dcsimg

Associations

provided by BioImages, the virtual fieldguide, UK
Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Tylopilus felleus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Broadleaved trees
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Tylopilus felleus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Pinopsida
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Tylopilus felleus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Castanea sativa
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Tylopilus felleus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Fagus
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Tylopilus felleus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Quercus
Other: major host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Tylopilus felleus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Pinus sylvestris
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Other: minor host/prey

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Tylopilus felleus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Fagus sylvatica

Foodplant / mycorrhiza / ectomycorrhiza
fruitbody of Tylopilus felleus is ectomycorrhizal with live root of Picea abies

license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
copyright
BioImages
project
BioImages

123pilze.de ( German )

provided by EOL authors

Guidance for identification

license
cc-publicdomain
original
visit source
partner site
EOL authors

Comprehensive Description

provided by North American Flora
Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst. Rev. Myc.
Boletus felleus Bull. Herb. Fr. pi. 379. 1787.
? Boletus modeslus Peck, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Mus. 25 : 81. 1873. fTvPe from New VnrV l
Boletus ferrugineus Frost, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. 2 : 104. 1874 i^onc.j
Dictyopus felleus Qu61. Ench. Fung. 159. 1886.
Rhodoporus felleus Qu61. Fl. Myc. Fr. 420. 1888.
Boletus subpunctipes Peck, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 116: 19. 1907,
Pileus thick, convex, usually 8-15 cm. broad, sometimes reaching a diameter of
over 40 cm.; surface smooth, glabrous, variable in color, usually some shade of tan or chestnut, often pink or purplish when young ; margin entire, concolorous : context white, often tinged with pink where wounded, at first firm, but soft and yielding in older specimens, decidedly bitter, especially when young, sometimes losing its bitter taste with age ; tubes adnate, depressed, 1-2 cm. long, slender, white, colored at maturit}^ with the flesh-colored spores, mouths angular, of medium size, edges thin, entire : spores fusiform, smooth, flesh-colored, 8-11 X3-4/i : stipe cylindric, enlarged below, glabrous, subconcolorous, usually reticulate above, and sometimes entirely to the base, firm, solid, becoming spongy in large specimens, 5-12 cm. long, 1.5-2.5 cm. thick.
Type locality : France.
Habitat : On the ground in woods.
Distribution : Temperate North America and Kurope.
license
cc-by-nc-sa-3.0
bibliographic citation
William Alphonso MurrilI, Gertrude Simmons BurIingham, Leigh H Pennington, John Hendly Barnhart. 1907-1916. (AGARICALES); POLYPORACEAE-AGARICACEAE. North American flora. vol 9. New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY
original
visit source
partner site
North American Flora

Tylopilus felleus ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST

Tylopylus felleus —tamién llamáu boletu amargosu, chupasangre, camaleón o camaleón coloráu— ye un fungu del orde Boletales que s'atopa nel norte d'Europa y del continente americanu. Deriva'l so nome binomial del llatín «fel» (fiel) n'alusión al so sabor amargoso.

Hábitat y dómina

Apaez ente agostu y ochobre baxu fayes, encines, carbayos, pinos, picees, y abetos.

Comestibilidad

Anque nun ye venenosu, nun se considera comestible debíu al sabor amargoso.[2]

Referencies

  1. «Tylopilus felleus» (n'inglés), Catalogue of Life (2010 Annual Checklist), Sistema Integráu d'Información Taxonómica (ITIS), http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2010/browse/tree/id/5941237
  2. Nilsson, S. & Persson, O. (1977) Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi). Penguin Books.
Tylopilus felleus
Carauterístiques micolóxiques
Symbol question.svg
Convex cap icon.svg
El sombreru ye convexu
No gills icon.png
Láminas: Non aplicable
Mycorrhizal ecology icon.png
La ecoloxía ye micorriza
Inedible toxicity icon.png
Comestibilidá: non comestible[editar datos en Wikidata]

Enllaces esternos


license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AST

Tylopilus felleus: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

provided by wikipedia AST

Tylopylus felleus —tamién llamáu boletu amargosu, chupasangre, camaleón o camaleón coloráu— ye un fungu del orde Boletales que s'atopa nel norte d'Europa y del continente americanu. Deriva'l so nome binomial del llatín «fel» (fiel) n'alusión al so sabor amargoso.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia AST

Bolet amarg ( Catalan; Valencian )

provided by wikipedia CA
Crystal128-pipe.svg
Aquest article o secció no cita les fonts o necessita més referències per a la seva verificabilitat.
Taxonomia Super-regneEukaryotaRegneFungiClasseAgaricomycetesOrdreBoletalesFamíliaBoletaceaeGènereTylopilusEspècieTylopilus felleus
(Bull.) P. Karst. (1881)
NomenclaturaBasiònim Boletus felleus TradueixSinònim taxonòmic
  • Boletus alutarius Fr. 1815
  • Boletus alutarius Rostk. 1844
  • Boletus felleus Bull. 1788
  • Boletus felleus var. minor Coker & Beers 1943
  • Tylopilus alutarius (Fr.) Rea 1922
  • Tylopilus felleus var. alutarius (Fr.) P. Karst. 1882
  • Tylopilus felleus var. felleus (Bull.) P. Karst. 1881
  • Tylopilus felleus var. minor (Coker & Beers) Pilát & Dermek 1974
  • Tylopilus felleus var. uliginosus A.H. Sm. & Thiers 1971
Modifica les dades a Wikidata

El bolet amarg (Tylopilus felleus) és una espècie de fong del gènere Tylopilus que es troba en el nord d'Europa i del continent americà. Deriva el seu nom binomial del llatí «fel» (bilis) en al·lusió al seu sabor amarg. Encara que no és verinós, no es considera comestible a causa d'aquesta caractéristica distintiva.

Apareix entre agost i octubre baix faigs, alzines, roures, pins, picees, i avets.

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Bolet amarg Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autors i editors de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CA

Hřib žlučník ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Hříb žlučník (Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst. 1881), též zvaný podhřib žlučový či hřib hořký, lidově také hořčák, žlučák nebo štípák, je evropský druh hřibu, pro palčivě hořkou chuť nejedlý.

Roste v jehličnatých i listnatých lesích a hlavně mladé plodnice jsou snadno zaměnitelné s jinými druhy jedlých hřibů. Bývá hojný, nejvíce roste v srpnu a září, často ve společnosti jiných hřibů. U velkých odrostlejších kusů jsou typickým znakem narůžovělé rourky ze spodu klobouku (v mládí jsou rourky bílé) a také často výrazná struktura síťky na noze. Sice není smrtelně jedovatý, ale pro svou hořkou chuť dokáže i jedna mladá plodnice zkazit celé jídlo.

Galerie


Externí odkazy

Pahýl
Tento článek je příliš stručný nebo postrádá důležité informace.
Pomozte Wikipedii tím, že jej vhodně rozšíříte. Nevkládejte však bez oprávnění cizí texty.
Hřibovité Hřib (Aureoboletus) Hřib (Boletus) Hřib (Buchwaldoboletus)
Hřib (Chalciporus) Hřib (Butyriboletus) Hřib (Caloboletus) Hřib (Cyanoboletus) Hřib (Hemileccinum) Hřib (Hortiboletus) Hřib (Imleria) Hřib (Imperator) Hřib (Neoboletus) Hřib (Pseudoboletus) Hřib (Rheubarbariboletus) Hřib (Rubroboletus) Hřib (Suillellus) Hřib (Tylopilus) Hřib (Xerocomus) Hřib (Xerocomellus) Kozák (Leccinellum)
Kozák a křemenáč
(Leccinum)
Další rody
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CZ

Hřib žlučník: Brief Summary ( Czech )

provided by wikipedia CZ

Hříb žlučník (Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst. 1881), též zvaný podhřib žlučový či hřib hořký, lidově také hořčák, žlučák nebo štípák, je evropský druh hřibu, pro palčivě hořkou chuť nejedlý.

Roste v jehličnatých i listnatých lesích a hlavně mladé plodnice jsou snadno zaměnitelné s jinými druhy jedlých hřibů. Bývá hojný, nejvíce roste v srpnu a září, často ve společnosti jiných hřibů. U velkých odrostlejších kusů jsou typickým znakem narůžovělé rourky ze spodu klobouku (v mládí jsou rourky bílé) a také často výrazná struktura síťky na noze. Sice není smrtelně jedovatý, ale pro svou hořkou chuť dokáže i jedna mladá plodnice zkazit celé jídlo.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autoři a editory
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia CZ

Gemeiner Gallenröhrling ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Gemeine Gallenröhrling (Tylopilus felleus) ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Dickröhrlingsverwandten. Er wird aufgrund seines extrem bitteren Geschmacks auch Bitterling genannt und gilt deshalb nicht als Speisepilz.

Der wissenschaftliche Name leitet sich von gr. tylo = Kissen und lat. pilus = Kappe sowie lat. felleus = „gallig, gallenbitter“ ab und bedeutet auf deutsch "Gallenbittere Kissenkappe". Der Gemeine Gallenröhrling ist in Mitteleuropa die einzige Art seiner Gattung.

Merkmale

 src=
Typisch für den Gemeinen Gallenröhrling ist das braune Stielnetz.
 src=
Hutquerschnitt: Die jung weißen Röhren des Gemeinen Gallenröhrlings färben sich später schmutzig-rosa.
 src=
Die Sporen des Gemeinen Gallenröhrlings unter dem Lichtmikroskop

Makroskopische Merkmale

Die Fruchtkörper des Gallenröhrlings sind boletoid, d. h. sie bestehen aus Hut und Stiel und tragen an der Hutunterseite eine ablösbare Röhrenschicht. Der Hutdurchmesser beträgt meist 50–120 mm, selten ist er noch größer.[1][2] Die Hutoberfläche ist jung fein filzig, im Alter auch fast glatt, trocken bzw. nur bei älteren Fruchtkörpern feucht etwas schmierig.[1] Die Poren und Röhren sind jung weiß und verfärben sich beim Reifen des Fruchtkörpers rosalich bis schmutzig rosa im Alter.[2] Der Rosa Farbton der Poren wird intensiver, wenn man auf die Poren drückt.[1] Im Jungzustand, wenn die Poren noch weiß sind, verfärben sie jedoch nicht auf Druck. Der Stiel misst 50–150 × 10–50 mm und ist zylindrisch-keulig mit verdickter Basis.[1][2] Die Stieloberfläche ist typischerweise gelblich ockerbraun und weist ein deutliches, nur an der Stielspitze blasses, sonst dunkles, schmutzig ockerbraunes bis dunkelbraunes Netz.[1] Das Basalmyzel ist weiß.[1] Das Fleisch ist weiß und kann in der Stielspitze bei Kontakt mit Sauerstoff langsam etwas rosalich verfärben.[1] Sehr selten kann es oberhalb der Röhren und im oberen Stielbereich blau verfärben (Tylopilus felleus var. fuscescens).[3] Der Geschmack ist meist sehr bitter bis bitter, die Bitterkeit variiert aber, weshalb manche Fruchtkörper mild schmecken.[1][2]

Das Sporenpulver ist rosabraun.[2]

Mikroskopische Merkmale

Die Sporen sind boletoid, d. h. spindelig mit deutlicher suprahilarer Depression[2] und messen 12–16(–18) × 4–5(–6) µm.[3] Die Hutdeckschicht ist ein Trichoderm aus (2–)3–9 µm breiten Hyphen. Die Cheilozystiden sind spindelig bis bauchig und messen 18–30 × 9–11 µm.[2] Die Pleurozystiden sind größer, 40–70 × 7–11 µm und spindelig bis pfriemförmig.[1][2] Die Hymenialzystiden zeigen teils einen gelblichen Inhalt[1] und sind gattungstypisch dextrinoid.[4]

Äußere Systematik

Der Gallenröhrling ist innerhalb der Bolataceae nahe mit den Gattungen Afroboletus, Steinpilze (Boletus), Hortiboletus, Imleria, Notholepiota, Porphyrellus, Rotfußröhrlinge (Xerocomellus) und Strobilomyces verwandt, gehört also in den Kern der Unterfamilie der Boletoideae.[5]

Innere Systematik

Der Gallenröhrling zeigt eine große Variationsbreite seiner Merkmale, weshalb mehrere Varietäten beschrieben wurden:

Tylopilus felleus var. alutarius (Fr.) P. Karst. – mit mildem Geschmack und blassem Stiel, der fast glatt ist bzw. eine nur feine Netzzeichnung aufweist[3]

Tylopilus felleus var. fuscescens P. Karst. – mit blauendem Fleisch[3]

Tylopilus felleus var. minor (Coker & Beers) Pilát & Dermek – mit sehr kleinen Fruchtkörpern und kleineren Sporen (aus Nordamerika beschrieben, aber wohl auch in Europa vorkommend)[3]

Tylopilus felleus var. uliginosus A.H. Sm. & Thiers – mit auffälligen, in Melzers Regans roten (dextrinoiden) Pigmentkügelchen in den Hymenialzystiden, die in mit Kalilauge aufgeweichtem Herbarmaterial besonders auffällig sind (aus Nordamerika beschrieben)[6]

Artabgrenzung

In Europa ist der Gallenröhrling der einzige Vertreter seiner Gattung.[3] Das rosabraune Sporenpulver ist unter den europäischen Röhrlingen daher einzigartig und Verwechslungen von reifen Fruchtkörpern mit anderen Arten sollten daher kaum möglich sein.

