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Description

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Adults have a snout-vent length of 11-20 mm. The head is pointed and a dark band run laterally along the body through each eye. Digits have little webbing, but digital discs are well developed.

Reference

Hoffman, R. L. (1963). ''Pseudacris ocularis.'' Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists, 209.1-209.2.

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Distribution and Habitat

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Found in the Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia to southern Florida. Range extends westward to the Chattahoochee River in Georgia, Houston County in Alabama and the panhandle in Florida.
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Pseudacris ocularis ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Pseudacris ocularis és una espècie de granota que es troba a Nord-amèrica (des de Virgínia fins a Florida).

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Pseudacris ocularis: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Pseudacris ocularis és una espècie de granota que es troba a Nord-amèrica (des de Virgínia fins a Florida).

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Little grass frog

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The little grass frog (Pseudacris ocularis) is a species of chorus frog endemic to the Southeastern United States. It is currently the smallest North American anuran and occurs in a wide variety of ephemeral and semi-permanent wetlands.[2]

Description

P. ocularis is the smallest frog in North America, only reaching a maximum head-body length of 19 mm (0.75 in). It is normally pale brown, but can have a green or pink tinge. This species is further characterized by a variable dark stripe which runs through each of the frog's eyes and down the sides of its body. The Latin term ocularis translates to "of the eye" in reference to this bold ocular stripe.[3]

Habitat and feeding

This species occurs in a wide variety of ephemeral and semi-permanent wetlands in the southeastern Coastal Plain and favors grassy areas in and around cypress ponds and similar sites. This species can be used as an indicator of healthy wetlands. In urbanized wetlands P. ocularis is noticeably absent.[4] It is commonly found on lower tree trunks and foliage up to a height of 1 m or more; males prefer these sites as calling perches. However, they spend a considerable amount of their foraging time on the ground.[5] This species possesses the ability to rotate its head and neck more than other frog species, which is thought to aid in searching for prey or looking for a more suitable perch before leaping.[6] The majority of food items consist of arthropods that are associated with leaf litter and/or soil—springtails, ants, thrips, palpigrades, etc.[7] There has been some recorded research showing that adults have fed on large roaches, walking sticks, and mites.[8]

Reproduction

To gain a female's attention, males will remain perched on top of grass stems or tree trunks and call. This calling is most often compared to high insect-like chirps.[9] P. ocularis The little Grass Frog breeds in shallow, fish free wetlands, including cypress domes, marshes, bogs, wet prairies, wet flatwoods, and floodplain forests [10] generally breeds from January to September in most of their range, but can breed year-round in Florida. Females can generally reproduce more than once per annual cycle. The eggs will usually be laid on a pond bottom or vegetation in shallow water.[11] Females lay up to 200 eggs with 1-5 eggs per cluster. Eggs take 1–2 days to hatch and larvae take 7–70 days to metamorphose.[12]

Behavior

The little grass frog's call has 2 call components (pure tone followed by a train of pulses) which is unique in Family Hylidae.[13] P. ocularis is often active both day and night and can be active year-round in some parts of their range.[14]

Predators and predator avoidance

The little grass frog has a few defensive mechanisms to avoid predation. Despite their small size, they can jump about 20 times their body length which can help them escape predators.[15] Their coloration also provides them with a great advantage. They have a cryptic coloration similar to the vegetation in the areas in which they live. The dark stripes through their eye and along their sides are also thought to help break-up their outline to more visual predators.[16] Some common predators are fish, larger frogs, and snakes. [17]

