dcsimg

Distribution

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Pacific coast of northern California and Oregon.

Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Native )

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Watson, M. 2002. "Myodes californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_californicus.html
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Trophic Strategy

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Interestingly, M. californicus seems to rely heavily on fungal sprorocarps (75 to 90% of diet). These voles appear to have physiological and morphological adaptations of their digestive sytems which allow them to digest to fibrous materials of EMF (ectomycorrhizal fungi) sporocarps more efficiently than their body size would suggest. Myodes californicus is also known to eat some lichens, green vegetation (late winter), seeds, twigs, and insects (and occasionally insect larvae). Foraging is mostly terrestrial, but they occassionally climb into trees and shrubs in search of food. There is some evidence that they cache fungi for later consumption.

Animal Foods: insects

Plant Foods: leaves; seeds, grains, and nuts; lichens

Foraging Behavior: stores or caches food

Primary Diet: mycophage

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Watson, M. 2002. "Myodes californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_californicus.html
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Mike Watson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Ecosystem Impact: disperses seeds

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Watson, M. 2002. "Myodes californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_californicus.html
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Mike Watson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Benefits

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M. californicus feed primarily on the ectomycorrhizal fungi symbionts of trees and probably help disperse the fungal spores. These symbiotic relationships are believed to be essential for the health and growth of trees

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Watson, M. 2002. "Myodes californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_californicus.html
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Conservation Status

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Myodes californicus are adversely affected by habitat fragmentation (due to reduced sporocarp abundance in cleared fields). They are also known to avoid road verge habitats, prefering to remain towards the forest interior. Human development of land, therefore, can apply a significant and damaging effect on M. californicus abundance.

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Watson, M. 2002. "Myodes californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_californicus.html
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Mike Watson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Associations

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Myodes californicus are an important prey base for the forest ecosystem. They are preyed upon by martens, weasels, skunks, owls (including Spotted Owls), and other carnivorous birds and mammals.

Known Predators:

  • American martens (Martes americana)
  • long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata)
  • ermine (Mustela erminea)
  • striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)
  • eastern spotted skunks (Spilogale putorius)
  • spotted owls (Strix occidentalis)
  • other raptors (Falconiformes)
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Watson, M. 2002. "Myodes californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_californicus.html
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Morphology

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Dorsally, this species is chestnut brown, mixed with black. Its color gradually lightens on sides to buff-gray on belly. It has an indistinct reddish stripe along back. The tail is bicolored and roughly 1/2 the length of the head and body.

Range mass: 15 to 40 g.

Range length: 110 to 190 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Watson, M. 2002. "Myodes californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_californicus.html
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Habitat

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Myodes californicus prefers forested riparian habitats and is often found at stream edges. Abundance is positively correlated to size of logs, depth of organic soil, diameter of standing trees and snag size. Overall, old-growth, naturally degenerate forests with moist soils, abundant ground cover and litter are the ideal habitat.

Range elevation: 0 to 1900 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate

Terrestrial Biomes: forest

Other Habitat Features: riparian

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Watson, M. 2002. "Myodes californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_californicus.html
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Mike Watson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Watson, M. 2002. "Myodes californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_californicus.html
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Reproduction

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Myodes californicus construct lichen nests under logs and forest floor debris. Mating occurs from February to October and young are born from April to November (Alexander, 1999).

Breeding season: February to November

Range number of offspring: 2 to 6.

Average number of offspring: 3.

Average gestation period: 18 days.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care

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Watson, M. 2002. "Myodes californicus" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Myodes_californicus.html
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Mike Watson, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor
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Myodes californicus ( Asturian )

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Artículu revisáu

Myodes californicus ye una especie de rucador de la familia Cricetidae.

Distribución xeográfica y hábitat

Alcuéntrase en California y Oregón nos Estaos Xuníos y vive principalmente nos montes de coníferes.

Referencies

  1. Linzey, A.V. & NatureServe (Hammerson, G.). 2008. Myodes californicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Consultáu'l 2 d'abril de 2015.
  • Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894-1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. Y. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

Enllaces esternos

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Myodes californicus: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Artículu revisáu

Myodes californicus ye una especie de rucador de la familia Cricetidae.