Junge Fruchtkörper gelten aber als klassische Doppelgänger der Steinpilze (Gattung Boletus), da auch diese im Jungzustand weiße Röhren und Poren aufweisen.[1] Er hat jedoch eine dunkle Netzzeichnung auf dem meist ocker-gelblichen Stiel, während der Steinpilz vor allem am oberen Stielende ein weißes Stielnetz aufweist. Darüber hinaus färben sich die Röhren des Gallenröhrlings im Alter schmutzig-rosa, die des Steinpilzes jedoch oliv. Das Fleisch des Gallenröhrlings schmeckt zudem bitter, das des Steinpilzes hingegen mild. Spätestens bei der Zubereitung kann man Gallenröhrlinge von Steinpilzen durch das sich beim Erhitzen leicht rosa verfärbende Fleisch erkennen, da das Fleisch der Steinpilze weiß bleibt.[7]

Ökologie und Phänologie

Der Gallenröhrling ist in der gemäßigten Zone verbreitet. Er bildet wie alle Verterer der Gattung Tylopilus Ektomykorrhizen.[4] Er ist ein Mykorrhizapartner von Nadelbäumen und bevorzugt eindeutig saure, nährstoffarme Böden (Sümpfe, Moore, Heiden). In Laubwäldern wird der Gallenröhrling ebenfalls angetroffen, hin und wieder auch an und auf morschen Baumstümpfen. Der Gallenröhrling wächst vom Frühsommer bis zum Herbst vor allem im Nadelwald auf sauren Böden, nicht selten zusammen mit dem Steinpilz.

Bei niedrigen Temperaturen stellt er sein Wachstum ein; so ist seine „Saison“ meist Ende September abgelaufen.

Speisewert und Inhaltsstoffe

Der Gallenröhrling ist aufgrund des meist bitteren Geschmacks ungenießbar und zudem schwach giftig und kann zu Magen-Darm-Beschwerden führen.[7] Schon ein einziger Pilz kann wegen seiner Bitterkeit eine komplette Mahlzeit völlig verderben.

Der Gallenröhrling enthält komplexe Zuckerverbindungen (β-D-Glucane), die tumorhemmende Eigenschaften zeigen.[7] Das Polysaccharid Tylopilan gilt als immunstimulierend.[7] Zudem enthält der Gallenröhrling Lipasehemmer, die das Enzym Pankreatinlipase hemmen.[7] In Litauen ist die Anwendung des Gallenröhrlings bei Leberleiden bekannt. Hierfür wird ein alkoholischer Auszug aus zerkleinerten Pilzen angesetzt und in geringen Mengen innerlich verwendet.[7]

Quellen

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k German Josef Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Andreas Gminder, Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württembergs. Band 2: Ständerpilze: Leisten-, Keulen-, Korallen- und Stoppelpilze, Bauchpilze, Röhrlings- und Täublingsartige. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0.
  2. a b c d e f g h Josef Breitenbach & Fred Kränzlin: Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze. Teil 1, Strobilomycetaceae und Boletaceae, Paxillaceae, Gomphidiaceae, Hygrophoracea [sic], Tricholomataceae, Polyporaceae (lamellige). Mykologia, Luzern 1991, ISBN 3-85604-030-7.
  3. a b c d e f Gilbert Lannoy & Alain Estadès: Flore Mycologique d'Europe 6 Les Bolets. Boletaceae Chevallier. In: Docyments Mycologiques Mémoires Hors Series. Band 6, 2001, S. 1–163.
  4. a b Matteo Gelardi, Claudio Angelini, Federica Costanzo, Francesco Dovana, Beatriz Ortiz-Santana: Tylopilus griseiolivaceus sp. nov. and T. leucomycelinus (Boletaceae) revisited from the Dominican Republic within a comprehensive phylogeny of Tylopilus s. str. In: Mycological Progress. Band 18, Nr. 8, August 2019, ISSN 1617-416X, S. 1039–1056, doi:10.1007/s11557-019-01513-2.
  5. Mitchell E. Nuhn, Manfred Binder, Andy F.S. Taylor, Roy E. Halling, David S. Hibbett: Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae. In: Fungal Biology. Band 117, Nr. 7-8, Juli 2013, S. 479–511, doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.008.
  6. Alexander H. Smith & Harry D. Thiers: The Boletes of Michigan. The University of Michigan Press, 1971, ISBN 0-472-85590-5.
  7. a b c d e f Jürgen Guthmann: Heilende Pilze Die wichtigsten Arten der Welt. Beschreibung - Inhaltsstoffe - Wirkung. 2. Auflage. Wiebelsheim, Hunsrück 2020, ISBN 978-3-494-01851-5.

Weblinks

 src=
– Album mit Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien
 src=Wiktionary: Gallenröhrling – Bedeutungserklärungen, Wortherkunft, Synonyme, Übersetzungen
 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Gemeiner Gallenröhrling: Brief Summary ( German )

provided by wikipedia DE

Der Gemeine Gallenröhrling (Tylopilus felleus) ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Dickröhrlingsverwandten. Er wird aufgrund seines extrem bitteren Geschmacks auch Bitterling genannt und gilt deshalb nicht als Speisepilz.

Der wissenschaftliche Name leitet sich von gr. tylo = Kissen und lat. pilus = Kappe sowie lat. felleus = „gallig, gallenbitter“ ab und bedeutet auf deutsch "Gallenbittere Kissenkappe". Der Gemeine Gallenröhrling ist in Mitteleuropa die einzige Art seiner Gattung.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autoren und Herausgeber von Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia DE

Tylopilus felleus

provided by wikipedia EN

Tylopilus felleus, commonly known as the bitter bolete or the bitter tylopilus, is a fungus of the bolete family. Its distribution includes east Asia, Europe and eastern North America, extending south into Mexico and Central America. A mycorrhizal species, it grows in deciduous and coniferous woodland, often fruiting under beech and oak. Its fruit bodies have convex to flat caps that are some shade of brown, buff or tan and typically measure up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. The pore surface is initially white before turning pinkish with age. Like most boletes it lacks a ring and it may be distinguished from Boletus edulis and other similar species by its unusual pink pores and the prominent dark-brown net-like pattern on its stalk.

French mycologist Pierre Bulliard described this species as Boletus felleus in 1788 before it was transferred into the new genus Tylopilus. It is the type species of Tylopilus and the only member of the genus found in Europe. Tylopilus felleus has been the subject of research into bioactive compounds that have been tested for antitumour and antibiotic properties. Although not poisonous it is generally considered inedible owing to its overwhelming bitterness.

Taxonomy

The species was first described in the scientific literature as le bolet chicotin (Boletus felleus) by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard in 1788.[3] As the large genus Boletus was carved up into smaller genera, Petter Karsten transferred it in 1881 to Tylopilus,[4] a genus diagnosed by its pink spores and adnate tubes.[5] Tylopilus felleus is the type species of Tylopilus and the only member of the genus found in Europe. Synonyms include Boletus alutarius, described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1815[6] and later by Friedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb Rostkovius in 1844, and Paul Christoph Hennings's subsequent transfer of Fries's taxon into Tylopilus, T. alutarius.[1][7] Lucien Quélet placed the taxon in Dictyopus in 1886 and then Rhodoporus in 1888,[2] but neither of these genera are recognised today, the former having been merged into Boletus and the latter into Tylopilus.[8] Genetic analysis published in 2013 shows that T. felleus and many (but not all) other members of Tylopilus form a Tylopilus clade within a larger group informally called anaxoboletus in the Boletineae. Other clades in the group include the porcini and Strobilomyces clades as well as three other groups composed of members of various genera including Xerocomus, Xerocomellus and Boletus badius and relatives.[9]

A variety described from the Great Lakes region, var. uliginosus, was recognised by Alexander H. Smith and Harry D. Thiers in 1971 on the basis of its microscopic features,[2] a distinction supported by Professor C.B. Wolfe of Pennsylvania State University.[10] However Index Fungorum does not consider this an independent taxon.[1] Similarly, Boletus felleus var. minor, published originally by William Chambers Coker and A.H. Beers in 1943[11] (later transferred to Tylopilus by Albert Pilát and Aurel Dermek in 1974),[12] has been folded into synonymy with T. felleus.[1] Charles Horton Peck described Boletus felleus var. obesus in 1889,[13] but no record of a type specimen exists.[14] Although some records exist of T. felleus in Australia, their spores are of consistently smaller dimensions and this taxon has been classified as a separate species, T. brevisporus.[15]

Tylopilus felleus derives its genus name from the Greek tylos "bump" and pilos "hat" and its specific name from the Latin fel meaning "bile", referring to its bitter taste, similar to bile.[5] The mushroom is commonly known as the "bitter bolete"[16] or the "bitter tylopilus".[17]

Description

The tubes, initially white when young, become dirty pink in maturity.
Coarse brown reticulation is characteristic of the stalk surface.

The cap of this species grows up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter,[5] though some North American specimens reach 30 cm (12 in) across.[2] Grey-yellow to pale- or walnut-brown, it is slightly downy at first and later becomes smooth with a matte lustre. It is initially convex before flattening out with maturity.[5] The cap skin does not peel away from the flesh.[18] The pores underneath are white at first and become pinkish with maturity. They are adnate to the stalk and bulge downwards as the mushroom ages.[19] The pores bruise carmine or brownish,[20] often developing rusty-brown spots with age,[21] and number about one or two per millimetre.[16] The tubes are long relative to the size of the cap, measuring 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) deep in the middle part of the cap.[21] The stalk is initially bulbous before stretching and thinning in the upper part; the lower part of the stalk remains swollen, sometimes shrinking at the base where it attaches to the substrate.[21] It measures 7–10 cm (2.8–3.9 in)—rarely to 20 cm (7.9 in)[2]—tall, and 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) wide, and can bulge out to 6 cm (2.4 in) across at the base.[19] It is lighter in colour than the cap, and covered with a coarse brown network of markings,[19] which have been likened to fishnet stockings in appearance.[20] Described as "very appetising" in appearance,[22] the flesh is white or creamy, and pink beneath the cap cuticle; the flesh can also develop pinkish tones where it has been cut.[23] It has a slight smell,[18] which has been described as pleasant,[5][24] as well as faintly unpleasant.[19][20] The flesh is softer than that of other boletes,[20] and tends to become more spongy as the mushroom matures.[21] Insects rarely infest this species.[18]

several partly transparent oval objects in a microscope field
Spores seen with light microscopy

The colour of the spore print is brownish, with pink, reddish, or rosy tints. Spores are somewhat fuse-shaped, smooth, and measure 11–17 by 3–5 µm.[16] The basidia (spore-bearing cells) are club-shaped, four-spored, and measure 18–25.6 by 7.0–10.2 µm. Cystidia on the walls of the tubes (pleurocystidia) are fuse-shaped with a central swelling, thin-walled, and have granular contents. They possess sharp to tapered tips, and have overall dimensions of 36–44 by 8.0–11.0 µm. On the pore edges, the cheilocystidia are similar in shape to the pleurocystidia, measuring 24.8–44.0 by 7.3–11.0 µm.[17] The hymenium of Smith and Thiers's variety uliginosus, when mounted in Melzer's reagent, shows reddish globules of pigment measuring 2–8 µm that appear in the hyphae and throughout the hymenium, and a large (8–12 µm) globule in the pleurocystidia.[2]

Several chemical tests have been documented that can help confirm the identify of this species. On the cap flesh, application of formaldehyde turns the tissue pinkish, iron salts result in a colour change to greyish-green, aniline causes a lavender to reddish-brown colour, and phenol a purplish pink to reddish brown. On the cap cuticle, nitric acid causes an orange-salmon colour, sulphuric acid creates orange-red, ammonia usually makes brown, and a potassium hydroxide solution usually makes orange.[25]

Similar species

Boletus edulis
Tylopilus rubrobrunneus

Italian cook and author Antonio Carluccio reports this is one of the most common fungi brought to him to identify, having been mistaken for an edible species.[26] Young specimens can be confused with many edible boletes, though as the pores become more pink the species becomes easier to identify. Some guidebooks advocate tasting the flesh, the smallest piece of which will be very bitter.[20] The dark-on-light reticulation in the stalk is distinctive and is the opposite colouration to that on the stalk of the prized Boletus edulis.[26] T. felleus is found in the same habitat as B. badius, though the latter's yellow tubes and blue-bruising flesh easily distinguish these very dissimilar species. B. subtomentosus may have a similar-coloured cap but its yellow pores and slender stalk aid identification.[22]

Tylopilus rubrobrunneus, found in hardwood forests of eastern North America, is similar in appearance to T. felleus but has a purplish to purple-brown cap.[23] It is also inedible owing to its bitter taste.[17] Another North American species, T. variobrunneus, has a cap that is reddish-brown to chestnut-brown, with olive tones in youth. It has shorter spores than T. felleus, typically measuring 9–13 by 3–4.5 μm. In the field it can be distinguished from the latter species by its mild to slightly bitter taste.[27] T. rhoadsiae, found in the southeastern United States, has a lighter-coloured cap which is smaller, up to 9 cm (3.5 in) in diameter.[28] The edible T. indecisus and T. ferrugineus can be confused with T. felleus but have less reticulated stalks.[2] The dimensions of the spores of the Australian species T. brevisporus range from 9.2 to 10.5 by 3.5 to 3.9 μm.[15] T. neofelleus, limited in distribution to deciduous forests of China, New Guinea, Japan and Taiwan, can be distinguished from T. felleus macroscopically by its vinaceous-brown cap and pinkish-brown to vinaceous stalk and microscopically by its smaller spores (measuring 11–14 by 4–5 μm) and longer pleurocystidia (49–107 by 14–24 μm).[29]

Ecology, distribution and habitat

Two somewhat dingy-looking brownish mushrooms with brown bruising in moss.
In maturity, the pores often bruise brownish, while the pore surface bulges downward.

