Eagle, cownose, and manta or devil rays occur in tropical and warm temperate seas worldwide. They are found in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, as well as smaller seas. In the Atlantic some migrate as far north as the British Isles and Cape Cod.
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native ); palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Native ); neotropical (Native ); australian (Native ); oceanic islands (Native ); indian ocean (Native ); atlantic ocean (Native ); pacific ocean (Native ); mediterranean sea (Native )
Myliobatidae is a marine family, although some eagle and cownose venture into estuaries and mangrove areas. Cosmopolitan in tropical and warm temperate seas, this family can be found near reefs, in coastal lagoons, and, especially in the case of manta rays, far out to sea. Many members of the family make summertime migrations into temperate waters. Although cownose and eagle rays spend time feeding on mollusks and other invertebrates on or near the substrate, they, along with the plankton-feeding manta rays, are free-swimming.
Habitat Regions: temperate ; tropical ; saltwater or marine
Aquatic Biomes: pelagic ; reef ; coastal ; brackish water
Other Habitat Features: estuarine ; intertidal or littoral
There was little specific information information found regarding lifespans in Myliobatidae, but in general rays, like their relatives the sharks, grow and mature slowly and are long-lived. It is known that spotted eagle rays reach sexual maturity after four to six years, and bat rays live about 23 years. Some researchers estimate that the largest sharks and rays may not reach maturity until 20 to 30 years of age, and that they may live to maximum ages of 70 to 100 years or more.
In general, eagle, cownose, and manta or devil rays are medium to large, heavy-bodied fishes with winglike pectoral fins forming a disc that is much wider than it is long. The tail is much longer than the disc, has a filamentous end, and in many species bears one or more serrated stinging spines near its base, close behind the pelvic fins. In these rays the head is elevated and protrudes in front of the disc, but an anterior portion of the pectoral fins continues forward to form a subrostral lobe under the snout. In the subfamily Myliobatinae (eagle rays) this lobe is rounded. The subfamily Rhinopterinae gets its common name, cownose ray, from the indentation in the middle of the snout and forehead that forms a double fleshy lobe. In manta or devil rays (subfamily Mobulinae) this lobe takes the form of two long, mobile, cephalic fins, making manta rays the only living vertebrates with three pairs of functional limbs. These can be rolled into a spiral while swimming or extended like a funnel to guide planktonic organisms into the ray’s mouth. Mantas take in water through their mouths and filter out organisms with a highly developed branchial sieve. Their mouths are large and terminal or subterminal, and they have very small, cuspidate or flat-crowned teeth. The other two subfamilies, cownose and eagle rays, have small, subterminal mouths with one to seven rows of large, flat teeth that form pavement-like plates for crushing mollusks. The middle rows of teeth are much wider than the outer rows.
Some common characteristics shared by all three subfamilies are the presence of a moderately large dorsal fin over or just behind the pelvic fins, a very small or absent caudal fin, eyes lateral on the head, and two spiracles (respiratory openings) on top of the head just behind the eyes. Like other batoids, the lower eyelid is intact while the upper eyelid is fused to the eyeball. There are five pairs of gill openings, large in Mobulinae but small in Myliobatinae and Rhinopterinae. These rays are generally countershaded, ventrally white or pale and dorsally black, olive, gray, or brown. Some (certain species of eagle ray) have dorsal spots or bands. The disc may be naked or may be covered with small denticles. All three subfamilies can be large fish, with adults measuring between one and five m long. Manta rays (subfamily Mobulinae) are the largest of all rays, with some attaining pectoral fin spans of over 6 m, and weighing more than 1360 kg. Members of this subfamily are reported to be the morphologically the most highly evolved of all living elasmobranch fishes.
The male sexual organs are called mixopterygia or claspers, and can be found at the rear bases of the pelvic fins. There are two claspers, and each has a groove that fills with sperm before the clasper is inserted into a female. Female eagle, cownose, and manta rays have a uterus that is specially adapted to nurturing embryos outside of the egg (see Development and Reproduction below).
Other Physical Features: ectothermic ; bilateral symmetry ; venomous
Although rays can grow very large, they are still preyed upon by other large fishes, especially sharks. The great hammerhead Sphyrna lewini, in particular, appears to specialize in eating stingrays. It uses its hammer head to knock a ray to the bottom, and then pins the ray, once again with its head, pivoting around to bite the ray’s disc until the ray succumbs and can be eaten.
Known Predators:
Myliobatidae is a family of cartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes), the oldest surviving group of jawed vertebrates. This group was the first to bear live young, nourish developing embryos by means of a placenta, and to regulate reproduction and embryonic growth hormonally. Batoids (skates and rays) split off from the sharks in the early Jurassic period. Fossil records of Myliobatidae date back to the upper Cretaceous period.
