Die Zypressenähnliche Schuppenfichte oder Zypressen-Schuppenfichte (Athrotaxis cupressoides) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Schuppenfichten (Athrotaxis) in der Familie der Zypressengewächse (Cupressaceae). Der immergrüne Nadelbaum ist in Tasmanien heimisch.
Die Zypressenähnliche Schuppenfichte ist ein immergrüner Baum und erreicht Wuchshöhen von 6 bis 15 m. Die Baumkrone ist breit säulenförmig mit aufsteigenden Ästen. Die Borke ist braungrau. Die Zweige sind dick und etwas fleischig; sie stehen in Dreierquirlen. Die schuppenförmigen Blätter sind etwa 3 bis 4 mm lang. Sie sind stumpf, dunkelgrün und überlappen sich dachziegelartig.
Die zypressenähnliche Schuppenfichte ist einhäusig (monözisch). Die männlichen Zapfen sitzen an den Zweigenden, sind 3 mm groß und kugelig mit 2 bis 4 Pollensäcken. Die weiblichen Zapfen sitzen hängend am Ende von Seitentrieben. Sie sind 0,5 bis 1,5 cm lang, orange und kugelig. Die Schuppen sind verdickt und besitzen einen flachen dreieckigen, zurückgebogenen Umbo. Die Samen sind geflügelt mit zwei geraden Flügeln. Die Keimlinge bilden zwei Keimblätter (Kotyledonen). Die Keimung erfolgt epigäisch.
Die Baumart ist sehr langlebig; es sind mehrere Exemplare mit einem Alter von über 1000 Jahren bekannt.
Die Art ist in Tasmanien endemisch. Sie kommt in Höhenlagen von 640 bis 1067 m ü. NN im westlichen Teil der Insel vor, unter anderem am Lake Saint Clair. Die Vorkommen liegen nahe der Baumgrenze, oft oberhalb der Baumgrenze der Eukalypten.
Die Art wurde 1838 durch den britischen Botaniker David Don erstbeschrieben.[1]
Die Zypressenähnliche Schuppenfichte oder Zypressen-Schuppenfichte (Athrotaxis cupressoides) ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Schuppenfichten (Athrotaxis) in der Familie der Zypressengewächse (Cupressaceae). Der immergrüne Nadelbaum ist in Tasmanien heimisch.
Athrotaxis cupressoides, is also known as pencil pine, despite being a species of the family Cupressaceae, and not a member of the pine family.[4] Found either as an erect shrub or as a tree, this species is endemic to Tasmania, Australia. Trees can live for upwards of 1000 years, sustaining a very slow growth rate of approximately 12 mm in diameter per year.[5]
As with all species in the Athrotaxis genus, A. cupressoides’ leaves are single-veined and arranged in spirals. Unique to A. cupressoides the leaves are 2-3mm long/wide, overlapping and closely compressed stem.[6] This results in a scale like appearance. Two forms of woody cones act as the gametophyte structures, which mature approximately six months after pollination and are typically retained on the tree for up to one year. The female cones are spherical with pointed bract scales 12–15 mm in diameter. The male cones are much smaller 3–5 mm in diameter. The common name pencil pine is based on it being an evergreen conical-shaped tree which grows up to 20m, with trunks up to 1.5m in diameter.[7] This shape is most prominent when found in subalpine or open alpine vegetation; however, it can also occur as a rainforest tree. Bark is light brown and fibrous, becoming more furrowed with age.[8][9]
The name Athrotaxis is derived from the Greek words athros meaning crowded and taxis meaning arrangement. The species name cupressoides in Greek means ‘resembling cypress’.[5]
Athrotaxis cupressoides is an endemic native to Tasmania, Australia. Is distribution is primarily in the central and western mountain areas between 700 and 1300m above sea level, often around tarns or damp depressions on peaty or wet-rocky soils. Locations at which you may observe A. cupressoides include; the Central Plateau, the Great Western Tier, Mt. Field National Park, the westward mountains such as Cradle Mountain and scattered on the south of the island.[1]
Typically Athrotaxis cupressoides are found in subalpine or open alpine vegetation. When found in montane rainforests (also known as cool temperate rainforests) A. cupressoides dominates.[10] These environments are typically composed of; a canopy containing Athrotaxis cupressoides, and Athrotaxis selaginoides (king billy pine), an understory containing Nothofagus cunninghamii (myrtle beech) and Phyllocladus aspleniifolius (celery-top pine), a shrub layer containing Olearia pinifolius (prickly daisybush) and Richea species, and a ground covering of Astelia alpine (pineapple grass), Empodisma minus (spreading rope rush) and Gleichenia alpina (alpine coral fern).[10][11]
In regions where both A. cupressoides and A. selaginoides grow a third hybrid species can occasionally be found. These two species are so closely related they form the hybrid Athrotaxis x laxifolia[7].