Like all Tylopilus species, T. felleus is mycorrhizal.[30] It is found in deciduous and coniferous woodland, often under beech and oak[23] in well-drained acid soils,[31] which can be sandy, gravelly or peaty.[22] If encountered on calcareous (chalky) soil, it will be in moist areas that have become waterlogged and have ample leaf litter.[5] Fruit bodies grow singly or in small groups, and occasionally in small clusters with two or three joined at the base of the stem.[21] Fruit bodies have also been growing in the cavities of old trees,[21] on old conifer stumps, or on buried rotten wood.[30] The fungus obtains most of its nitrogen requirements from amino acids derived from the breakdown of proteins, although a lesser amount is obtained from the amino sugar glucosamine (a breakdown product of chitin, a major component of fungal cell walls). The mycorrhizal plant partner benefits from the fungus's ability to use these forms of nitrogen, which are often abundant in the forest floor.[32] Fruit bodies appear over summer and autumn, anytime from June to October or even November, in many of the northern temperate zones.[16][18] Large numbers may appear in some years and none in others,[22] generally proportional to the amount of rainfall.[18] Variety uliginosus, known from Michigan, grows among lichens and mosses under pines.[2]

In North America it is known from eastern Canada, south to Florida and west to Minnesota in the United States[16] and into Mexico and Central America.[23] Its European distribution is widespread; it is relatively common in many regions but rare or almost absent in others.[21] In Asia it has been recorded from the vicinity of Dashkin in the Astore District of northern Pakistan[33] and as far east as China, where it has been recorded from Hebei, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong and Sichuan provinces,[34] and Korea.[35]

The strong taste of the fruit body may have some role in insects avoiding it.[36] The small fly species Megaselia pygmaeoides feeds on and infests the fruit bodies of T. felleus in North America though it seems to prefer other boletes in Europe.[36] Fruit bodies can be parasitized by the mould Sepedonium ampullosporum.[37] Infection results in necrosis of the mushroom tissue and a yellow colour caused by the formation of large amounts of pigmented aleurioconidia (single-celled conidia produced by extrusion from the conidiophores).[38]

The bacterium Paenibacillus tylopili has been isolated from the mycorrhizosphere of T. felleus; this is the region around its subterranean hyphae where nutrients released from the fungus affect the activity of the microbial population in the soil. The bacterium excretes enzymes that allow it to break down the biomolecule chitin.[39]

Fruit bodies of T. felleus have a high capacity to accumulate radioactive caesium (137Cs) from contaminated soil, a characteristic attributed to the deep soil penetration achieved by the mycelium.[40] In contrast the species has a limited capacity to accumulate the radioactive isotope 210Po.[41]

Edibility

Even when cooking, it smells terrific, but one taste of the Bitter Bolete would not only disappoint but perhaps depress the novice mushroom hunter.

Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America:
A Field-To-Kitchen Guide
[42]

As its common name suggests, it is extremely bitter, though not toxic as such. This bitterness is worsened by cooking.[20] One specimen can foul the taste of a whole meal prepared with mushrooms.[18] Despite this it is sold in markets (tianguis) in Mexico.[43][44] A local recipe from France, Romania and East Germany calls for stewing it in skimmed milk, after which it can be eaten or powdered and used for flavouring.[18] The mushroom is not bitter for those who lack genetic sensitivity to bitter taste,[16] a trait endowed by the gene TAS2R38 (taste receptor 2 member 38).[45] The compound responsible for the bitter taste has not been identified.[46]

Research

The mycelium of Tylopilus felleus can be grown in axenic culture, on agar containing growth medium. The fungus can form fruit bodies if the temperature is suitable and the light conditions simulate a 12-hour day. The mushrooms are usually deformed, often lacking stalks so that the cap grows on the surface direct and the caps are usually 0.5–1.0 cm (0.2–0.4 in) in diameter. There are few Boletaceae species known to fruit in culture since ectomycorrhizal fungi tend to not fruit when separated from their host plant.[47]

Compounds from T. felleus have been extracted and researched for potential medical uses.[20] Tylopilan is a beta-glucan that was isolated from the fruit bodies in 1988 and shown in laboratory tests to have cytotoxic properties[48] and to stimulate non-specific immunological response. In particular it enhances phagocytosis, the process by which macrophages and granulocytes engulf and digest foreign bacteria.[49] In experiments on mice with tumour cells it appeared to have antitumour effects when administered in combination with a preparation of Cutibacterium acnes in a 1994 Polish study.[50] Researchers in 2004 reported that extracts of the fruit body inhibit the enzyme pancreatic lipase; it was the second most inhibitory of 100 mushrooms they tested. A compound present in the mushroom, N-γ-glutamyl boletine, has mild antibacterial activity.[51]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d "Synonymy: Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst., Revue mycol., Toulouse 3(no. 9): 16 (1881)". Species Fungorum. CAB International. Retrieved 2013-03-11.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h Smith AH, Thiers HD (1971). The Boletes of Michigan. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. pp. 112–15.
  3. ^ Bulliard JBF. (1788). Herbier de la France (in French). Vol. 8. Paris: Chez l'auteur, Didot, Debure, Belin. plate 379.
  4. ^ Karsten PA. (1881). "Enumeratio Boletinearum et Polyporearum Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum". Revue Mycologique Toulouse. 3 (9): 16–19.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Nilson S, Persson O (1977). Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill-Fungi). Harmondsworth: Penguin. pp. 102–03. ISBN 978-0-14-063005-3.
  6. ^ Fries EM. (1815). Observationes mycologicae (in Latin). Vol. 1. Copenhagen: Gerh. Bonnier. p. 115.
  7. ^ Engler A, Prantl K (1900). Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen : I. Tl., 1. Abt.: Fungi (Eumycetes) (in German). Leipzig: Engelmann. p. 190.
  8. ^ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford: CAB International. pp. 206, 601. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
  9. ^ Nuhn ME, Binder M, Taylor AFS, Halling RE, Hibbett DS (2013). "Phylogenetic overview of the Boletineae". Fungal Biology. 117 (7–8): 479–511. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2013.04.008. PMID 23931115.
  10. ^ Wolfe CB Jr. (1991). "Type studies in Tylopilus (Boletaceae). V. Taxa described by Alexander H. Smith, Harry D. Thiers, and Samuel J. Mazzer". Canadian Journal of Botany. 69 (8): 1833–38. doi:10.1139/b91-233.
  11. ^ Coker WC, Beers AH (1943). The Boletaceae of North Carolina. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 17.
  12. ^ Pilát A, Dermek A (1974). Hríbovité huby (in Czech). Bratislava: vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied. p. 132.
  13. ^ Peck CH. (1889). "Boleti of the United States". Bulletin of the New York State Museum. 2 (8): 73–166 (see p. 154).
  14. ^ Wolfe CB Jr. (1981). "Type studies in Tylopilus (Boletaceae). I. Taxa described by Charles H. Peck" (PDF). Sydowia Annales Mycologici. 34: 199–213.
  15. ^ a b Watling R, Hui LT (1999). Australian Boletes: A Preliminary Survey. Edinburgh: Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh. p. 54. ISBN 978-1-872291-28-4.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2000). North American Boletes. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. pp. 263–64. ISBN 978-0-8156-0588-1.
  17. ^ a b c Ammirati JF, Traquair JA, Horgen PA (1985). Poisonous Mushrooms of Canada: Including other Inedible Fungi. Markham: Fitzhenry & Whiteside in cooperation with Agriculture Canada and the Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Supply and Services Canada. pp. 334–35. ISBN 978-0-88902-977-4.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Zeitlmayr L. (1976). Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook. Hertfordshire: Garden City Press. pp. 97–98. ISBN 978-0-584-10324-3.
  19. ^ a b c d Phillips R. (2006). Mushrooms. London: Pan MacMillan. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-330-44237-4.
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Lamaison J-L, Polese J-M (2005). The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. Cologne: Könemann. p. 27. ISBN 978-3-8331-1239-3.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g Alessio CL. (1985). Boletus Dill. ex L. (sensu lato) (in Italian). Saronno: Biella Giovanna. pp. 91–96.
  22. ^ a b c d Haas H. (1969). The Young Specialist looks at Fungi. London: Burke. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-222-79409-3.
  23. ^ a b c d Roberts P, Evans S (2011). The Book of Fungi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-226-72117-0.
  24. ^ Phillips R. (2005). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo: Firefly Books. p. 284. ISBN 978-1-55407-115-9.
  25. ^ Grund DW, Harrison KA (1976). Nova Scotian Boletes. Bibliotheca Mycologia. Vol. 47. Lehre: J. Cramer. p. 201. ISBN 978-3-7682-1062-1.
  26. ^ a b Carluccio A. (2003). The Complete Mushroom Book. London: Quadrille. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-84400-040-1.
  27. ^ Roody WC. (2003). Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. p. 312. ISBN 978-0-8131-9039-6.
  28. ^ Bessette AE, Roody WC, Bessette AR (2007). Mushrooms of the Southeastern United States. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. pp. 241–42. ISBN 978-0-8156-3112-5.
  29. ^ Chen C-M, Ho Y-S, Chou W-N, Lin T-C (2004). "Four Tylopilus species (Boletaceae) new to Taiwan" (PDF). Taiwania. 49 (2): 109–17. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-02.
  30. ^ a b Miller HR, Miller OK (2006). North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi. Guilford: Falcon Guide. pp. 376–77. ISBN 978-0-7627-3109-1.
  31. ^ Laessoe T. (2002). Mushrooms. Smithsonian Handbooks (2nd ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley Adult. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-7894-8986-9.
  32. ^ Wu T, Kabir Z, Koide RT (2005). "A possible role for saprotrophic microfungi in the N nutrition of ectomycorrhizal Pinus resinosa". Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 37 (5): 965–75. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.10.015.
  33. ^ Sarwar S, Khalid AN (2013). "Preliminary Checklist of Boletales in Pakistan" (PDF). Mycotaxon: 1–12.
  34. ^ Bi Zhishu; Guoyang Zheng; Li Taihui (1993). The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. pp. 480–81. ISBN 978-962-201-556-2.
  35. ^ Hong-Duck S, Tae-Chul H, Sung-Cheol J, Sung-Hyun J, Hyun P (2011). "Analysis of environmental characteristics in habitat of Amanita hemibapha". Korean Journal of Mycology (in Korean). 39 (3): 164–70. doi:10.4489/KJM.2010.39.3.164. open access
  36. ^ a b Bruns T. (1984). "Insect mycophagy in the Boletales: Fungivore diversity and the mushroom habitat". In Wheeler Q, Blackwell M (eds.). Fungus-Insect Relationships: Perspectives in Ecology and Evolution. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 91–129 (see pp. 99, 113). ISBN 978-0-231-05694-6.
  37. ^ Ammer H, Besl H, Vilsmeier S (1997). "Der Flaschensporige Goldschimmel, Sepedonium ampullosporum – ein thermophiler Parasit an Pilzfruchtkörpern der Ordnung Boletales" [Sepedonium ampullosporum, a thermophilic hyphomycete parasitizing fruit-bodies of Boletales]. Zeitschrift für Mykologie (in German). 63 (2): 127–32. ISSN 0170-110X.
  38. ^ Neuhof T, Berg A, Besl H, Schweche T, Dieckmann R, von Döhren H (2007). "Peptaibol production by Sepedonium strains parasitizing Boletales". Chemistry & Biodiversity. 4 (6): 1103–15. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200790099. PMID 17589879. S2CID 40865857.
  39. ^ Kuisiene N, Raugalas J, Spröer C, Kroppenstedt RM, Stuknyte M, Chitavichius D (2008). "Paenibacillus tylopili sp.nov., a chitinolytic bacterium isolated from the mycorhizosphere of Tylopilus felleus". Folia Microbiologica. 53 (5): 433–37. doi:10.1007/s12223-008-0066-2. PMID 19085079. S2CID 7997315.
  40. ^ Tsvetnova OB, Shcheglov AI (2009). "137Cs in natural ecosystem components within the 30-km impact zone of the Smolensk nuclear power plant". Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin. 64 (3): 99–104. doi:10.3103/S0147687409030016. S2CID 129034619.
  41. ^ Skwarzec B, Jakusic A (2003). "210Po bioaccumulation by mushrooms from Poland". Journal of Environmental Monitoring. 5 (5): 791–94. doi:10.1039/B304881K. PMID 14587851.
  42. ^ Bessette A, Fischer DH (1992). Edible Wild Mushrooms of North America: A Field-to-Kitchen Guide. Austin: University of Texas Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0-292-72080-0.
  43. ^ Boa E. (2004). Wild Edible Fungi: A Global Overview of Their Use and Importance to People. Non-Wood Forest Products. Vol. 17. Rome: Food & Agriculture Organization of the UN. p. 147. ISBN 978-92-5-105157-3.
  44. ^ Dugan FM. (2011). Conspectus of World Ethnomycology. St. Paul: American Phytopathological Society. p. 77. ISBN 978-0-89054-395-5.
  45. ^ Tepper BJ. (2008). "Nutritional implications of genetic taste variation: the role of PROP sensitivity and other taste phenotypes". Annual Review of Nutrition. 28: 367–88. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155458. PMID 18407743.
  46. ^ Spiteller P. (2008). "Chemical defence strategies of higher fungi". Chemistry – A European Journal. 14 (30): 9100–10. doi:10.1002/chem.200800292. PMID 18601235.
  47. ^ McLaughlin DJ. (1974). "Fruitbody formation by Tylopilus fellus in axenic culture". Mycologia. 66 (1): 197–202. doi:10.2307/3758474. JSTOR 3758474.
  48. ^ Defaye J, Kohlmunzer S, Sodzawiczny K, Wong E (1988). "Structure of an antitumor, water-soluble D-glucan from the carpophores of Tylopilus felleus". Carbohydrate Research. 173 (2): 316–23. doi:10.1016/S0008-6215(00)90829-2.
  49. ^ Kucharska E, Bober J (2004). "Fungal polysaccharides as immunostimulators". Advances in Agricultural Sciences. 9: 91–101. ISSN 1230-1353.
  50. ^ Grzybek J, Zgórniaknowosielska I, Kasprowicz A, Zawilińska B, Kohlmunzer S (1994). "Antitumor activity of a fungal glucan tylopilan and Propionibacterium acnes preparation" (PDF). Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 63 (3–4): 293–98. doi:10.5586/asbp.1994.040.
  51. ^ Rogers RD. (2006). The Fungal Pharmacy: Medicinal Mushrooms of Western Canada. Edmonton: Prairie Diva Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-9781358-1-2.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Tylopilus felleus: Brief Summary