Only a few species of elasmobranch (subclass including all sharks and rays) fishes have been observed during courtship and mating. However, rays have a system that involves internal fertilization, and elasmobranch fishes have relatively complex endocrine (hormonal) systems. Based on knowledge of other vertebrates with similar systems, it is likely that females signal to males through chemical or behavioral cues to indicate when their hormonal state is appropriate for mating. Rays in general are reported to engage in prolonged mating that may last up to four hours. According to one observation of manta rays, mating occurred right at the surface of the water, with a graceful undulating motion of their bodies, and the male alternately inserting his claspers (paired male reproductive organs, also known as mixopterygia) into the female. The pair did not copulate continuously, but swam about for short periods.
Rays bear young on a yearly cycle, although pregnancy usually lasts only several months, generally spanning some period in the spring, summer, and fall. Only a few species, like Myliobatis californica with its nearly year-long gestation period, are known to differ from this pattern. Within any given group of rays, individuals appear to go through mating, gestation, and parturition (birth) at the same time as all the other females in the group. Eagle rays bear up to six young at a time, but all manta rays and at least some cownose rays bear only one pup in each cycle. A milky fluid (histotroph) secreted by the uterus nourishes the embryos (see Development for a description of this system, called aplacental uterine viviparity). In some groups the epithelium, or wall, of the uterus has evolved to form trophonemata, elongated villi that extend into the uterine cavity to provide greater surface area for respiratory exchange and histotroph excretion. This advanced system of nourishing young inside the uterus can produce offspring that are relatively large at birth (see Development). According to one investigator, a young ray is rolled up like a cigar during birth, which, along with the lubricating histotroph, facilitates the birth of such proportionally large young. The young ray then unrolls and swims away. Likewise, sting-bearing young are able to pass out of the mother’s body without stinging her because their stings are encased in a pliable sheath that sloughs off after birth.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous
No reported evidence of parental care in Myliobatidae was found. After such extended nurturing inside their mothers’ bodies, young rays come into the sea quite able to feed and fend for themselves (see Development and Reproduction).
Parental Investment: no parental involvement
Die Arendroê (Myliobatidae) is 'n familie van visse wat hoort tot die orde Rajiformes. Daar is vyf genera met twee en dertig spesies wat hoort tot dié familie en vyf van die spesies kom aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus voor.
Die kop, lyf en pektorale vinne vorm 'n geheel wat die vis 'n rombiese vorm gee. Die vis is wyer as wat hy lank is. Die oë en snoet is voor op die kop en steek uit waar die pektorale vinne begin. Die vis het 5 paar kieu splete aan die onderkant van die rombus. Die stert is kort en dun met 'n dorale vin by die basis. Die vis kan tot 2.3 m wyd raak en weeg dan 200 kg. Hulle verkies kuswater om in te leef en bly gewoonlik naby die bodem waar hulle kos soek soos skaaldiere en slakke. Die vis migreer saam in groot skole en is ovuvivipaar.
Die volgende genera en gepaardgaande spesies kom aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus voor:
Spikkelarendrog
Arendrog
Bulrog
Die Arendroê (Myliobatidae) is 'n familie van visse wat hoort tot die orde Rajiformes. Daar is vyf genera met twee en dertig spesies wat hoort tot dié familie en vyf van die spesies kom aan die Suid-Afrikaanse kus voor.
Els miliobàtids (Myliobatidae) són peixos condrictis de l'ordre dels myliobatiformes amb 7 gèneres i 42 espècies.[3][4]
Reben el nom popular de milana o tòtina.[5][6] Per ignorància de la significació originària del mot, els pescadors de Tarragona també apliquen aquest darrer nom a l’escurçana (Dasyatis pastinaca). La confusió de noms entre els dasiàtids i els miliobàtids no és un defecte exclusiu dels pescadors catalans, sinó que també la fan els italians.
Algunes espècies del gènere Manta assoleixen els 7 m d'ample i els 1.300 kg de pes. El cap és prominent, amb l'aleta cefàlica, i es troba elevat sobre el pla del disc. El disc és molt més ample que llarg.
A la part anterior del cap hi ha un lòbul rostral en forma de visera, l'aleta cefàlica, que és la part més anterior de les aletes pectorals que ha quedat separada de la resta per una escotadura molt profunda. Els ulls i els espiracles es troben en posició lateral. Tenen fortes mandíbules proveïdes de plaques de dents trituradores grosses, planes i poligonals col·locades en diverses fileres que són emprades per moldre mol·luscs.
Les aletes pectorals són agudes i no té aleta caudal. La cua és llarga, filamentosa i ben destacada del disc. És de llargada molt superior a la del disc: a la part anterior porta una única aleta dorsal i darrere d'aquesta un fort agulló. Després de l'agulló la cua s'aprima en forma de fuet.