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Myodes californicus ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Myodes californicus és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels cricètids. És endèmic dels Estats Units (nord-oest de Califòrnia i oest d'Oregon). S'alimenta principalment d'esporocarps i líquens. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos de coníferes. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie.[1] El seu nom específic, californicus, significa 'californià' en llatí.[2]

Referències

  1. Linzey, A. V.; NatureServe (Hammerson, G.). Myodes californicus. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 27 maig 2016.
  2. Entrada «Myodes» d'Animalia (en anglès).
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Myodes californicus: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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Myodes californicus és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels cricètids. És endèmic dels Estats Units (nord-oest de Califòrnia i oest d'Oregon). S'alimenta principalment d'esporocarps i líquens. El seu hàbitat natural són els boscos de coníferes. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie. El seu nom específic, californicus, significa 'californià' en llatí.

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Westamerikanische Rötelmaus ( German )

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 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet
 src=
Der Fleckenkauz ist ein bedeutender Fressfeind.

Die Westamerikanische Rötelmaus (Myodes californicus) ist ein in Nordamerika lebendes Nagetier (Rodentia) innerhalb der Gattung der Rötelmäuse (Myodes). In der Literatur ist die Art zuweilen als Clethrionomys californicus zu finden. Der Artname bezieht sich auf den amerikanischen Bundesstaat Kalifornien, aus dem das Exemplar der Erstbeschreibung stammt.[1]

Merkmale

Die Westamerikanische Rötelmaus ist eine kleine Wühlmaus mit dunkelgrauer Behaarung auf der Oberseite, einer hellgrauer Unterseite sowie einem kastanienbraunen Rückenstreifen, der bei jüngeren Individuen nur schwach ausgeprägt ist. Das Fell ist im Sommer kurz und grob, im Winter lang und weich. Der Schwanz ist zweifarbig, mit schwärzlicher Ober- und weißlicher Unterseite. Messungen ergaben eine Gesamtlänge der Tiere zwischen 121 und 165 Millimetern, wobei eine Schwanzlänge zwischen 34 und 56 Millimetern festgestellt wurde. Das Gewicht variiert zwischen 15 und 40 Gramm.[1] Das Gebiss ist durch relativ breite und schwere Backenzähne gekennzeichnet. Die Zahnformel lautet I1/1-C0/0-P0/0-M3/3, insgesamt 16.[1]

Ähnliche Arten

Ähnliche Tiere aus der Gattung der Rötelmäuse (Myodes) unterscheiden sich durch eine andersartige Ausgestaltung der Zähne.[1]

Verbreitung, Lebensraum und Gefährdung

Westamerikanische Rötelmäuse kommen entlang der Pazifikküste von Oregon durch Nordkalifornien bis zur Bucht von San Francisco verbreitet vor. Sie leben bevorzugt in dunklen und dichten Nadelwäldern mit wenig Unterholz, in denen Pilze, ihre Hauptnahrung, gut gedeihen. Die Art wird von der Weltnaturschutzorganisation IUCN als „Least Concern = nicht gefährdet“ klassifiziert.[2]

Lebensweise

Die Westamerikanische Rötelmaus ist überwiegend nachtaktiv. Sie lebt in Höhlen, die bevorzugt im Waldboden unter alten umgestürzten Baumstämmen angelegt werden und die mit einem Tunnelsystem sowie einer zentralen Nisthöhle ausgestattet sind.[1]

Westamerikanische Rötelmäuse ernähren sich überwiegend von Pilzen und Flechten. Untersuchungen ergaben, dass Trüffel (hypogeous fungi) zeitweise 95 % der verzehrten Nahrung ausmachten. In Oregon bestand die Ernährung der Westamerikanischen Rötelmäuse größtenteils aus Sporokarp. Die Nahrung variierte von Monat zu Monat nicht signifikant. Dies ist insofern bemerkenswert, als frische Pilze zeitweise nicht verfügbar sind. Es kann deshalb davon ausgegangen werden, dass die Mäuse Vorratsdepots anlegen. Als Nahrungsergänzung werden auch Nadelbaumsamen sowie gelegentlich Insektenlarven gefressen. Individuen, die in höheren bergigen Lagen leben, sind zuweilen starken Klimaveränderungen ausgesetzt. Deshalb ist ihre Ernährung variabler als die der im Flachland lebenden Tiere. Die Pilzfruchtsaison in den Bergen ist kurz, daher ist die Verwendung von Flechten als Nahrung in höheren Lagen häufiger als in niedrigeren Lagen.[1]