provided by wikipedia EN

Tylopilus felleus, commonly known as the bitter bolete or the bitter tylopilus, is a fungus of the bolete family. Its distribution includes east Asia, Europe and eastern North America, extending south into Mexico and Central America. A mycorrhizal species, it grows in deciduous and coniferous woodland, often fruiting under beech and oak. Its fruit bodies have convex to flat caps that are some shade of brown, buff or tan and typically measure up to 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. The pore surface is initially white before turning pinkish with age. Like most boletes it lacks a ring and it may be distinguished from Boletus edulis and other similar species by its unusual pink pores and the prominent dark-brown net-like pattern on its stalk.

French mycologist Pierre Bulliard described this species as Boletus felleus in 1788 before it was transferred into the new genus Tylopilus. It is the type species of Tylopilus and the only member of the genus found in Europe. Tylopilus felleus has been the subject of research into bioactive compounds that have been tested for antitumour and antibiotic properties. Although not poisonous it is generally considered inedible owing to its overwhelming bitterness.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia EN

Tylopilus felleus ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Tylopylus felleus —también llamado boleto amargo, chupasangre, camaleón o camaleón rojo— es un hongo del orden Boletales que se encuentra en el norte de Europa y del continente americano. Deriva su nombre binomial del latín «fel» (bilis) en alusión a su sabor amargo.

Hábitat y época

Aparece entre agosto y octubre bajo hayas, encinas, robles, pinos, piceas, y abetos.

Comestibilidad

Aunque no es venenoso, no se considera comestible debido al sabor amargo.[2]

Referencias

  1. «Tylopilus felleus». Catalogue of Life (2010 Annual Checklist) (en inglés). Sistema Integrado de Información Taxonómica (ITIS).
  2. Nilsson, S. & Persson, O. (1977) Fungi of Northern Europe 1: Larger Fungi (Excluding Gill Fungi). Penguin Books.

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Tylopilus felleus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

provided by wikipedia ES

Tylopylus felleus —también llamado boleto amargo, chupasangre, camaleón o camaleón rojo— es un hongo del orden Boletales que se encuentra en el norte de Europa y del continente americano. Deriva su nombre binomial del latín «fel» (bilis) en alusión a su sabor amargo.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autores y editores de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia ES

Sappitatti ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Sappitatti (Tylopilus felleus) on yksi tattilajeista. Muiden tattien tavoin se on myrkytön, mutta se on niin pahanmakuinen, ettei sitä juuri käytetä ravinnoksi. Se muistuttaa ulkonäöltään huomattavasti herkkutattia (Boletus edulis).

Koko ja ulkonäkö

Sappitatin lakki on väriltään ruskea ja kiilloton. Sen muoto on nuorella sienellä puolipallomainen, mutta vanhemmiten se laajenee ja saavuttaa noin 15 sentin halkaisijan. Lakin pinta halkeilee monesti sienen kasvaessa. Tatin pillit ovat nuoressa itiöemässä valkoiset, mutta ne muuttuvat sienen vanhetessa tai kosketuksesta vaalean punertaviksi. Pillikerros pursuaa näkyville sienen pintakelmun reunan yli. Sienen jalka on suunnilleen lakin värinen. Se hoikistuu sienen kasvaessa, mutta tyveltään se usein säilyy turvonneena. Jalan yläosan verkkokuvio on sen pohjaväriä tummempi.[2]

Samankaltaiset lajit

 src=
Sappitatin jalan tyvi

Sappitatti muistuttaa ulkonäöltään herkkutattia ja jopa kasvaa niiden kanssa samanlaisilla kasvupaikoilla. Näkyvä ero on kuitenkin tattilajien jalassa: sappitatilla on jalassa selvä tumma verkkokuvio, kun taas herkkutatin verkkokuvio on vaalea. Herkkutatin pillit puolestaan muuttuvat vanhemmiten punertavan sijaan kellertäviksi.[2]

Kasvuaika ja -paikka

Sappitatin itiöemiä esiintyy kesäkuusta aina syyskuun lopulle. Toisin kuin monet muut tattilajit, sappitatti ei ole sienijuurinen, vaan se on lahottajasieni. Siksi sen kasvupaikkoja ovat usein esimerkiksi vanhat kannot ja muurahaispesät.[2]

Käyttö ravinnoksi

Sappitattia pidetään voimakkaan sappea muistuttavan makunsa tähden ruoaksi kelpaamattomana, sillä yksikin pala sitä saattaa pilata sieniruoan maun kokonaan. Erittäin pahasta maustaan huolimatta se on kuitenkin myrkytön.[2]

Lähteet

  1. Taksonomian lähde: Index Fungorum Luettu 1.9.2008
  2. a b c d Eriksson, K. & Kotiranta, H.: Käytännön sieniopas, s. 82. Kirjayhtymä, 1985. ISBN 951-26-2809-0.

Aiheesta muualla

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Sappitatti: Brief Summary ( Finnish )

provided by wikipedia FI

Sappitatti (Tylopilus felleus) on yksi tattilajeista. Muiden tattien tavoin se on myrkytön, mutta se on niin pahanmakuinen, ettei sitä juuri käytetä ravinnoksi. Se muistuttaa ulkonäöltään huomattavasti herkkutattia (Boletus edulis).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedian tekijät ja toimittajat
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FI

Tylopilus felleus ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Tylopilus felleus, le Bolet amer, Bolet de fiel, Chicotin ou Faux cèpe est une espèce de champignons basidiomycètes européens de la famille des Boletaceae. Ils sont non comestibles de par leur amertume.

Taxinomie

  • Nom actuellement accepté : Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst. 1881 [1]
  • Synonyme : Boletus felleus Bull. 1788 [2]

Classification phylogénique

Description morphologique

 src=
Bolet amer trouvé en Dordogne

L'hyménophore (chapeau), mesure de 4 à 15 (jusqu'à 20) cm de diamètre, est hémisphérique puis étalé. Il est similaire aux chapeaux des bolets du groupe edulis[3].

La chair est épaisse, blanche, d'odeur agréable, mais à la saveur amère, surtout après cuisson.

La cuticule est de couleur brun clair à brun foncé, bistre aux lésions. La marge est épaisse, excédante.

Les tubes de l'hyménium, blanc crème à rose carné, ont des pores arrondis puis anguleux virant au rose sale par la sporée, qui est brun rosé.

Le stipe mesure 3 à 15 cm de longueur, sa forme est bulbeuse puis allongée et souvent courbée, blanc crème à la base à brun-roux au sommet, et présente un réseau de nervures saillantes plus foncées.

Habitat

On le trouve principalement dans les forêts de feuillus. T. felleus y préfère les chênes et hêtres, son mode de vie étant ectomycorhizien.

Les bois de résineux peuvent également l'accueillir : pin, épicéa commun[4].

Comestibilité

À la cuisson, l'amertume du champignon se renforce et peut rendre tout un plat inconsommable, voire provoquer vomissements ou indigestions. C'est une espèce à rejeter. Il contient de la muscarine, mais à des doses trop faibles pour être dangereuses[5]. Il n'est cependant pas toxique[4].

Espèces proches et confusions possibles

 src=
Boletus edulis
 src=
Tylopilus rubrobrunneus

Quoique classé dans le genre Tylopilus, le chicotin peut se confondre avec des bolets du genre Boletus et notamment avec le Cèpe de Bordeaux, Boletus edulis[4].

Mis à part le goût, peu discernable sur des exemplaires crus, les principales différences sont :

  • la couleur des pores, qui sont blancs, jaunes puis vert-olivâtre chez le cèpe de Bordeaux mais deviennent bistre-rose sale chez le bolet amer ;

sporée : spores fusiformes, lisses, 12-15,5 x 4-5 µ[4] ;

  • et surtout le réseau sur le pied, fin et blanchâtre chez le cèpe de Bordeaux, et nettement saillant et plus foncé chez le bolet amer.

Notes et références

  1. Petter Adolf Karsten, « Enumeratio Boletinearum et Polyporearum Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum », Revue Mycologique Toulouse, vol. 3, no 9,‎ 1881, p. 16-19
  2. Pierre Bulliard, Herbier de la France, vol. 8, 1788, 337-384 p.
  3. Louis Chavent, Champignons toxiques & comestibles, 2010
  4. a b c et d Dr Ewald Gerhardt, Guide Vigot des champignons, 1999, p. 474 (ISBN 2 7114 1413 2).
  5. Edmund Garnweidner, Gros plan sur les champignons, Nathan, 2008, 252 p. (ISBN 978-2-09-278273-6 et 2-09-278273-8), p. 8

Références taxinomiques

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Tylopilus felleus: Brief Summary ( French )

provided by wikipedia FR

Tylopilus felleus, le Bolet amer, Bolet de fiel, Chicotin ou Faux cèpe est une espèce de champignons basidiomycètes européens de la famille des Boletaceae. Ils sont non comestibles de par leur amertume.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Auteurs et éditeurs de Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia FR

Tylopilus felleus ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT
Caratteristiche morfologiche
Tylopilus felleus Cappello semisferico disegno.png
Cappello semisferico Pores icon.png
Imenio pori Adnate gills icon2.svg
Lamelle adnate Pink spore print icon.png
Sporata rosa Bare stipe icon.png
Velo nudo Immutabile icona.png
Carne immutabile Mycorrhizal ecology icon.png
Micorrizico Nofoodlogo.svg
Non commestibile

Tylopilus felleus (Bulliard) P. Karsten, 3: 16 (1881)

Tylopilus felleus01.jpg

Il Tylopilus felleus è un fungo facente parte della famiglia delle Boletaceae molto noto ai cercatori di funghi (specialmente di porcini) con l'appellativo di "Porcino di Fiele" per via del suo sapore amarissimo, anche "boleto falso".
La notorietà di questa specie deriva dal fatto che la stessa viene spesso confusa con i porcini per via della somiglianza; durante la cottura, anche un solo esemplare contamina il sapore dell'intero raccolto e lo rende letteralmente disgustoso.

Descrizione della specie

Cappello

5–13 cm, dapprima emisferico, poi spianato; liscio e carnoso, dal giallo al bruno più o meno scuro.

Tubuli

Piuttosto lunghi; inizialmente bianchi, poi rosati.

Pori

Piccoli, rotondeggianti o angolosi; prima bianchi, poi rosati per via della sporata, tendenti al nerastro.

Gambo

8-15 x 2–5 cm, robusto, ingrossato alla base, a volte obeso, grossomodo concolore al cappello, con reticolo di colore giallo-brunastro molto marcato.

Carne

Bianca con tonalità rosa, bruna sotto la cuticola.

  • Odore: non significativo, leggermente acidulo.
  • Sapore: amarissimo, astringente, disgustoso. Come il "fiele".