La major part d'espècies tenen espines verinoses a la base de la cua.[7]
Són animals vivípars. Les cries (entre 2 i 6) neixen completament desenvolupades.[8][9][10]
Mengen principalment mol·luscs (especialment bivalves), crustacis i altres invertebrats del fons marí. També, i segons les espècies, s'alimenten de plàncton i peixos petits.[11]
Són peixos pelàgics i marins propis de les aigües costaneres de les regions tropicals i temperades càlides (incloent-hi els esculls de corall), tot i que algunes espècies es poden trobar en estuaris i manglars.[12]
Viuen als mars i oceans càlids i tropicals (Atlàntic -fins a les Illes Britàniques i Cape Cod-, Pacífic i Índic) de tot el planeta.[13]
Les espècies del gènere Manta poden efectuar salts espectaculars fora de l'aigua. Són bons nedadors però necessiten reposar en el fons marí, ja que tant se'ls pot observar descansant sobre el fons, prop de la costa, com nedant activament a prop de la superfície mitjançant elegants ondulacions de les aletes pectorals.[14]
Els seus principals depredadors, a banda dels éssers humans, són els taurons.[15]
Algunes espècies d'aquesta família formen part de l'alimentació humana a Austràlia, Europa i Àsia (en aquest darrer continent, i de manera semblant a les aletes de tauró, les aletes d'alguns miliobàtids són consumides com a afrodisíac o per fer sopa).[12]
De tots els miliobàtids, només la manta (Mobula mobular) es troba en perill d'extinció,[16]
Els miliobàtids (Myliobatidae) són peixos condrictis de l'ordre dels myliobatiformes amb 7 gèneres i 42 espècies.
Reben el nom popular de milana o tòtina. Per ignorància de la significació originària del mot, els pescadors de Tarragona també apliquen aquest darrer nom a l’escurçana (Dasyatis pastinaca). La confusió de noms entre els dasiàtids i els miliobàtids no és un defecte exclusiu dels pescadors catalans, sinó que també la fan els italians.
Mantovití (Myliobatidae; Bonaparte, 1838) je čeleď paryb z řádu pravých rejnoků, která je typická tvarem svého těla a pohybem, zdánlivě připomínajícím ptačí let. Čeleď zahrnuje 7 rodů.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu Mantovití ve Wikimedia Commons
Mantovití (Myliobatidae; Bonaparte, 1838) je čeleď paryb z řádu pravých rejnoků, která je typická tvarem svého těla a pohybem, zdánlivě připomínajícím ptačí let. Čeleď zahrnuje 7 rodů.
Die Myliobatidae sind eine Familie zum Teil sehr großer Rochen, die in tropischen und subtropischen Regionen leben.
Myliobatidae-Arten sind große bis sehr große Rochen. Ihre rhombische Körperscheibe kann zusammen mit den flügelartigen Brustflossen eine Breite von drei Metern erreichen. Der eigentliche Rumpf ist kräftig und dick; der Kopf ist schmal und steht deutlich hervor. Die Augen und die Spritzlöcher sitzen seitlich am Kopf. Letztere sind von oben nicht sichtbar. Das an der Kopfunterseite befindliche Maul ist breit und hat sechs bis zehn (in den meisten Fällen sieben) Zahnreihen in jedem Kiefer. Die mittlere Zahnreihe ist immer die breiteste. Die Zahnplatten von Ober- und Unterkiefer sind ähnlich geformt. Die Nasalhaut ist gerade oder leicht gewellt und nicht eingebuchtet wie bei Aetobatus. Der vordere Rand der breiten Brustflossen liegt unterhalb der Augen. Ihre äußeren Enden sind schmal abgerundet, die hinteres Enden sind winkelig, manchmal auch zugespitzt. Auf dem vorderen Schwanzbereich befindet sich eine kleine Rückenflosse, deren hinteren Ende ebenfalls am Schwanz angewachsen also nicht frei ist. Die Rückenflosse beginnt bei der Gattung Aetomylaeus vor den Enden der Bauchflossen, bei der Gattung Myliobatis liegt sie hinter den Enden der Bauchflossen. Der Schwanz ist immer viel länger als die Körperscheibe und peitschenartig. Die Schwanzbasis ist schmal. Schwanzstacheln sind bei den meisten Arten vorhanden, fehlen aber bei den meisten Aetomylaeus-Arten.
Die Familie Myliobatidae wurde im Jahr 1838 durch den französischen Zoologen Charles Lucien Jules Laurent Bonaparte eingeführt. Mit Aetomylaeus und Myliobatis gehören nur noch zwei Gattungen in die Familie. Eine weitere Gattung, Aetobatus, wird seit Mitte 2016 in einer eigenen, monogenerischen Familie geführt, den Aetobatidae, und auch die Teufelsrochen (Mobulidae) und Kuhnasenrochen (Rhinopteridae), die bis vor kurzem noch als Unterfamilien der Myliobatidae geführt wurden, bilden heute eigenständige Familien.
Die Myliobatidae sind eine Familie zum Teil sehr großer Rochen, die in tropischen und subtropischen Regionen leben.