Athrotaxis cupressoides is a highly fire sensitive species, hence the oldest and most vigorous populations are located in damp regions.[12] Major fires at the Walls of Jerusalem National Park and the Central Plateau Conservation Area during the summer of 1960–1961, and again in 2016, severely affected and reduced the population.[13] The species’ poor adaption to fire and the added stress of regeneration being hampered by grazing animals makes recovery from these incidents difficult. Animals such as sheep, rabbits and native marsupials, have been observed to eat the seedlings, suckers and adult foliage leaving significant impact on the plants.[4] Loss of A. cupressoides populations is largely irreversible given the relatively high fuel loads of postfire vegetation communities that are dominated by resprouting shrubs. A. cupressoides is expected to contract to only the most fire-proof landscapes, given the regeneration failures and increased flammability together with an expected drier and warmer climate.[14]
Signs of die back have also been associated with disease caused by an introduced strain of Phytophthora[1].
Athrotaxis cupressoides was previously under the family Taxodiaceae, which has now been merged with Cupressaceae.[15]
Athrotaxis cupressoides currently has no recorded uses. The trunks are gnarled and unsuitable for uses as timber.[1] The species is, however, occasionally grown and sold as an ornamental.[1]
.jpg)
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Athrotaxis cupressoides, is also known as pencil pine, despite being a species of the family Cupressaceae, and not a member of the pine family. Found either as an erect shrub or as a tree, this species is endemic to Tasmania, Australia. Trees can live for upwards of 1000 years, sustaining a very slow growth rate of approximately 12 mm in diameter per year.
As with all species in the Athrotaxis genus, A. cupressoides’ leaves are single-veined and arranged in spirals. Unique to A. cupressoides the leaves are 2-3mm long/wide, overlapping and closely compressed stem. This results in a scale like appearance. Two forms of woody cones act as the gametophyte structures, which mature approximately six months after pollination and are typically retained on the tree for up to one year. The female cones are spherical with pointed bract scales 12–15 mm in diameter. The male cones are much smaller 3–5 mm in diameter. The common name pencil pine is based on it being an evergreen conical-shaped tree which grows up to 20m, with trunks up to 1.5m in diameter. This shape is most prominent when found in subalpine or open alpine vegetation; however, it can also occur as a rainforest tree. Bark is light brown and fibrous, becoming more furrowed with age.
The name Athrotaxis is derived from the Greek words athros meaning crowded and taxis meaning arrangement. The species name cupressoides in Greek means ‘resembling cypress’.
Athrotaxis cupressoides, el cedro de Tasmania liso,[1] es una especie arbórea de la familia de las Cupresáceas, endémico de Tasmania en Australia, donde crece a 700–1,300 m de altitud.[2][3] Su nombre común en inglés, Pencil Pine ("Pino lápiz"), puede inducir a error ya que no es un miembro de la familia de los pinos.
Es un árbol siempreverde de las coníferas creciendo 10–20 m de alto, con un tronco de hasta 1 m diámetro. Las hojas se parecen a escamas, 3–6 mm de largo y 2–3 mm de ancho, dispuestas espiralmente en las yemas. Los conos son globosos, 10–16 mm de diámetro, con 10–16 escamas dispuestas en espiral; maduran aproximadamente seis meses después de la polinización. Los conos de polen miden 3–5 mm de largo.[2]
La especie está amenazada, siendo la mayor causa de su declinación los incendios fuera de control provocados para limpiar los escombros de la tala después de la cosecha de madera de los cercanos bosques de Eucalyptus; una larga proporción de la distribución de la especie fue severamente afectada por incendios mayores en 1960–1961. Una enfermedad causada por la especie Phytophthora ha sido también identificada como causa de Phytophthora cinnamomi (dieback). La regeneración está también obstaculizada por los introducidos ovejas y conejos europeos.[2]
Lejos de su distribución natural, es ocasionalmente cultivado como árbol ornamental en el noroeste de Europa.[4]
Athrotaxis cupressoides fue descrita por David Don y publicado en Annals of Natural History 1: 235. 1838.[5]
Athrotaxis: nombre genérico que proviene de dos palabras griegas: athros = "lleno", y taxis = "arreglo", en referencia a la disposición de la superposición de las hojas.[6]
cupressoides: epíteto compuesto que significa "similar a Cupressus.