Spore

Fusiformi, rosate in massa.

 src=
Illustrazione di T. felleus

Habitat

Piuttosto comune, sia in boschi di latifoglie che di conifere.

Commestibilità

Nofoodlogo.svg
Praticamente non commestibile per via del sapore molto amaro.

Saper riconoscere questa specie può evitare di rovinare un buon piatto di funghi a causa del sapore amarissimo che prevale su quello degli altri carpofori, anche in minima quantità nei misti; per questo è necessario imparare a conoscere l'imenoforo del Tylopilus felleus, che è di colore rosato anziché verde-giallastro come altre specie di boleti. Il felleus non presenta alcuna velenosità.

Specie simili

Per fugare ogni dubbio il cercatore dovrà ricorrere all'"assaggio".

 src=
Altra foto della specie in questione

Sinonimi e binomi obsoleti

  • Boletus alutarius Fr. (1815)
  • Boletus felleus Bull. (1788)
  • Boletus felleus var. roseus Persoon (1825)
  • Boletus fuscescens P. Karst. (1859)
  • Tylopilus alutarius (Fr.) Rea (1922)
  • Tylopilus felleus var. alutarius (Fr.) P. Karst. (1882)

Nomi comuni

  • Porcino di fiele
  • boleto falso

Bibliografia

 title=
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IT

Tylopilus felleus: Brief Summary ( Italian )

provided by wikipedia IT

Tylopilus felleus (Bulliard) P. Karsten, 3: 16 (1881)

Tylopilus felleus01.jpg

Il Tylopilus felleus è un fungo facente parte della famiglia delle Boletaceae molto noto ai cercatori di funghi (specialmente di porcini) con l'appellativo di "Porcino di Fiele" per via del suo sapore amarissimo, anche "boleto falso".
La notorietà di questa specie deriva dal fatto che la stessa viene spesso confusa con i porcini per via della somiglianza; durante la cottura, anche un solo esemplare contamina il sapore dell'intero raccolto e lo rende letteralmente disgustoso.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autori e redattori di Wikipedia
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia IT

Aitrusis pušynbaravykis ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT
LogoIF.png

Aitrusis pušynbaravykis (lot. Tylopilus felleus) – baravykinių (Boletaceae) šeimos, pušynbaravykių (Tylopilus) genties grybų rūšis.

  • Augimo vieta

Spygliuočių miškai, dažniausiai arti pušų kamienų.

  • Augimo laikas

Vasara, ruduo.

  • Pagrindiniai požymiai

Vamzdeliai ir poros rožinės spalvos, kartaus skonio.

Vaisiakūniai dideli. Kepurėlė 5–15 cm skersmens, jauna apvaliai iškili, senesnė paplokščia, mėsinga, matinė neblizganti, ruda, su geltonu ar pilku atspalviu. Vamzdeliai 1,5–2,5 cm ilgio, balti, vėliau - rožinės spalvos, poros labai smulkios, paspaudus paruduoja. Kotas 6–12×1–5 cm, į pamatą storėjantis, tik prie kepurėlės su baltų pailgų akelių tinklelių, gelsvai rusvas. Trama balta, spalvos nekeičia, tampri, vėliau - rusva, karti. Sporos 11–15×4–5 μm.

Būdingi požymiai: apatinė kepurėlės pusė rožinė, trama karti, labai panašus į baravyką.

Auga pavieniui ir grupelėmis, eglynuose, pušynuose. Labai dažnas. Nevalgomas: keletą kartų nuvirus kartumą praranda, bet valgiui netinka.

Literatūra

Lietuvos grybų atlasas, Vincentas Urbonas, Kaunas, LUTUTĖ, 2007, ISBN 978-9955-692-59-1, 59 psl.

Nuorodos


Vikiteka

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LT

Aitrusis pušynbaravykis: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

provided by wikipedia LT

Aitrusis pušynbaravykis (lot. Tylopilus felleus) – baravykinių (Boletaceae) šeimos, pušynbaravykių (Tylopilus) genties grybų rūšis.

Augimo vieta

Spygliuočių miškai, dažniausiai arti pušų kamienų.

Augimo laikas

Vasara, ruduo.

Pagrindiniai požymiai

Vamzdeliai ir poros rožinės spalvos, kartaus skonio.

Vaisiakūniai dideli. Kepurėlė 5–15 cm skersmens, jauna apvaliai iškili, senesnė paplokščia, mėsinga, matinė neblizganti, ruda, su geltonu ar pilku atspalviu. Vamzdeliai 1,5–2,5 cm ilgio, balti, vėliau - rožinės spalvos, poros labai smulkios, paspaudus paruduoja. Kotas 6–12×1–5 cm, į pamatą storėjantis, tik prie kepurėlės su baltų pailgų akelių tinklelių, gelsvai rusvas. Trama balta, spalvos nekeičia, tampri, vėliau - rusva, karti. Sporos 11–15×4–5 μm.

Būdingi požymiai: apatinė kepurėlės pusė rožinė, trama karti, labai panašus į baravyką.

Auga pavieniui ir grupelėmis, eglynuose, pušynuose. Labai dažnas. Nevalgomas: keletą kartų nuvirus kartumą praranda, bet valgiui netinka.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Vikipedijos autoriai ir redaktoriai
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LT

Parastā žultsbeka ( Latvian )

provided by wikipedia LV

Parastā žultsbeka jeb rūgtā beka (Tylopilus felleus) ir Latvijā bieža beku dzimtas sēne, kuras augļķermeņi nav ēdami rūgtuma dēļ.

Sēnes apraksts

 src=
Nogrieztai žultsbekai parasti sārtojas tikai kātiņa pamatne
  • Cepurīte: krāsa no pelēkbrūnas līdz iesarkani brūnai, reizēm iedzeltena vai ar olīvzaļu nokrāsu.. Virsmiziņa gluda vai viegli samtaina, parasti sausā, mitrā laikā nedaudz lipīga, nav novelkama. Forma sākumā gandrīz apaļa, vēlāk izliekta spilvenveidā. Platums līdz 10, reti 15 cm. Mīkstums balts, sākumā blīvs, vecumā porains, ar vāju nepatīkamu smaržu un ļoti rūgtu garšu, griezumu vietās kātiņa pamatnē un paretam arī citās sēnes daļās sārtojas.
  • Stobriņi: sākumā balti, vēlāk pelēksārti, saspiežot rudi, pieauguši kātiņam, viegli atdalāmi no cepurītes mīkstuma. Atveres sākumā ieapaļas, vēlāk nedaudz stūrainas, sākumā bālganas, sēnei augot kļūst bāli rožainas līdz pat koši rozā, iespiedumu vietās kļūst rūsas krāsā. Stobriņu slānis pieaugušām sēnēm izliecas un izskatās uzpūsts.
  • Kātiņš: gaiši brūngans vai netīri bālgans, apakšdaļā resnāks, ar stipri izcilnētu brūnu tīklveida zīmējumu, bez dobuma. Garums līdz 10, reti 15 cm, resnums 2—4 cm.
  • Sporas: elipsoīdas-vārpstveida, gludas, gandrīz bezkrāsainas, masā sārtas, 10—15/3,5—5 µm.
  • Bazīdijas: vālesveida, 25—40/7—10 µm.
  • Cistīdas: sākumā vālesveida, vēlāk izstieptas galotnēs, bezkrāsainas līdz dzeltenīgām, 25—70/6—13 µm.[1][2][3][4]

Augšanas apstākļi

Priežu mikorizas sēne. Aug gaišos priežu un citu skuju un jauktu koku mežos, koku tuvumā, pie priežu celmiem vai pat uz tiem, mitrākās vietās, skābās augsnēs. Parasti nelielās grupās.[5][6]

Barības vērtība

Praktiski nav ēdama rūgtuma dēļ, ar savu rūgtumu viena sēne spēj sabojāt arī maisījumu ar citām sēnēm.[7] Kulināra apstrāde sēnes rūgtumu tikai vairākkārtīgi palielina. Dažās valstīs gan to žāvē un mazās devās lieto piparu vietā[8] vai pat kā ēdamu sēni, jo žāvējot daļa rūgtuma izgaist,[9] ir ziņas par sēnes lietošanu tautas medicīnā. Iespējams, ka sēne satur toksīnus, kas nodara ļaunumu aknām. Apēst žultsbeku lielākos daudzumos iespējams arī, lietojot to sālītā vai marinētā veidā, kad sāls un garšvielas daļēji nomāc rūgtumu.[10]. Žultsbekas labprāt ievāc vāveres, tās ēd arī daži citi meža zvēri un gliemeži. Sēne ļoti reti tārpojas.[11]

Līdzīgās sugas

Līdzīga baravikām, atšķiras no tām ar stipri izcilnēto tīkliņu uz kātiņa, parasti sārtošanos kātiņa pamatnes griezumā un sārtām uzpūtušos stobriņu atverēm, taču jaunībā sēnei tās vēl ir tikpat baltas kā baravikām. Šaubu gadījumā sēne jāpagaršo turpat mežā, pieliekot mēli, jo sajaukšana ir kulināri nepieļaujama.[12] Daži cilvēki gan svaigas žultsbekas rūgtumu gandrīz nejūt,[13] taču vairums šādā veidā to uzreiz identificē.

Skatīt arī

Atsauces

  1. V.Lūkins, “Bekas”, Liesma, 1978. 55. lpp.
  2. M.Antone, “Sēnes”, Avots, 2003. 53. lpp. ISBN 9984-757-05-6.
  3. T.Lesoe, “Sēnes”, Zvaigzne ABC, 1998. 186. lpp. ISBN 9984-22-283-7.
  4. Грибы Новосибирской области
  5. «Грибы СССР», Мысль, Москва, 1980., 156. lpp.
  6. Š.Evansa, Dž.Kibijs, “Sēnes”, Zvaigzne ABC, 2004. 192. lpp. ISBN 9984-37-648-6.
  7. A.Balodis, “Rokasgrāmata sēņotājiem”, Liesma, 1974. 105. lpp.
  8. Bitter bolete
  9. Грибы Уломы Железной
  10. udec.ru — Желчный гриб (горчак)
  11. grib-info.ru — Желчный гриб (горчак)
  12. Л.Лебедева, «Грибы», Госторгиздат, 1937. 77. lpp.
  13. Грибы средней полосы

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autori un redaktori
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LV

Parastā žultsbeka: Brief Summary ( Latvian )

provided by wikipedia LV

Parastā žultsbeka jeb rūgtā beka (Tylopilus felleus) ir Latvijā bieža beku dzimtas sēne, kuras augļķermeņi nav ēdami rūgtuma dēļ.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autori un redaktori
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia LV

Bittere boleet ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De bittere boleet (Tylopilus felleus, synoniem: Boletus felleus) is een schimmel uit de familie Boletaceae.

Habitat

De bittere boleet groeit het liefst op zure zandgrond en leemgrond in naaldbossen, maar ook in loofbossen. Ze wordt vaak met gewoon eekhoorntjesbrood (Boletus edulis) verward. De bittere boleet is echter zeer zeldzaam en zelfs bedreigd. In Midden-Europa is hij echter op bepaalde plaatsen talrijk aanwezig (bijvoorbeeld in het Bohemer Woud).

Kenmerken

Als uniek kenmerk heeft de bittere boleet een duidelijk, donkerbruine nettekening over het hele oppervlak van de buikige verdikte, lichtbruine steel.

De bittere boleet is ongeveer 8- 15 cm hoog. De bovenkant of de hoed is 5-15 cm in doorsnede en is geelachtig tot lichtbruin. De hoed is eerst gewelfd, maar zet later uit en wordt vlakker met een onregelmatig golvende rand. De hoed heeft een kastanjebruine tot roodachtig bruine kleur. De poriën zijn koraalrood maar worden donkerbruin bij kneuzing.

 src=
Bittere boleet

Deze boleet is niet eetbaar, heeft een onaangename geur en dankt haar naam aan de zeer bittere smaak van het roomkleurig vlees.

Externe link

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Bittere boleet: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

provided by wikipedia NL

De bittere boleet (Tylopilus felleus, synoniem: Boletus felleus) is een schimmel uit de familie Boletaceae.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia-auteurs en -editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NL

Gallerørsopp ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Gallerørsopp (Tylopilus felleus) tilhører slekten Tylopilus i familien rørsopper (Boletaceae) og er eneste art i denne slekten som er funnet i Europa.[2] Arten ble tidligere klassifisert til slekten Boletus, som blant annet inkluderer steinsopp (Boletus edulis), som den kan forveksles med. Gallerørsopp er ikke giftig, men svært bitter og regnes derfor som uspiselig.