Morski golubovi (Myliobatidae) je porodica raža, riba sa hrskavičavim skeletom, rušljoriba. Tijelo im je široko i ima oblik romba. Grudna peraja ne obuhvataju glavu kao kod pravih raža i žutulja, već ona slobodno štrči i njuška je zaobljena. Koža je gola, bez krljušti i sluzava. Imaju jedno leđno peraje uz koje je prisutna otrovna bodlja testerasto nazubljena. Rep je u obliku biča i dugačak.
Predstavnik ove porodice je golub kostir ili morski orao (Myliobatis aquila) koji na repu ima snažan trnoliki nastavak u vezi sa otrovnom žljezdom. Može da dostigne širinu od 1,5 m. Živi na muljevitom i pjeskovitom tlu Atlanskog okeana, Sredozemnog i Jadranskog mora.
Pored roda Myliobatis, porodici morskih golubova pripadaju i rodovi:
Morski golubovi (Myliobatidae) je porodica raža, riba sa hrskavičavim skeletom, rušljoriba. Tijelo im je široko i ima oblik romba. Grudna peraja ne obuhvataju glavu kao kod pravih raža i žutulja, već ona slobodno štrči i njuška je zaobljena. Koža je gola, bez krljušti i sluzava. Imaju jedno leđno peraje uz koje je prisutna otrovna bodlja testerasto nazubljena. Rep je u obliku biča i dugačak.
Predstavnik ove porodice je golub kostir ili morski orao (Myliobatis aquila) koji na repu ima snažan trnoliki nastavak u vezi sa otrovnom žljezdom. Može da dostigne širinu od 1,5 m. Živi na muljevitom i pjeskovitom tlu Atlanskog okeana, Sredozemnog i Jadranskog mora.
Pored roda Myliobatis, porodici morskih golubova pripadaju i rodovi:
Rhinoptera Pteromylaeus Aetobatus Aetomylaeus Manta Mobula
The eagle rays are a group of cartilaginous fishes in the family Myliobatidae, consisting mostly of large species living in the open ocean rather than on the sea bottom.
Eagle rays feed on mollusks and crustaceans, crushing their shells with their flattened teeth. They are excellent swimmers and are able to breach the water up to several metres above the surface. Compared with other rays, they have long tails, and well-defined, rhomboidal bodies. They are ovoviviparous, giving birth to up to six young at a time. They range from 0.48 to 5.1 m (1.6 to 16.7 ft) in length and 7 m (23 ft) in wingspan.[1]
Nelson's book Fishes of the World treats cownose rays, mantas, and devil rays as subfamilies in the Myliobatidae. However, most authors (including William Toby White) have preferred to leave the Rhinopteridae and Mobulidae outside of the Myliobatidae.[2] White (2014) retained three genera (Aetobatus, Aetomylaeus, and Myliobatis) in the Myliobatidae, while a fourth (Pteromylaeus) was synoymized with Aetomylaeus.[2] A 2016 paper placed Aetobatus in its own family, the Aetobatidae.[3]
The eagle rays are a group of cartilaginous fishes in the family Myliobatidae, consisting mostly of large species living in the open ocean rather than on the sea bottom.
Eagle rays feed on mollusks and crustaceans, crushing their shells with their flattened teeth. They are excellent swimmers and are able to breach the water up to several metres above the surface. Compared with other rays, they have long tails, and well-defined, rhomboidal bodies. They are ovoviviparous, giving birth to up to six young at a time. They range from 0.48 to 5.1 m (1.6 to 16.7 ft) in length and 7 m (23 ft) in wingspan.
Los milobátidos (Myliobatidae) son una familia de peces cartilaginosos conocidos vulgarmente como rayas águila. Son, en su mayoría, especies de gran tamaño que viven en el océano abierto y no en el fondo del mar.
La raya águila se alimenta de moluscos y crustáceos, aplastando sus conchas con sus dientes aplanados, mientras que la raya diablo y la manta raya filtran el plancton del agua. Son excelentes nadadores y son capaces de saltar fuera del agua hasta varios metros sobre la superficie. En comparación con otras rayas, tienen colas largas y cuerpos romboidales bien definidos. Son ovovivíparos, dando a luz a un máximo de seis crías a la vez. Van desde 48 cm (19 pulg) a 9,1 m (30 pies) de longitud.[2][1]
Según las referencias por Peces del Mundo del año 2006 (4 ª edición) de Joseph S. Nelson, se reconocen siete géneros, en tres subfamilias. Algunos lugares sistemáticos como la raya nariz de vaca y las mantas con mobulas en sus propias familias (Rhinopteridae y Mobulidae, respectivamente).
Los milobátidos (Myliobatidae) son una familia de peces cartilaginosos conocidos vulgarmente como rayas águila. Son, en su mayoría, especies de gran tamaño que viven en el océano abierto y no en el fondo del mar.
La raya águila se alimenta de moluscos y crustáceos, aplastando sus conchas con sus dientes aplanados, mientras que la raya diablo y la manta raya filtran el plancton del agua. Son excelentes nadadores y son capaces de saltar fuera del agua hasta varios metros sobre la superficie. En comparación con otras rayas, tienen colas largas y cuerpos romboidales bien definidos. Son ovovivíparos, dando a luz a un máximo de seis crías a la vez. Van desde 48 cm (19 pulg) a 9,1 m (30 pies) de longitud.