References

  1. ^ IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group (2015). "Pseudacris ocularis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T55895A64855914. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T55895A64855914.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ Marshall, Jeremey, M.; Camp, Carlos, D. (1995). "Aspects of the Feeding Ecology of the Little Grass Frog, Pseudacris ocularis (Anura: Hylidae)". Brimleyana. 22: 1–7.
  3. ^ "Wright, Albert Hazen, and Wright, Anna Allen. Handbook of Frogs and Toads of the United States and Canada. Ithaca, New York: Comstock Publishing Company, 1949. 640 p. $6.50". Science Education. 33 (4): 309. October 1949. doi:10.1002/sce.3730330466. ISSN 0036-8326.
  4. ^ Guzy, Jacquelyn C.; McCoy, Earl D.; Deyle, Anna C.; Gonzalez, Shannon M.; Halstead, Neal; Mushinsky, Henry R. (2012-07-17). "Urbanization interferes with the use of amphibians as indicators of ecological integrity of wetlands". Journal of Applied Ecology. 49 (4): 941–952. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2664.2012.02172.x. ISSN 0021-8901.
  5. ^ "Aspects-of-the-feeding Ecology of the little grass frog" (PDF).
  6. ^ Harper, F. (1939). Distribution, taxonomy, nomenclature, and habits of the little tree-frog (Hyla ocularis). The American Midland Naturalist, 22(1), 134-149.
  7. ^ Marshall, Jeremy, L.; Camp, Carlos (1995). "Aspects of the Feeding Ecology of the Little Grass Frog, Pseudacris ocularis (Anura: Hylidae)". Brimleyana. 22: 1–7 – via Research Gate.
  8. ^ Marshall, L. Jeremy, Camp, D. Carlos. (1995). Aspects of the Feeding Ecology of the Little Grass Frog, Pseudacris ocularis (Anura: Hylidae), Brimleyana 22, 1-7.
  9. ^ Harper, F. (1939). Distribution, taxonomy, nomenclature, and habits of the little tree-frog (Hyla ocularis). The American Midland Naturalist, 22(1), 134-149.
  10. ^ Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation. (n.d.). Florida's Frogs. Little Grass Frog. Retrieved April 27, 2022, from https://ufwildlife.ifas.ufl.edu/frogs/littlegrassfrog.shtml
  11. ^ Kehr, Arturo I. (1997). "Stage frequency and habitat selection of a cohort of Pseudacris ocularis tadpoles (Hylidae: Anura) in a Florida temporary pond". Herpetological Journal. 7 (3): 103–109.
  12. ^ Ethier, J. P., Fayard, A., Soroye, P., Choi, D., Mazerolle, M. J., & Trudeau, V. L. (2021). Life history traits and reproductive ecology of North American chorus frogs of the genus Pseudacris (Hylidae). Frontiers in Zoology, 18(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-021-00425-w
  13. ^ Cocroft, REGINALD B.; Ryan, MICHAEL J. (1995-02-01). "Patterns of advertisement call evolution in toads and chorus frogs". Animal Behaviour. 49 (2): 283–303. doi:10.1006/anbe.1995.0043. ISSN 0003-3472. S2CID 22713394.
  14. ^ "Virginia Herpetological Society". www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  15. ^ "Little Grass Frog". herpsofnc.org. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  16. ^ "Virginia Herpetological Society". www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  17. ^ Babbitt, K. J., & Tanner, G. W. (2000). Use of temporary wetlands by anurans in a hydrologically modified landscape. Wetlands, 20(2), 313-322.
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Little grass frog: Brief Summary

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The little grass frog (Pseudacris ocularis) is a species of chorus frog endemic to the Southeastern United States. It is currently the smallest North American anuran and occurs in a wide variety of ephemeral and semi-permanent wetlands.

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Pseudacris ocularis ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Pseudacris ocularis es una especie de anfibio anuro distribuido por los Estados Unidos, desde Virginia hasta Florida. Se trata de una pequeña rana que sólo alcanza a un máximo de 19 mm de largo. Normalmente es de color marrón pálido, pero puede tener un color verde o rosa tintado. Esta especie se encuentra principalmente en torno a ciénagas pantanosas .

Referencias

  1. Fordham et al (2006). «Pseudacris ocularis». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2006 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 28 de marzo de 2011.
  • Bosc and Daudin in Sonnini de Manoncourt and Latreille, 1801 (An. X), Hist. Nat. Rept., 2: 187.
  • Hedges, 1986, Syst. Zool., 35: 11.

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Pseudacris ocularis: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Pseudacris ocularis es una especie de anfibio anuro distribuido por los Estados Unidos, desde Virginia hasta Florida. Se trata de una pequeña rana que sólo alcanza a un máximo de 19 mm de largo. Normalmente es de color marrón pálido, pero puede tener un color verde o rosa tintado. Esta especie se encuentra principalmente en torno a ciénagas pantanosas .

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Pseudacris ocularis ( Basque )

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Pseudacris ocularis Pseudacris generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Hylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

Erreferentziak

Ikus, gainera

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Pseudacris ocularis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Pseudacris ocularis Pseudacris generoko animalia da. Anfibioen barruko Hylidae familian sailkatuta dago, Anura ordenan.

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Pseudacris ocularis ( French )

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Pseudacris ocularis est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Hylidae[1].

Répartition

Cette espèce est endémique des États-Unis[1],[2]. Elle se rencontre dans la plaine côtière du Sud-Est :

Taxinomie

Hyla ocularis Bosc & Daudin, 1801[3] est considéré comme un synonyme sénior d'Acris gryllus par Mittleman en 1946[4]. Neill en 1950[5] puis Fouquette et Dubois en 2014[6] le considère comme un ensemble non identifiable.