Kjennetegn

Gallerørsopp har en hatt som er 5–15 cm bred. Hodet er hvelvet og tørt med finlodden hud som ung. I eldre gallerørsopp er huden glatt. Fargen er lysebrun, gråoransje eller gråbrun. Rørene er avrundet mot stilken. Rørene, og røråpningene, er først hvite, men i eldre gallerørsopp blir de rosa. Ved trykk blir rørene skittenbrune.[3] Sporepulveret er olivenbrunt.[4]

Stilken er 7–12 cm høy og 2–4 cm tykk. Den kan være både jevn og svakt konisk, slik at den er tykkere i bunn enn på toppen. Stilken er bar, uten krage og slire, men har små grovmaskede og brune årefelt. Stilken er hvit øverst og gulbrunt nedover. Kjøttet er hvitt, men blir svakt rødt når det skjæres i.[3][4]

Skilletegn fra steinsopp

Gallerørsopp har klart grovmasket olivenbrunt årenett, mens steinsopp har finmasket hvitt årnenett. Gammel gallerørsopp er rosa under hatten, mens steinsopp som oftest er hvit eller gul til gulgrønn. Presser man under hatten på gallerørsopp, blir den skittenbrun. Steinsopp skifter imidlertid ikke farge ved press.

Utbredelse

Gallerørsopp finnes i barskog, og er mest observert i Norge og Sverige, med noen tilfeller i Danmark og Tyskland.[5] I Norge er den relativt sjelden, men den er observert i Oslofjorden.[6]

Egenskaper

Til tross for likheten med steinsopp, er gallerørsoppen for besk til å være spiselig. Den har en markant bitter smak. Den er imidlertid ikke påvist som giftig, men den beske smaken kan ødelegge et måltid.

Mykologiske karakteristika Pores icon.png Rørsopp Convex cap icon.svg Hvelvet hatt Adnate gills icon2.svg Tilvokste rør Bare stipe icon.svg Naken stilk
Nettmasker Mycorrhizal fungus.svg Mycorrhiza Mycomorphbox Inedible.png Uspiselig

Referanser

  1. ^ a b Artsdatabanken (2017) Gallerørsopp, Tylopilus felleus (Bull. : Fr.) P. Karst., takson ID 38832, vitenskapelig navn ID 56020. Besøkt 2017-06-28
  2. ^ Gro Gulden, Kolbjørn Mohn Jenssen, Jens Stordal (1999) Norsk lommesoppbok, Tiden Norsk Forlag, Oslo, 1999 3. opplag, s. 272
  3. ^ a b Side 47, Gro Gulden, Kolbjørn Mohn Jenssen, Jens Stordal: Norsk lommesoppbok, Tiden Norsk Forlag, Oslo, 1999 (3. opplag)
  4. ^ a b Side 73, Inger Lagset Egeland, Steinar Myhr: Norske sopper, 4. reviderte og utvidede utgave, Gyldendal Norsk Forlag, 2011
  5. ^ Tylopilus felleus (Bull. : Fr.) P... - Global Biodiversity Information Facility
  6. ^ Funndata i artskart - Artsdatabanken

Eksterne lenker

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NO

Gallerørsopp: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Gallerørsopp (Tylopilus felleus) tilhører slekten Tylopilus i familien rørsopper (Boletaceae) og er eneste art i denne slekten som er funnet i Europa. Arten ble tidligere klassifisert til slekten Boletus, som blant annet inkluderer steinsopp (Boletus edulis), som den kan forveksles med. Gallerørsopp er ikke giftig, men svært bitter og regnes derfor som uspiselig.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia forfattere og redaktører
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia NO

Tylopilus felleus ( Pms )

provided by wikipedia PMS
Drapò piemontèis.png Vos an lenga piemontèisa Për amprende a dovré 'l sistema dle parlà locaj ch'a varda sì.

capel fin a 15 cm., da sech a feltrà o chërpà, bes grisastr ciàir peui scurì ëd brunastr, con sfumadure olivastre o brunastre. Tuboj frastajà, biancastr peui rosà. Përtus nen regolar, bianch peui reusa a maturità, macià ëd brunastr. Gamba àuta fin a 15 cm. e larga fin a 1,5 cm., silìndrica o pansarùa, crema monet peui da giaunastra a brunastra, marcà da un fòrt retìcol brun grosser. Carn bianca o ciàira, a cambia nen, motobin amèra.

Ambient

A chërs ant ij bòsch.

Comestibilità

WHMIS Class D-1.svg A venta mai mangé un bolè trovà se un a l'é nen un bon conossidor dij bolè!
As peul nen mangesse.

Arferiment bibliogràfich për chi a veul fé dj'arserche pì ancreuse

Tylopilus felleus (Bull. : Fr.) P. Karsten

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PMS

Tylopilus felleus: Brief Summary ( Pms )

provided by wikipedia PMS

capel fin a 15 cm., da sech a feltrà o chërpà, bes grisastr ciàir peui scurì ëd brunastr, con sfumadure olivastre o brunastre. Tuboj frastajà, biancastr peui rosà. Përtus nen regolar, bianch peui reusa a maturità, macià ëd brunastr. Gamba àuta fin a 15 cm. e larga fin a 1,5 cm., silìndrica o pansarùa, crema monet peui da giaunastra a brunastra, marcà da un fòrt retìcol brun grosser. Carn bianca o ciàira, a cambia nen, motobin amèra.

Ambient

A chërs ant ij bòsch.

Comestibilità

WHMIS Class D-1.svg A venta mai mangé un bolè trovà se un a l'é nen un bon conossidor dij bolè!
As peul nen mangesse.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia authors and editors
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia PMS

Goryczak żółciowy ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL
 src=
U starszych okazów różowawe rurki łatwo pozwalają odróżnić goryczaka od borowików i kozaków
 src=
Młody owocnik o niemal białym hymenoforze

Goryczak żółciowy (Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst.) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny borowikowatych (Boletaceae)[1].

Systematyka i nazewnictwo

Pozycja w klasyfikacji według Index Fungorum: Tylopilus, Boletaceae, Boletales, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi[1].

Po raz pierwszy takson ten zdiagnozował w 1788 r. Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard nadając mu nazwę Boletus felleus. Obecną, uznaną przez Index Fungorum nazwę nadał w 1881 Petter Karsten[1].

Niektóre synonimy[1]:

  • Boletus alutarius Fr. 1815
  • Boletus alutarius Rostk. 1844
  • Boletus felleus Bull. 1788
  • Boletus felleus var. minor Coker & Beers 1943
  • Tylopilus alutarius (Fr.) Henn. 1898
  • Tylopilus felleus var. alutarius (Fr.) P. Karst. 1882
  • Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst. 1881 var. felleus
  • Tylopilus felleus var. minor (Coker & Beers) Pilát & Dermek 1974
  • Tylopilus felleus var. uliginosus A.H. Sm. & Thiers 1971

Nazwę polską nadała Alina Skirgiełło w 1960 r. W polskim piśmiennictwie mykologicznym gatunek ten opisywany był też pod nazwami: goryczak, grzybek gorzki, podgrzybek gorzki, zajączek gorzki[2]. Inne nazwy potoczne to: borowik żółciowy, grzyb cierpki, mięsogłów żółciowy, zajączek żółciowy[3]

Potocznie najczęściej używana jest dla tego grzyba nazwa szatan, jednak tyczy się ona rzadkiego w Polsce trującego borowika szatańskiego[4]. Ta zbieżność bierze się najprawdopodobniej z niewiedzy, i niedoświadczeni grzybiarze, biorą te grzyby za ten sam gatunek, co jest błędem.

Morfologia

Kapelusz

Średnica dochodzi na ogół do 12 cm, u młodych egzemplarzy półkolisty, potem wypukły, do rozpostartego u starszych. Powierzchnia najpierw omszona, zamszowata, następnie gładka. Barwa od jasnobrązowej do cielistobrązowej[5].

Rurki

Długie, o porach wychodzących poza brzeg kapelusza. U młodych okazów są białe, później bladoróżowe, uszkodzone przybierają barwę brudnowinną. Łatwo dają się oddzielić od miąższu[5].

Trzon

Grubość 2-4 cm, wysokość do 14 cm. Pełny, u młodych okazów beczułkowaty, u starszych maczugowaty, pokryty wyraźną siateczką. Barwa jaśniejsza od kapelusza[5].

Miąższ

Biały, elastyczny, po uszkodzeniu nie zmienia barwy. Za młodu twardy, u starszych egzemplarzy gąbczasty. Ma przyjemny zapach, ale jest bardzo gorzki[5].

Wysyp zarodników

Różowy. Zarodniki wrzecionowate lub elipsoidalne, o rozmiarach 10–15 × 4–6 μm[6].

Występowanie i siedlisko

Występuje w Ameryce Północnej, Europie i Azji (w tej ostatniej opisano jego występowanie tylko w Japonii i Korei)[7]. W niektórych rejonach występuje dość licznie.

Rośnie na ziemi, czasami także na pniach i pniakach, jego grzybnia bowiem może rozwijać się również na butwiejącym drewnie. Owocniki wytwarza od czerwca do końca października w lasach iglastych, lubi kwaśne gleby. Tworzy mikoryzę z sosną[8][6].

Znaczenie

Grzyb mikoryzowy[2]. Grzyb niejadalny, ze względu na swój bardzo gorzki smak. Nie jest trujący, ale nawet niewielki fragment goryczaka żółciowego skutecznie psuje smak potrawy[8]. Próbowano pozbawić goryczaka żółciowego jego przykrego smaku różnymi sposobami, np. kilkukrotnym gotowaniem za każdym razem w świeżej wodzie, czy przez długie gotowanie w słonej wodzie, jednak próby te nie dały dobrych rezultatów, dlatego jako grzyb niejadalny nie przedstawia żadnej wartości gospodarczej[3].

Gatunki podobne

Dość często młode egzemplarze bywają mylone z borowikiem szlachetnym (Boletus edilis) lub koźlarzem babką (Leccinum scabrum). Prostym sposobem na odróżnienie tych gatunków jest dotknięcie językiem odłamanego fragmentu kapelusza. Smak żółci nie pozostawia wątpliwości, że jest to goryczak żółciowy. Starsze okazy goryczaka jeszcze łatwiej można odróżnić po różowawych porach[8].

Przypisy

  1. a b c d Index Fungorum (ang.). [dostęp 2013-03-05].
  2. a b Władysław Wojewoda: Checklist of Polish Larger Basidiomycetes. Krytyczna lista wielkoowocnikowych grzybów podstawkowych Polski. Kraków: W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2003. ISBN 83-89648-09-1.
  3. a b HenrykH. Orłoś HenrykH., Atlas grzybów jadalnych i trujących, wyd. VII uzupełnione i poprawione, Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Rolnicze i Leśne, 1966, numer opisu grzyba: 27 .
  4. Atlas grzybiarza. Szatan – goryczak [dostęp 2014-09-14] .
  5. a b c d Pavol Škubla: Wielki atlas grzybów. Poznań: Elipsa, 2007. ISBN 978-83-245-9550-1.
  6. a b Barbara Gumińska, Władysław Wojewoda: Grzyby i ich oznaczanie. Warszawa: PWRiL, 1985. ISBN 83-09-00714-0.
  7. Discover Life Maps. [dostęp 2014-09-01].
  8. a b c Andreas Gminder: Atlas grzybów. Jak bezbłędnie oznaczać 340 gatunków grzybów Europy Środkowej. 2008. ISBN 978-83-258-0588-3.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Goryczak żółciowy: Brief Summary ( Polish )

provided by wikipedia POL
 src= U starszych okazów różowawe rurki łatwo pozwalają odróżnić goryczaka od borowików i kozaków  src= Młody owocnik o niemal białym hymenoforze

Goryczak żółciowy (Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst.) – gatunek grzybów z rodziny borowikowatych (Boletaceae).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Autorzy i redaktorzy Wikipedii
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia POL

Fierea pădurii ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

provided by wikipedia RO

Tylopilus felleus (Pierre Bulliard, 1788 ex Petter Adolf Karsten, 1881)sin. Boletus felleus (Pierre Bulliard, 1788), este o specie de ciuperci necomestibile din încrengătura Basidiomycota în familia Boletaceae și de genul Tylopilus,[1] denumit în popor fierea pădurii[2] sau, ca și Boletus calopus, hrib amar.[3] Acest burete coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). În România, [Basarabia]] și Bucovina de Nord, se dezvoltă în păduri (și montane) de foioase sub fagi și stejari, de asemenea în păduri de conifere, prin luminișuri între pini și molizi, adeseori în ani umezi, în perioade secetoase foarte rar. Timpul apariției este din iunie până în octombrie (noiembrie).[4][5]

Istoric

 src=
Pierre Bulliard

În anul 1788, ciuperca a fost menționată pentru prima dată de savantul francez Pierre Bulliard în volumul V al cărții sale Histoire des plantes vénéneuses et suspectes de la France, aprobată, în 1815, de faimosul Elias Magnus Fries în volumul I al lucrării sale Observationes mycologicae sub numele Boletus alutarius.