Myliobatidae arrain miliobatiformeen familia da, itsasoko ur irekietan bizi dena.[1]
Artikulu hau biologiari buruzko zirriborroa da. Wikipedia lagun dezakezu edukia osatuz. Myliobatidae arrain miliobatiformeen familia da, itsasoko ur irekietan bizi dena.
Kotkarauskut (Myliobatidae) on rustokalaheimo, jonka lajit elävät trooppisissa valtamerissä.
Varhaisimmat kotkarauskuihin kuuluvien lajien fossiilit on ajoitettu liitukauden loppuvaiheille. Nykyään elävien lajien määrä vaihtelee lähteittäin 37–42 välillä ja lajit jaetaan 7 sukuun. Heimo jaetaan kolmeen alaheimoon kotkarauskuihin (Myliobatinae), paholaisrauskuihin (Mobulinae) ja Rhinopterinae. Eräät luonnontieteilijät pitävät kaikkia näitä alaheimoja omina heimoinaan.[2][3][4]
Kotkarauskut ovat keskikokoisia tai suuria kaloja. Lajien rintaevät ovat hyvin kookkaat ja voivat olla jopa 2,5 metriä leveät. Selkäevä on pieni ja pyrstö on pitkä ja hyvin ohut. Pyrstössä voi olla yksi tai kaksi myrkyllistä piikkiä. Paholaisrauskuilla on pään sivuilla sarvimaiset ulokkeet. Rhinopterinae-alaheimon lajeilla kuono on lohkomainen. Heimon lajeilla silmät sijaitsevat pään sivuilla ja ruiskureiät silmien takana. Kalojen suu on suuri ja hampaat ovat kookkaat ja levymäiset. Paholaisrauskut suodattavat ravintonsa ja ovat erikoistuneet planktonin syömiseen. Kotkarauskut ovat vivipaarisia ja naaras synnyttää kahdesta kuuteen poikasta.[2][3][4][5]
Kotkarauskujen heimon lajeja tavataan kaikista trooppisista valtameristä. Ne ovat pääasiassa mereisiä, mutta joitakin lajeja tavataan myös murtovesistä ja mangrovealueilta. Lajit liikkuvat usein suurissa parvissa lähellä pintaa koralliriuttojen läheisyydessä ja paholaisrauskuja tavataan myös avomereltä. Ne uivat liikuttamalla kookkaita rintaeviään ja ikään kuin lentävät veden alla. Eräät kotkarauskut myös hyppivät vedestä ilmaan.[2][3][4][5]
Kotkarauskujen- ja Rhinopteridae-alaheimojen lajit syövät selkärangattomia eläimiä, esimerkiksi rapuja ja simpukoita, joiden kovan kuoren ne murskaavat levymäisillä hampaillaan. Paholaisrauskut sen sijaan käyttävät ravintonaan planktonia, jota ne suodattavat vedestä.[4][5]
Kotkarauskut (Myliobatidae) on rustokalaheimo, jonka lajit elävät trooppisissa valtamerissä.
Les Myliobatidae sont une famille de raies (ordre des Rajiformes).
Les raies de cette famille sont généralement de grande taille, avec un corps en forme de losange plus large que long, et une queue plus longue que le corps. La tête se différencie du corps, elle est légèrement surélevée, avec une bouche large, en position ventrale, pourvues de plusieurs rangées (jusqu'à 7) de grosses dents en forme de plaques (qui servent notamment à briser les carapaces). Les yeux sont situés sur les côtés de la tête. La nageoire dorsale est réduite, et il n'y a pas de nageoire caudale sur la queue. Certaines espèces sont équipées d'un aiguillon venimeux[1].
Toutes les espèces sont vivipares, donnant naissance à 1-6 juvéniles par portée[1]. Ces raies vivent en pleine eau et non sur le fond comme la plupart des autres raies. On en trouve dans tous les principaux bassins océaniques du monde, principalement dans la zone intertropicale[1].
Selon World Register of Marine Species (2 août 2014)[1] :
Selon FishBase (2 août 2014)[2] :
Selon Paleobiology Database (18 février 2019)[6] :
Les Myliobatidae sont une famille de raies (ordre des Rajiformes).
I Miliobatidi (Myliobatidae Bonaparte, 1838) sono una famiglia di pesci cartilaginei, imparentati con le razze e con i pescecani.
La famiglia è suddivisa in tre sottofamiglie, comprendenti i seguenti generi:[1]
I Miliobatidi (Myliobatidae Bonaparte, 1838) sono una famiglia di pesci cartilaginei, imparentati con le razze e con i pescecani.