Athrotaxis cupressoides, el cedro de Tasmania liso, es una especie arbórea de la familia de las Cupresáceas, endémico de Tasmania en Australia, donde crece a 700–1,300 m de altitud. Su nombre común en inglés, Pencil Pine ("Pino lápiz"), puede inducir a error ya que no es un miembro de la familia de los pinos.
Athrotaxis cupressoides er sígræn tegund í grátviðarætt[2] sem er einlend í Tasmaníu í Ástralíu. Trén geta orðið að 100 ára gömul, með mjög hægan vöxt, eða um 12mm á ári í þvermálsvöxt.[3]
Það verður að 20m hátt, með bol að 1,5 m í þvermál.[4] Blöðin eru hreisturlík, 2–3 mm löng og 2–3 mm breið,[5] aðlæg eins og hreistur, í spíral eftir sprotanum. Könglarnir eru hnattlaga, 12–15 mm í þvermál; þeir ná fullum þroska um sex mánuðum eftir frjóvgun. Frjókönglarnir eru 3 til 5 mm langir. Börkurinn er ljósbrúnn og trefjakenndur, og verður sprunginn með aldri.[6][7]
Athrotaxis cupressoides er einlend í Tasmaníu. Útbreiðslan er aðallega í mið og vestur fjallasvæum á milli 700 og 1300m yfir sjávarmáli, oft í kring um vötn eða rakar dældir á mó- eða blautum grýttum jarðvegi.[8]
Athrotaxis cupressoides er mjög viðkvæm fyrir eldi, og eru elstu og kröftugustu trén helst finnanleg á rökum svæðum.[9][10] Lítið þol tegundarinnar fyrir eldi og ásókn innfluttra og innlendra beitardýra (kindur, kanínur og pokadýr) í smáplöntur, rótarskot og barr hefur veruleg neikvæð áhrif áviðkomu tegundarinnar.[2]
Athrotaxis cupressoides hefur eins og er engar skráðar nytjar. Bolurinn er of undinn og hnútóttur til að nota í timbur.[8] Tegundin hefur hinsvegar stöku sinnum verið ræktuð og seld sem skrautplanta.[8]
Athrotaxis cupressoides er sígræn tegund í grátviðarætt sem er einlend í Tasmaníu í Ástralíu. Trén geta orðið að 100 ára gömul, með mjög hægan vöxt, eða um 12mm á ári í þvermálsvöxt.
Það verður að 20m hátt, með bol að 1,5 m í þvermál. Blöðin eru hreisturlík, 2–3 mm löng og 2–3 mm breið, aðlæg eins og hreistur, í spíral eftir sprotanum. Könglarnir eru hnattlaga, 12–15 mm í þvermál; þeir ná fullum þroska um sex mánuðum eftir frjóvgun. Frjókönglarnir eru 3 til 5 mm langir. Börkurinn er ljósbrúnn og trefjakenndur, og verður sprunginn með aldri.
Країни проживання: Австралія (Тасманія). Зростає на висотах від 700 до 1300 м над рівнем моря. Відносно невелике, повільно зростаюче, довговічне дерево з субальпійської зони, де іноді утворює щільні деревостої. Часто зустрічається в захищених від пожеж місцях, таких як болота, навколо берегів озера або уздовж струмків. Зазвичай пов'язаний з хвойними, таких як Diselma archeri і Pherosphaera hookeriana і покритонасінними, такими як Eucalyptus coccifera, Orites acicularis, Richea scoparia, Richea pandanifolia і Nothofagus gunnii.
Широко стовпчасте дерево 6-15 м. заввишки, з висхідними гілками. Кора буро-сіра. Листки лусковидні, темно-зелені, тупі, 3-4 мм. довжиною. Чоловічі шишки кульові, 3 мм. довжиною, з 2-4 пилковими мішками. Жіночі шишки помаранчеві, кулясті, 0,5-1,5 см. довжиною 0,6 см. шириною. Насіння з 2 рівними крилами. Сім'ядолі 2.
Використання не зафіксовано для цього виду. Має коряві стовбури й не має хорошої деревини, але вид можуть іноді продавати і вирощувати як декоративний.
Цей вид надзвичайно пожежечутливий і велика частина всього населення була знищена пожежею на Центральному плато в 1960/61. Регенерацію виду обмежує випас худоби, в основному, введених овець і кроликів, з яких останній залишається проблемою. Більше 90% з решти областей виду тепер знаходяться в межах Всесвітньої спадщини Тасманії.
Athrotaxis cupressoides là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Cupressaceae. Loài này được D.Don mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1839.[1]
Athrotaxis cupressoides là một loài thực vật hạt trần trong họ Cupressaceae. Loài này được D.Don mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1839.
.jpg)