În prezent (2018,) buretele poartă numele Tylopilus felleus, dat de micologul finlandez Petter Adolf Karsten (1834-1917) în articolul său Enumeratio Boletinearum et Polyporearum Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum, publicat în volumul 3 al jurnalului micologic Revue Mycologique din 1881.[6]

Au mai avut loc încercări de redenumire. Astfel renumitul micolog Lucien Quélet a descris buretele chiar de două ori, în 1886 și 1888, mai întâi sub taxonul Dictyopus felleus, apoi sub cel de Rhodoporus felleus, amândouă denumiri acceptate sinonim. Celelalte încercări de redenumire, ultima prin Albert Pilát și Aurel Dermek (Tylopilus felleus var. minor, 1974), pot fi neglijate.[1][7]

Neapărat de menționat este, că renumitul savant suedez Elias Magnus Fries a descris și determinat o ciupercă sub numele Tylopilus alutarius în volumul 1 al lucrării sale Observationes mycologicae din 1815,[8] însă sus numitul Petter Adolf Karsten a văzut în ea doar o variație a soiului Tylopilus felleus, denumind-o Tylopilus felleus var. alutarius, de verificat în jurnalul finlandez Bildrag til kännedom om Finlands natur och folk din 1882.[9] Dar aici există o diferență mare în aspect și gust (vezi mai jos).

Descriere

 src=
Bres.: Boletus felleus
  • Pălăria: Ea are un diametru de 6-12 (18) cm, este foarte cărnoasă și tare, la început semisferică, apoi convexă și la maturitate plată sau ușor adâncită, deseori cu marginea ondulată și crestată. Cuticula este uscată și netedă până ușor catifelată. Coloritul pălăriei poate varia între brun-deschis și galben de miere.
  • Tuburile și porii: Sporiferele sunt destul de lungi, libere sau aderente printr-un cârlig, colorate mai întâi alb, apoi roz. Porii sunt relativ mici, inițial rotunzi, apoi unghiulari, în tinerețe albi, devenind foarte curând rozi, la bătrânețe chiar și roz-negricioși.
  • Sporii: Ei sunt fusiformi și netezi cu o mărime de 12-15 x 4-6 microni. Pulberea lor este rozalie.
  • Piciorul: El are o formă de pară, adică bulbos la bază, cu o înălțime de 8-15 cm și o grosime de 2-5 cm. Peste piciorul albicios până maroniu deschis se întinde o rețea în relief bătătoare la ochi de colorit brun-închis care tinde să dispară spre bază.
  • Carnea: Ea este cărnoasă și tare la buretele tânăr, apoi, la maturitate, moale aproape spongioasă, cu miros delicat și gust amar. Când este tăiată, carnea devine roză, ca singura în familia Boletaceae.[4][10][11]
  • Reacții chimice: Cuticula și tuburile se colorează cu acid sulfuric maroniu, carnea pălăriei cu sulfat de fier gri-roșiatic și carnea buretelui cu tinctură de Guaiacum încet albastru.[12][13]

Confuzii

Tylopilus felleus seamănă foarte mult cu câțiva bureți de genul Boletus cu pori neroșii, în primul rând cu Boletus edulis (Hribul),[14] Boletus edulis var. clavipes[15] sau cu Boletus aereus (hribul pucios),[16] căror strat fertil însă nu schimbă niciodată la roz, de asemenea ei au rețeaua de pe picior mai delicată. În primul rând n-au gust amar. Mai departe hribul amar poate fi confundat cu: Boletus calopus sin. Caloboletus calopus (picior galben-roșu, foarte amar și ușor otrăvitor),[17] Boletus fechtneri,[18] Boletus fragans (comestibil, picior mai gălbui șai nereticulat),[19] Boletus pinicola sin. Boletus pinophilus (hribul pinului),[20] Boletus radicans (amar, cu aspect general mai gălbui)[21] sau Boletus reticulatus sin. Boletus aestivalis (hribul de vară).[22]

O confuzie foarte plăcută este cea cu variația buretelui Tylopilus alutarius care nu este amară, ci are un gust dulceag. Se diferă de asemenea în aspect: culoarea cuticulei este mai deschisă, ca pielea de porc și piciorul nu arată o rețea pe suprafață, fiind maximal punctată.[23]

Valorificare

 src=
Tylopilus alutarius

Ciuperca care poate fi gustată fără ezitare, pentru că conține o cantitate doar forte mică de bufotenină. Această toxină se distruge prin încălzire.

Pe timpuri grele de război și/sau foamete, oamenii din Franța, Germania (în special din provinciile de altădată Silezia Superioară și Prusia Răsăriteană precum fosta RDG), dar, de asemenea din România, au scos amăreala, ori prin fierberea ciupercilor pentru mai mult timp în lapte smântânit, ori prin marinarea feliilor tăiate în smântâna pentru 3-4 zile, schimbând marinada zilnic. [Această procedură îmi este cunoscută și știu din experiență personală că funcționează, dar este neeficientă.] De asemenea ea să-și piardă gustul neplăcut prin uscare și făcută praf.[24]

Tylopilus felleus var. alutarius, tot descris de Karsten (1882), este numai foarte slab amar și poate fi mâncat. El poartă o rețea mai puțin intensivă.[25]

În mod general, buretele este fără interes alimentar. Un singur mic Tylopilus, adăugat din eroare de exemplu la o ciulama de hribi, o va face necomestibilă.

Dacă găsiți un burete mai deschis în culoarea pălăriei precum (aproape) lipsit de o rețea, încercați-l neapărat. Ar putea fi savurosul gemen al fierii pădurii anume Tylopilus alutarius (vezi mai sus)!

Note

  1. ^ a b Index fungorum
  2. ^ Denumire RO 1
  3. ^ Denumire RO 2
  4. ^ a b Bruno Cetto: „Der große Pilzführer”, vol. 1, ed. a 5-a, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1979, p. 510-511, ISBN 3-405-12116-7
  5. ^ J. E. și M. Lange: „BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze”, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1977, p. 192-193, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
  6. ^ Petter Adolf Karsten: „Enumeratio Boletinearum et Polyporearum Fennicarum, systemate novo dispositarum”, în „Revue Mycologique”, vol. 3, Toulouse 1881, p. 16-19
  7. ^ Mykobank
  8. ^ „Elias Magnus Fries: „Observationes mycologicae”, vol. 1, Editura Gerhard Bonnier, Havniae 1815, p. 115
  9. ^ Bildrag til kännedom om Finlands natur och folk, vol. 37, Editura Finska litteratur-sällskapets, Helsingfors 1882, p. 3
  10. ^ Linus Zeitlmayr: „Knaurs Pilzbuch”, Editura Droemer Knaur, München-Zürich 1976, p. 79-80
  11. ^ Karl și Gretl Kronberger: „Das farbige Pilzbuch”, Editura H. G. Gachet & Co., Langen 1976, p. 20, ISBN 3-8068-0215-7
  12. ^ Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: „700 Pilze in Farbfotos”, Editura AT Verlag, Aarau - Stuttgart 1979 și 1980, p. 62, ISBN 3-85502-0450
  13. ^ Meinhard Michael Moser: „Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas”, ediția a 4-a, vol. II/b 2 „Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze”, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1978, p. 69
  14. ^ Bruno Cetto: „Der große Pilzführer”, vol. 1, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1976, p. 468-469, ISBN 3-405-11774-7
  15. ^ Bruno Cetto: „Der große Pilzführer”, vol. 2, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1980, p. 498-499, ISBN 3-405-12081-0
  16. ^ Bruno Cetto: „Der große Pilzführer”, vol. 1, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1976, p. 478-479, ISBN 3-405-11774-7
  17. ^ Bruno Cetto: „Der große Pilzführer”, vol. 1, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1976, p. 488-489, ISBN 3-405-11774-7
  18. ^ Bruno Cetto: „I funghi dal vero”, vol. 4, Editura Arte Grafiche Saturnia, Trento 1983, p. 462-463, ISBN 88-85013-25-2
  19. ^ Bruno Cetto: „Der große Pilzführer”, vol. 2, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1980, p. 494-495, ISBN 3-405-12081-0
  20. ^ Bruno Cetto: „Der große Pilzführer”, vol. 1, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1976, p. 470-471, ISBN 3-405-11774-7
  21. ^ Bruno Cetto: „Der große Pilzführer”, vol. 2, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1980, p. 496-497, ISBN 3-405-12081-0
  22. ^ Bruno Cetto: „Der große Pilzführer”, vol. 1, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1976, p. 472-473, ISBN 3-405-11774-7
  23. ^ Bruno Cetto: „Der große Pilzführer”, vol. 3, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna, Viena 1980, p. 444-445, ISBN 3-405-12124-8
  24. ^ Linus Zeitlmayr: „Knaurs Pilzbuch”, Editura Droemer Knaur, München-Zürich 1976, p. 80
  25. ^ Despre comestibilitatea buretelui

Bibliografie

  • Marcel Bon: “Pareys Buch der Pilze”, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
  • Bruno Cetto, volumul 1-7, vezi note
  • Rose Marie și Sabine Maria Dähncke: „Pilze”, Editura Silva, Zürich 1986
  • Ernst Gäumann: „Vergleichende Morphologie der Pilze”, Editura Gustav Fischer, Jena 1926
  • J. E. și M. Lange: „BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze”, Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
  • Jean-Louis Lamaison & Jean-Marie Polese: „Der große Pilzatlas“, Editura Tandem Verlag GmbH, Potsdam 2012, ISBN 978-3-8427-0483-1
  • Hans E. Laux: „Der große Pilzführer, Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2001, ISBN 978-3-440-14530-2
  • Csaba Locsmándi, Gizella Vasas: „Ghidul culegătorului de ciuperci”, Editura Casa, Cluj-Napoca 2013, ISBN 9786068527147
  • Till E. Lohmeyer & Ute Künkele: „Pilze – bestimmen und sammeln”, Editura Parragon Books Ltd., Bath 2014, ISBN 978-1-4454-8404-4
  • Meinhard Michael Moser: „ Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas” ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983.
  • Rolf Singer: „Die Pilze Mitteleuropas”, vol. 5 și 6: „Die Röhrlinge, pârțile 1 și 2”, Editura Justus Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 1965-1967* Linus Zeitlmayr: „Knaurs Pilzbuch”, Editura Droemer Knaur, München-Zürich 1976, ISBN 3-426-00312-0
  • Linus Zeitlmayr: „Knaurs Pilzbuch”, Editura Droemer Knaur, München-Zürich 1976, ISBN 3-426-00312-0

Legături externe

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autori și editori
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia RO

Fierea pădurii: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

provided by wikipedia RO

Tylopilus felleus (Pierre Bulliard, 1788 ex Petter Adolf Karsten, 1881)sin. Boletus felleus (Pierre Bulliard, 1788), este o specie de ciuperci necomestibile din încrengătura Basidiomycota în familia Boletaceae și de genul Tylopilus, denumit în popor fierea pădurii sau, ca și Boletus calopus, hrib amar. Acest burete coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). În România, [Basarabia]] și Bucovina de Nord, se dezvoltă în păduri (și montane) de foioase sub fagi și stejari, de asemenea în păduri de conifere, prin luminișuri între pini și molizi, adeseori în ani umezi, în perioade secetoase foarte rar. Timpul apariției este din iunie până în octombrie (noiembrie).

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia autori și editori
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia RO

Gallsopp ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Den mykologiska karaktären hos gallsopp:

Pores icon.png
hymenium:
rör

Convex cap icon.svg
hatt:
välvd

Adnate gills icon.png
skivtyp:
vidfästa

Inedible toxicity icon.png
ätlighet:
oätlig



Bare stipe icon.png
fot:
bar

Tan spore print icon.png
sporavtryck:
beige

Mycorrhizal ecology icon.png
ekologi:
mykorrhiza

Gallsopp, Tylopilus felleus, är en gulbrun eller ljust olivbrun sopp med ett olivbrunt ådernät på foten. Äldre exemplar har lätt rosafärgade rör. Den kan i unga stadier vara förvillande lik stensopp (som har ljust ådernät på övre delen av foten!) men är oätlig på grund av den mycket beska smaken. Den är dock inte giftig.

Externa länkar

Referenser

  1. ^ [a b] ”CABI databases”. http://www.speciesfungorum.org. Läst 24 januari 2013.
  2. ^ A.H. Sm. & Thiers (1971) , In: Boletes of Michigan (Ann Arbor):114
  3. ^ Coker & Beers (1943) , In: The Boletaceae of North Carolina:17
  4. ^ Engler & Prantl (1898) , In: Nat. Pflanzenfam., Teil. I (Leipzig) 1**:190
  5. ^ P. Karst. (1882) , In: Hattsvampar 37:2
  6. ^ P. Karst. (1881) , In: Revue mycol., Toulouse 3:16
  7. ^ E.M. Fries (1815) , In: Observ. mycol. (Havniae) 1:115
  8. ^ Bull. (1788) , In: Herb. Fr. 8:tab. 379
Mushroom.svg Denna svampartikel saknar väsentlig information. Du kan hjälpa till genom att tillföra sådan.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Gallsopp: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Gallsopp, Tylopilus felleus, är en gulbrun eller ljust olivbrun sopp med ett olivbrunt ådernät på foten. Äldre exemplar har lätt rosafärgade rör. Den kan i unga stadier vara förvillande lik stensopp (som har ljust ådernät på övre delen av foten!) men är oätlig på grund av den mycket beska smaken. Den är dock inte giftig.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia författare och redaktörer
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia SV

Гірчак (гриб) ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK
У Вікіпедії є статті про інші значення цього терміна: Гірчак.
Гірчак
Гірчак
Гірчак Біологічна класифікація Царство: Гриби (Fungi) Відділ: (Basidiomycota) Клас: Базидіоміцети (Базидіальні гриби)
(Basidiomycetes) Порядок: (Boletales) Родина: Болетові (Boletaceae) Рід: Tylopilus Вид: Гірчак
(Tylopilus felleus L.)