Pelėdinės rajos (lot. Myliobatidae, angl. Eagle rays, vok. Adlerrochen) – rombinių rajožuvių (Rajiformes) šeima. Tai stambios rajos, kurios gerai plaukioja ir gali net keletą metrų iššokti iš vandens. Minta moliuskais, vėžiagyviais.
Didžiausia pelėdinė raja yra Manta birostris.[1]
Šeimos sistematika nenusistovėjusi. Yra 7 gentys, 41 rūšis.
Pelėdinės rajos (lot. Myliobatidae, angl. Eagle rays, vok. Adlerrochen) – rombinių rajožuvių (Rajiformes) šeima. Tai stambios rajos, kurios gerai plaukioja ir gali net keletą metrų iššokti iš vandens. Minta moliuskais, vėžiagyviais.
Didžiausia pelėdinė raja yra Manta birostris.
Šeimos sistematika nenusistovėjusi. Yra 7 gentys, 41 rūšis.
Ikan Pari Lang atau Ikan Pari Helang (bahasa Inggeris: Eagle ray) ialah sekumpulan ikan yang tergolong dalam famili Myliobatidae, sebuah famili yang terdiri sebahagian besarnya daripada ikan pari yang hidup di lautan-lautan lepas dan bukannya di dasar laut. Ikan ini pandai berenang dan berupaya melompat beberapa meter di atas permukaan air. Ikan Pari Lang makan siput, kupang, dan krustasia. Ia menghancurkan kulit-kulit haiwan tersebut dengan giginya yang amat keras.[1]
Taksonomi kumpulan ini tidak begitu jelas; ia kini digolongkan dalam order Myliobatiformes atau juga dalam order Rajiformes [2]. Terdapat lapan genus dalam kumpulan Ikan Pari Lang, iaitu:
(Dalam sesetengah taksonomi, Mobula dan Manta terletak dalam famili tersendiri, iaitu Mobulidae.)
Ikan Pari Lang Berbintik pada asalnya dinamai Raja narinari (Euphrasen 1790) pada tahun 1790. Namanya kemudian ditukarkan menjadi Stoasodon narinari tetapi kemudian ditukarkan sekali lagi menjadi Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790).
Nama genusnya, Aetobatus, berasal daripada perkataan Greek yang membawa pengertian "burung helang, dengan batis pula bermaksud "ikan pari". Sinonim-sinonim yang lain yang pernah dipergunakan untuk merujuk kepada spesies ini dalam kepustakaan saintifik yang dahulu termasuk:
A. narinari yang kekadang dianggap sebagai satu kompleks spesies dan bukannya satu spesies tunggal, kini telah dikaji semula.
Ancaman utama ikan pari lang adalah ikan yu. Pemangsa ini sering mengekori ikan pari lang khususnya ketika masa kelahiran anak ikan dimana ibu ikan pari lang akan memberi makan kepada anaknya.[3]
Ikan Pari Lang atau Ikan Pari Helang (bahasa Inggeris: Eagle ray) ialah sekumpulan ikan yang tergolong dalam famili Myliobatidae, sebuah famili yang terdiri sebahagian besarnya daripada ikan pari yang hidup di lautan-lautan lepas dan bukannya di dasar laut. Ikan ini pandai berenang dan berupaya melompat beberapa meter di atas permukaan air. Ikan Pari Lang makan siput, kupang, dan krustasia. Ia menghancurkan kulit-kulit haiwan tersebut dengan giginya yang amat keras.
De adelaarsroggen (Myliobatidae) vormen een familie van grote roggen. Er zijn 20 soorten in vier geslachten, volgens de indeling van ITIS.
In vergelijking met andere roggen hebben adelaarsroggen een lange staart. Ze variëren in lengte van 0,5 tot 9 meter.
Adelaarsroggen voeden zich met week- en schaaldieren, die ze verbrijzelen met hun afgeplatte tanden. Het zijn dieren die zich ovovivipaar voortplanten.
Deze roggen foerageren niet zoals hun verwanten op de zeebodem, maar komen voor in het open water van de oceaan in tropische en subtropische gebieden.
gevlekte adelaarsrog
adelaarsrog
Californische adelaarsrog
De adelaarsroggen (Myliobatidae) vormen een familie van grote roggen. Er zijn 20 soorten in vier geslachten, volgens de indeling van ITIS.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Orleniowate[2] (Myliobatidae) – rodzina morskich ryb chrzęstnoszkieletowych zaliczana do orleniokształtnych (Myliobatiformes).
Występują w ciepłych wodach oceanicznych, zwykle w strefie pelagialnej oraz w pobliżu raf koralowych.
Ciało silnie grzbietobrzusznie spłaszczone. Szerokie, silnie umięśnione płetwy piersiowe tworzą w obrysie kształt zbliżony do rombu. Głowa wyraźnie wyodrębniona. Bardzo długi ogon wyposażony w ząbkowany kolec jadowy, mniejszy niż u ogończowatych. Mała, pojedyncza płetwa grzbietowa położona u nasady ogona. Grzbiet jasnobrązowy lub żółtawy.