Publication originale

  • Holbrook, 1838 : North American Herpetology, or Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States, vol. 3, p. 1-122 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  1. a et b Amphibian Species of the World, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. UICN, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  3. Sonnini de Manoncourt & Latreille, 1801 : Histoire naturelle des reptiles : avec figures dessinées d'apres nature, vol. 2, p. 1–332 (texte intégral).
  4. Mittleman, 1946 : Nomenclatural notes on two southeastern frogs. Herpetologica, vol. 3, no 2, p. 57–60.
  5. Neill, 1950 : Taxonomy, nomenclature, and distribution of southeastern Cricket frogs, genus Acris. American Midland Naturalist, vol. 43, p. 152–156.
  6. Fouquette & Dubois, 2014 : A Checklist of North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Seventh Edition, vol. 1, Amphibians, p. 1-586.
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Pseudacris ocularis: Brief Summary ( French )

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Pseudacris ocularis est une espèce d'amphibiens de la famille des Hylidae.

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Pseudacris ocularis ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Herpetologie

Pseudacris ocularis is een kikker uit de familie boomkikkers of Hylidae.[2] De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door John Edwards Holbrook in 1838. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Hylodes ocularis gebruikt. Vroeger behoorde deze soort tot het geslacht Hyla, waardoor deze naam regelmatig opduikt in de literatuur.

Algemeen

De soort heeft zich gespecialiseerd in het microklimaat tussen de riethalmen en struiken bij slootjes, meren en vennen. Door het lage lichaamsgewicht buigt zelfs de dunste rietstengel niet door en kan op prooien worden gejaagd. Ook bladluizen en mijten worden gegeten, wat doet vermoeden dat ook op de bodem wordt gefoerageerd. Ondanks de klimmende levenswijze wordt Pseudacris ocularis nooit echt hoog aangetroffen, tot anderhalve meter.

Uiterlijke kenmerken

De kikker heeft een lengte van 1,5 tot 1,9 centimeter en een gewicht van een paar gram. Het is hiermee de kleinste kikker- en paddensoort uit heel Noord-Amerika. De kleur van deze soort is erg variabel; meestal licht- tot donkerbruin, en de soort is te herkennen aan de donkerbruine tot zwarte flanken van de kop die overgaan in een oog- en flankstreep en eindigen net voor de achterpoten. De kleur kan zelfs rood- of roze-achtig zijn, maar kenmerkend is de helder witte tot gele streep onder de flankstreep die net onder het oog begint en boven de voorpoot ophoudt. Op de rug lopen enkele streep-achtige vlekken die iets van kleur afwijken, en zowel iets lichter als iets donkerder kunnen zijn als de basiskleur. De buik is wit tot vuilwit en veel exemplaren hebben een donkere, driehoekige vlek boven de ogen op de kop die over het midden van de rug als streep uitvloeit en bij de cloaca eindigt. De hechtschijven zijn goed ontwikkeld om zich vast te kunnen houden aan de wuivende plantenstengels waarop de kikker leeft. Ook heeft deze soort kleine vliezen tussen de tenen.

Verspreiding

Pseudacris ocularis komt voor in de Verenigde Staten, in de staten Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, geheel Florida, Georgia en het uiterste zuidoostelijke deel van Alabama.[3] In veel staten betreft het een brede, lange kuststrook; verder landinwaarts wordt deze soort niet aangetroffen.

Referenties
  1. (en) Pseudacris ocularis op de IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
  2. Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History, Pseudacris ocularis.
  3. University of California - AmphibiaWeb, Pseudacris ocularis.
Bronnen
  • (en) - Darrel R. Frost - Amphibian Species of the World: an online reference - Version 6.0 - American Museum of Natural History - Pseudacris ocularis - Website Geconsulteerd 8 december 2016
  • (en) - University of California - AmphibiaWeb - Pseudacris ocularis - Website
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Pseudacris ocularis: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Pseudacris ocularis is een kikker uit de familie boomkikkers of Hylidae. De soort werd voor het eerst wetenschappelijk beschreven door John Edwards Holbrook in 1838. Oorspronkelijk werd de wetenschappelijke naam Hylodes ocularis gebruikt. Vroeger behoorde deze soort tot het geslacht Hyla, waardoor deze naam regelmatig opduikt in de literatuur.

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Pseudacris ocularis ( Vietnamese )

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Pseudacris ocularis là một loài ếch trong họ Nhái bén. Loài này sinh sống ở các bang Virginia và Texas, Hoa Kỳ.

Chú thích

  1. ^ Fordham et al (2006). Pseudacris ocularis. Sách đỏ 2006. IUCN 2006. Truy cập 28 marzo 2011.

Tham khảo

Liên kết ngoài

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Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến họ Nhái bén (Hylidae) này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Pseudacris ocularis: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Pseudacris ocularis là một loài ếch trong họ Nhái bén. Loài này sinh sống ở các bang Virginia và Texas, Hoa Kỳ.

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