Гірчак (Tylopilus felleus (Bull. ex Fr.) Karst., Boletus felleus Bull. ex Fr.) — гриб родини болетових — Boletaceae.

Будова

Шапка 5-10(15) см у діаметрі, напівкуляста, згодом опукло- або подушкоподібнорозпростерта, буро- або оливково-коричнева, іноді з слабким червонуватим відтінком, дуже тонковолокнисто-повстиста, з часом гола, суха, у вологу погоду клейкувата. Шкірка не знімається. Пори спочатку білі, згодом рожевіють, брудно- або буро-рожеві, іноді лілувато-рожеві, пізніше рожево-коричневі. Спори рожевуваті, 10-15(18) Х 3(45) мкм. Ніжка 5-10(16) Х 2-4(5) см, щільна, жовтувато-коричнювата, з чіткою чорною сіткою. М'якуш білий, при розрізуванні на повітрі рожевіє, дуже гіркий, з приємним запахом.

Поширення та середовище існування

В Україні поширений на Поліссі та в Лісостепу. Росте у хвойних лісах у червні — жовтні.

Практичне використання

Неїстівний гриб, але і не отруйний, містить лікарські речовини. Дуже подібний до білого гриба, від якого відрізняється гірким смаком м'якуша, рожевуватими порами та наявністю чорної сітки на ніжці. Можна зіпсувати страву з білих грибів, якщо серед них потрапить хоч один гірчак.[1] Існує різновидність цього гриба з приємним на смак м'якушем — гірчак жовтуватий (F. felleus var. alutarius Fr.), який росте на лісових галявинах, відрізняється від гірчака світлішою шапкою і майже гладенькою ніжкою. Схожий на Білий гриб, тільки у гірчака рожеві спори, ніжка темніша і м'якуш гіркий.

Примітки

  1. E. Lawrence, S. Harniess Mushroom and other fungi. Identification guides British & European. // Flame tree publishing. London, 2007—384 p. — P. 136

Джерела

Commons
Вікісховище має мультимедійні дані за темою: Гірчак
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia UK

Гірчак (гриб): Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK

Гірчак (Tylopilus felleus (Bull. ex Fr.) Karst., Boletus felleus Bull. ex Fr.) — гриб родини болетових — Boletaceae.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Автори та редактори Вікіпедії
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia UK

Nấm tràm ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Nấm tràm (danh pháp khoa học: Tylopilus felleus[3]) là một loài nấm lớn phân bố ở vùng Đông Bắc Châu Âu vùng Bắc Mỹ và một số địa phương ở Việt Nam đặc biệt ở miền Trung thì nhiều nhất là Thừa Thiên-Huế, Quảng BìnhPhú Quốc.[4]

Đặc điểm

 src=
Bài hoặc đoạn này cần được wiki hóa theo các quy cách định dạng và văn phong Wikipedia.
Xin hãy giúp phát triển bài này bằng cách liên kết trong đến các mục từ thích hợp khác.

Nấm tràm hình dạng khá đa dạng, tai màu tím nhạt, tròn và béo múp có cây tím thâm, mới nhú lại búp tròn[5] nấm nhỏ còn gọi là nấm búp trong giống như cây, nấm lớn có hình như cái ô có màu tím như màu quả mân cục, vòng đời phát triển của loại nấm này rất ngắn chỉ trong vòng khoảng 1 tháng.[4] nói chung, nấm tràm bên ngoài có màu nâu tím, bên trong trắng mịn, hình dáng rất đẹp nhưng vị thì đắng[6]

Loại nấm tràm này thường mọc trên sườn các gò đồi hay ven các con suối, trên lớp lá mục dưới tán rừng tràm, rừng bổi hay rừng bạch đàn. Nấm tràm chỉ mọc sau những cơn mưa đầu mùa trong các rừng tràm, nấm tràm mọc rất nhanh nhưng cũng chóng tàn[6] Vào mùa thu, khi những cơn mưa trút xuống những khu rừng tràm, cũng là lúc những bụi nấm tràm đua nhau mọc lên.[6] Nấm tràm bắt đầu rộ dần và kéo dài khoảng hơn tháng thì hết mùa do đó Hằng năm có hai đợt hái nấm vào tháng 4 và tháng 7 âm lịch. Mỗi đợt nấm tràm ra chỉ có trong vòng một tuần lễ[7]

Cơ chế mọc bắt đầu bằng việc lá và vỏ của cây tràm rơi rụng thành từng lớp của mùa trước đã bắt đầu biến thành lớp mùn là nơi để nấm tràm phát triển. Meo nấm được ấp ủ trong lớp mùn đất, sau loạt mưa đầu mùa, những chiếc nấm tròn nhỏ thoát ra khỏi lớp vỏ và lá tràm bảo vệ nó từ mùa trước. Những bào tử nấm như đợi sẵn nhanh chóng xuyên qua những lớp lá mục để thành hình những cây nấm. Ngày đầu li ti nhưng đến ngày tiếp theo đã to tròn, sau đó vài ngày cây nấm sẽ héo rủ.[5] Ở những khu đồng dưới thảm lá mục tạo nên độ ẩm ướt và cũng là điều kiện thích hợp cho loại nấm này tranh nhau đội lớp thảm mục của lá tràm để vươn lên

Công dụng

Star of life2.svg
Wikipedia tiếng Việt không bảo đảm tính pháp lý cho các thông tin có liên quan đến y học và sức khỏe.
Đề nghị liên hệ và nhận tư vấn từ các bác sĩ hay các chuyên gia.

Theo quan điểm đông y rất tốt vì chữa được mỏi mệt, cảm cúm, nhức đầu và có tác dụng làm bổ nội tạng nhờ chất dầu tràm ở trong nó[6] vị đắng ấy lại có tác dụng thanh nhiệt, giải độc, do vậy nấm tràm còn có tác dụng giã rượu. Nấm tràm còn là nguyên liệu để chế biến nhiều món ăn ngon, dùng để nấu với rau tập tàng hoặc rau lang cùng với tôm bóc vỏ, thịt ba chỉ, hoặc nấu cháo với cá tươi, xào với thịt... Các món ăn nấu từ nấm tràm có vị đắng đặc trưng. Ở Phú Quốc, nấm tràm được nấu với tôm, mực là một món ăn phổ thông. Người dân trên Đảo đã kết hợp giữa nấm tràm với hải sản tươi trên đảo như mực, tôm, hào bao … tạo ra món canh nấm tràm mùi vị thơm ngon, hấp dẫn vừa là món ăn bổ dưỡng cho mọi gia đình.[4] Ngoài ra cháo nấm tràm nấu với tôm hay các loại cá tươi, món nấm tràm xào thịt, xào tôm, canh nấm tràm nấu với rau xanh và cá.[5]

Chú thích

  1. ^ “Synonymy: Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst., Revue mycol., Toulouse 3(no. 9): 16 (1881)”. Species Fungorum. CAB International. Truy cập ngày 11 tháng 3 năm 2013.
  2. ^ Smith AH, Thiers HD. (1971). The Boletes of Michigan. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. tr. 112–15.
  3. ^ “Phòng Khoa học Công nghệ - Hợp tác Quốc tế”. Husc.edu.vn. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 11 năm 2012.
  4. ^ a ă â “Nấm tràm đặc sản Phú Quốc”. Tin Tức Du lịch Phú Quốc. Truy cập 4 tháng 6 năm 2014.
  5. ^ a ă â “Thừa Thiên Huế Online”. Truy cập 4 tháng 6 năm 2014.
  6. ^ a ă â b “Nấm tràm | Thanh Niên Online”. Thanhnien.com.vn. Ngày 25 tháng 9 năm 2003. Truy cập ngày 24 tháng 11 năm 2012.
  7. ^ “Thưởng thức nấm tràm Phú Quốc”. Afamily.vn. Truy cập 26 tháng 1 năm 2016.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến Lớp Nấm tán này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Nấm tràm: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Nấm tràm (danh pháp khoa học: Tylopilus felleus) là một loài nấm lớn phân bố ở vùng Đông Bắc Châu Âu vùng Bắc Mỹ và một số địa phương ở Việt Nam đặc biệt ở miền Trung thì nhiều nhất là Thừa Thiên-Huế, Quảng BìnhPhú Quốc.

license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Wikipedia tác giả và biên tập viên
original
visit source
partner site
wikipedia VI

Жёлчный гриб ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Латинское название Tylopilus felleus (Bull.) P. Karst., 1881

wikispecies:
Систематика
на Викивидах

commons:
Изображения
на Викискладе

NCBI 98230

Жёлчный гриб, же́лчный гриб[1][2] (лат. Tylopílus félleus) — несъедобный из-за горького вкуса трубчатый гриб рода Тилопил (лат. Tylopilus) семейства Болетовые (лат. Boletaceae). При готовке горечь этого гриба не исчезает, а наоборот, усиливается[3].

Синонимы

  • Русские: горчак, ложный белый гриб
  • Латинские

Описание

Диаметр шляпки составляет 4—10 см (до 15 см), шляпка имеет полушаровидную, позже округло-подушковидную или распростёртую форму, на ощупь сухая, тонко-волокнистая, опушённая или бархатистая, затем гладкая, в сырую погоду немного клейкая, цвет шляпки — жёлто-коричневый, жёлто-буроватый, светло-буроватый, серо-охряный, серовато-коричневый, реже каштаново-коричневый или тёмно-бурый.

Мякоть белая, краснеет или не меняет цвет на срезе, горькая на вкус, без особого запаха, почти никогда не червивеет.

Трубчатый слой приросший у ножки, трубочки белые, позднее розовые или грязно-розовые, имеют длину до 2 см, поры округлые или угловатые, гранёные, мелкие, при надавливании краснеют или буреют.

Ножка 3—12,5 см высотой и 1,5—3 см толщиной, цилиндрическая или булавовидная, вздутая книзу, волокнистная, цвет кремово-охряный, желтоватый, охряно-жёлтый или жёлто-коричневый, вверху беловатый или сливочно-жёлтый, с ярко выраженной сеточкой бурого, тёмно-коричневого или даже черноватого цвета.

Споровый порошок розоватый, розовый, розовато-коричневый. Споры 10—15×4—5 мкм, эллипсоидно-веретеновидные, бесцветные или немного серо-розоватые, гладкие.

Изменчивость

Существует разновидность Tylopilus felleus var. alutarius (Fr.) P. Karst. 1882, у которого сырая мякоть имеет приятный сладковатый вкус, однако при готовке горечь всё равно появляется. Отличается более светлой шляпкой и почти гладкой ножкой.

Экология и распространение

Образует микоризу с хвойными и лиственными деревьями. Чаще встречается в хвойных лесах на кислых плодородных почвах, часто у оснований деревьев, иногда на прогнивших пнях. Космополит, растёт в лесах на всех континентах. Встречается часто, плодовые тела появляются одиночно или небольшими группами.
Сезон: июнь — октябрь.

Сходные виды

Молодой жёлчный гриб с ещё неокрашенными порами можно спутать с белым грибом и другими боровиками (боровик сетчатый, боровик бронзовый), иногда его путают с подберёзовиками. Отличается от подберёзовиков отсутствием чешуек на ножке, от боровиков тёмной сеточкой (у боровиков сеточка светлее основной окраски ножки).

Использование в медицине

Гриб, содержащий специфические горечи, был предложен в качестве желчегонного средства[4].

Фотографии

Tylopilus felleus01.jpg Tylopilus felleus (1).jpg

Примечания

  1. «жёлчный и же́лчный». Букчина Б. З., Сазонова И. К., Чельцова Л. К. Орфографический словарь русского языка / рецензент: академик РАН Н. Ю. Шведова. — 6-е изд. — М.: АСТ-ПРЕСС КНИГА, 2010. — С. 244. — 1296 с. — (Настольные словари русского языка). — 3000 экз.ISBN 978-5-462-00736-1. (приказом Минобрнауки РФ № 195 от 8.06.2009 словарь включён в список грамматик, словарей и справочников, содержащих нормы современного русского литературного языка при его использовании в качестве государственного.)
  2. Проверка слова на портале ГРАМОТА.РУ
  3. Lamaison J-L, Polese J-M. The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms. — Cologne : Könemann, 2005. — P. 27. — ISBN 978-3-8331-1239-3.
  4. Bauchet J. M. Experiences sur les proprietes curatives des champignons. Bull.trimestr.Soc. mycol. France, 77, 4, 1961
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии

Жёлчный гриб: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Жёлчный гриб, же́лчный гриб (лат. Tylopílus félleus) — несъедобный из-за горького вкуса трубчатый гриб рода Тилопил (лат. Tylopilus) семейства Болетовые (лат. Boletaceae). При готовке горечь этого гриба не исчезает, а наоборот, усиливается.

Синонимы

Русские: горчак, ложный белый гриб Латинские Boletus felleus Bull., 1788 basionym
license
cc-by-sa-3.0
copyright
Авторы и редакторы Википедии