Orleniowate są rybami żyworodnymi. Młode rodzą się zawinięte we własne skrzydła. Ich kolce w czasie porodu są elastyczne i osłonięte skórną pochewką.
Orleniowate unoszą się w toni wodnej poruszając silnie umięśnionymi płetwami piersiowymi podobnie jak ptaki w locie poruszają skrzydłami. Zęby orleni przystosowane do miażdżenia twardych osłon skorupiaków pozwalają im pobierać różnorodny pokarm. Podobnie jak manty, orlenie lubią wyskakiwać ponad powierzchnię wody.
Rodzaje zaliczane do tej rodziny[3] grupowane są w podrodzinach[4]:
Orleniowate (Myliobatidae) – rodzina morskich ryb chrzęstnoszkieletowych zaliczana do orleniokształtnych (Myliobatiformes).
Myliobatidae é a família de raias a que pertence a jamanta e as raias-águia,[1] à qual pertencem os seguintes géneros:
Segundo alguns autores, esta família localiza-se na ordem Myliobatiformes.[2]
Myliobatidae é a família de raias a que pertence a jamanta e as raias-águia, à qual pertencem os seguintes géneros:
Myliobatis Rhinoptera Pteromylaeus Aetobatus Aetomylaeus Manta MobulaSegundo alguns autores, esta família localiza-se na ordem Myliobatiformes.
Örnrockor (Myliobatidae) är en familj i ordningen Rajiformes bland rockorna. Arterna lever inte som andra rockor på havets botten utan pelagiskt, framför allt i tropiska och subtropiska regioner. Den planktonätande mantan, Manta birostris, hör till denna familj.
Familjen kännetecknas av de breda bröstfenorna, vingarna, som ofta kan bli lika stora som kroppslängden (utan stjärt), och den mycket smala, svansliknande stjärten. Vissa arter har en gifttagg på denna. Familjen är inte äggläggande som hos de egentliga rockorna, utan föder levande ungar.[1]
Denna fiskrelaterade artikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
Örnrockor (Myliobatidae) är en familj i ordningen Rajiformes bland rockorna. Arterna lever inte som andra rockor på havets botten utan pelagiskt, framför allt i tropiska och subtropiska regioner. Den planktonätande mantan, Manta birostris, hör till denna familj.
У орлякових скатів грудні плавці звужуються або перериваються в передній частині на рівні очей, так що голова чітко виділяється попереду диска. Водночас передні виступи грудних плавців з'єднуються один з одним під вершиною рила, утворюючи своєрідний виступ, що нагадує качиний дзьоб. Диск у цих скатів має ромбічну форму, тому що кінці грудних плавців загострені. Хвіст дуже довгий, схожий на тонкий батіг і озброєний у деяких видів зазубреними голками.
У деяких з них ширина диска може досягати 2,1-2,4 м, довжина тіла разом з хвостом - 4,5 м, а маса - 360 кг.
Орлякові скати яйцеживородящі і ембріони в період внутрішньоутробного розвитку, як і у хвостоколів, отримують через рот і бризгальца живильну рідину, що виділяється виростами матки. Орлякові скати живуть у прибережних водах. Вони поширені в теплих водах всіх океанів.
Орлякові скати їстівні, але ніде не видобуваються в значній кількості. Якщо витягнути такого ската з води, він може видавати гучний різкий звук, схожий на гавкіт.
Myliobatidae Bonaparte, 1838
Орляко́вые скаты[1] или орляки[2] (лат. Myliobatidae) — семейство крупных скатов, обитающих в отличие от своих сородичей не вдоль морского дна, а свободно плавающих в открытом море тропических и субтропических регионов. Грудные плавники членов подсемейства сужаются или прерываются на уровне глаз. Голова отчётливо выделяется. Под вершиной рыла передние края грудных плавников у членов подсемейств Rhinopterinae и Myliobatinae соединяются, образуя выступ, напоминающий утиный клюв. У членов подсемейства Mobulinae передние края грудных плавников обособлены и образуют у глаз выросты, напоминающие рога[3]. Голова, туловище и похожие на крылья, заострённые на концах грудные плавники орляковых скатов образуют диск, имеющий форму ромба. Бичеобразный хвост очень длинный и у некоторых видов оснащён ядовитым шипом у основания. Орляковые скаты передвигаются с помощью волнистых движений своих плавников. К их добыче относятся моллюски и ракообразные, чьи оболочки они без труда раздавливают своими очень твёрдыми зубами. Манты и мобулы отфильтровывают из воды планктон. Как и большинству скатов, орляковым свойственно живорождение, причём детёныши появляются на свет хвостом вперёд.
Название семейства и одного из родов происходит от слов др.-греч. μύλος — «дробилка», «мельница»[4] и лат. batis — «скат»[5].
Согласно одной из наиболее распространённых[6]классификаций, выделяют более 40 видов в семи родах:
Орляко́вые скаты или орляки (лат. Myliobatidae) — семейство крупных скатов, обитающих в отличие от своих сородичей не вдоль морского дна, а свободно плавающих в открытом море тропических и субтропических регионов. Грудные плавники членов подсемейства сужаются или прерываются на уровне глаз. Голова отчётливо выделяется. Под вершиной рыла передние края грудных плавников у членов подсемейств Rhinopterinae и Myliobatinae соединяются, образуя выступ, напоминающий утиный клюв. У членов подсемейства Mobulinae передние края грудных плавников обособлены и образуют у глаз выросты, напоминающие рога. Голова, туловище и похожие на крылья, заострённые на концах грудные плавники орляковых скатов образуют диск, имеющий форму ромба. Бичеобразный хвост очень длинный и у некоторых видов оснащён ядовитым шипом у основания. Орляковые скаты передвигаются с помощью волнистых движений своих плавников. К их добыче относятся моллюски и ракообразные, чьи оболочки они без труда раздавливают своими очень твёрдыми зубами. Манты и мобулы отфильтровывают из воды планктон. Как и большинству скатов, орляковым свойственно живорождение, причём детёныши появляются на свет хвостом вперёд.
Название семейства и одного из родов происходит от слов др.-греч. μύλος — «дробилка», «мельница» и лат. batis — «скат».
本科魚類廣泛分布於全球溫、熱帶海域。
從水深3m至300m深的水域。
鲼科下分7個屬，如下：
本科魚身体扁平，胸鰭向前延伸至眼所在之位置終止，或為狹窄之皮膜經吻部下方而成為一枚吻下鰭，因此頭部與體軀可以清楚劃分。頭頂隆起，尾部細長，超過體盤前後徑2倍以上。齿大似板状，有1至7排。尾背近基部處有棘或無；棘前有一小形背鰭；但無尾鰭。眼與噴水孔在頭側；口在頭部腹面，橫裂。齒1至7列，砌石狀。除尾棘外，皮膚裸出，但雄者眼眶周圍及背部中央線上可能有瘤狀突起。一般体形不大，连尾部一起最大也不会超过两米。英文所指的魔鬼魚，便是這屬於這一科的魟。儘管這一科科名為鲼，但所屬的魚類，中文仍常命名為魟，因此常令人誤會為魟科。
本科屬於熱帶暖水域沿岸魚類，常可見其利用整個胸鰭呈波浪形的擺動而游走於水表層。以底棲甲殼類及軟體動物為食，故養殖的牡蠣及蛤苗床，常遭其破壞。卵胎生，雌性通常懷有2至10胎，而妊娠期可長達1年。當捕獲時，會適時將小魟生出體外。
食用魚，但有些味道不佳，肉質較粗。另外有些種類有毒棘，易傷人。
매가오리과(Myliobatidae)는 매가오리목에 속하는 가오리류의 하나이다.[1] 바다 속에서 헤엄을 치는 모습이 마치 매와 같은 맹금류가 날아다니는 것처럼 보인다 하여 이러한 이름이 붙여 졌으며 영어 명칭 또한 "이글 레이(Eagle ray)"다.
해저보다는 대양에 주로 사는 종들로 이루어져 있다. 입 안에는 단단한 치판이 있어서 이것으로 갑각류나 이매패류와 같은 단단한 먹잇감을 부술 수 있다. 눈은 머리 위 쪽의 높은 위치에 붙어 있다. 가슴지느러미는 삼각형 구조로 이것을 날개처럼 퍼덕여 헤엄을 칠 수 있다. 꼬리에 달린 가시에는 독이 존재하기 때문에 사람에게 치명적일 수 있다.[1]
조셉 넬슨(Joseph S. Nelson)은 2006년, 매가오리과를 세 개의 아과로 나누어 매가오리아과(Mylobatinae)와 리놉테라아과(Rhinopterinae), 그리고 쥐가오리아과(Mobulinae)로 분류하였다.[2]
그러나 매가오리과는 2014년 이후로 윌리엄 화이트(William T. White) 및 동료 연구진들의 연구에 따라 계통도가 새롭게 작성되었다. 2014년에는 리놉테라류와 쥐가오리류를 각각 리놉테라과(Rhinopteridae)와 쥐가오리과(Mobulidae)로 재분류하여 매가오리과와 별개의 분류군으로 독립시켰으며, 또한 프테로밀라이우스속 (Pteromylaeus)을 금색줄매가오리속(Aetomylaeus)의 후행이명으로 처리하였다.[3] 그리고 2016년에는 얼룩매가오리속(Aetobatus)을 독립된 얼룩매가오리과(Aetobatus)로 재분류하였다.[4] 따라서 현재 매가오리과에는 매가오리속(Myliobatis)과 금색줄매가오리속(Aetomylaeus)만이 존재하고 있다.
매가오리 (Mylobatis tobijei)
Myliobatis aquila
황소매가오리 (Aetomylaeus bovinus)
금색줄매가오리 (Aetomylaeus nichofii)
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