Die Brutzeit erstreckt sich im Norden von Oregon von Februar bis November, in anderen Gebieten über das gesamte Jahr. Ein Weibchen wirft zwei bis sieben Junge, im Durchschnitt 2,86 Jungtiere, die nach einer durchschnittlichen Tragzeit von 18 Tagen geboren werden.[1]

Die Westamerikanische Rötelmaus hat eine Vielzahl von Fressfeinden. Dazu zählen in erster Linie: Marder (Mustelidae), Skunks (Mephitidae) sowie der Fleckenkauz (Strix occidentalis).[3]

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b c d e f g Lois F. Alexander und B. J. Verts: Clethrionomys californicus, The American Society of Mammalogists, Mammalial Species Nr. 406, 1992, S. 1–6
  2. Red List für Western Red-backed Vole
  3. United States. Dept. of the Interior: Recovery plan for the northern spotted owl - draft, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, 1992, S. 366–368
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Westamerikanische Rötelmaus: Brief Summary ( German )

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 src= Verbreitungsgebiet  src= Der Fleckenkauz ist ein bedeutender Fressfeind.

Die Westamerikanische Rötelmaus (Myodes californicus) ist ein in Nordamerika lebendes Nagetier (Rodentia) innerhalb der Gattung der Rötelmäuse (Myodes). In der Literatur ist die Art zuweilen als Clethrionomys californicus zu finden. Der Artname bezieht sich auf den amerikanischen Bundesstaat Kalifornien, aus dem das Exemplar der Erstbeschreibung stammt.

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Kalifornyske reade wrotmûs ( Western Frisian )

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De Kalifornyske reade wrotmûs (Latynske namme: Myodes californicus) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e wrotmûseftigen (Cricetidae) en it skaai fan 'e reade wrotmûzen (Myodes), dat foarkomt yn 'e westlike Feriene Steaten, yn 'e steaten Kalifornje en Oregon. Dizze soarte is nau besibbe oan 'e noardlike reade wrotmûs (Myodes gapperi), mar dy is readiger fan kleur, mei in dúdliker twakleurige sturt. Synonimen foar de Myodes californicus binne Clethrionomys californicus, Myodes mazama en Myodes obscurus.

Uterlike skaaimerken

De Kalifornyske reade wrotmûs hat trochinoar in kop-romplingte fan 6½-13⅔ sm, mei in sturtlingte fan sa'n 3-6½ sm en in trochsneed gewicht fan om 'e 20 g hinne. De rêch is kastanjebrún of brunich mei frijwat swarte hierren. Dy kleur giet stadich oer yn in gielich wite bealch. Oer de wringe rint in ûndúdlike readige streek.

Hâlden en dragen

De Kalifornyske reade wrotmûs libbet benammentlik yn nullewâlden, dêr't ûnder de grûn in yngewikkeld gongestelsel oanleit. Syn fretten bestiet hast útslutend út 'e fruchtdielen fan 'e Mycorrhiza-skimmels. Dit is in foarbyld fan in trijefâldige symbioatyske relaasje: de skimmel kin bestean troch de produkten fan fotosynteze dy't er ûntlûkt oan 'e nullebeam; de nullebeammen hawwe baat by de fiedingsstoffen dy't produsearre wurde troch de skimmel en biede beskutting oan 'e wrotmûs; de wrotmûs yt de fruchtdielen fan 'e skimmel; de skimmel ferspriedt syn ûndergrûnsk groeiende spoaren fia de kjitte fan 'e wrotmûs. By ûndersyk is fêststeld dat yn kappe bosklân dêr't al it deade hout ferwidere wurdt, de Mycorrhiza net mear fruchtdraacht, de Kalifornyske reade wrotmûs útstjert en nije nullebeammen net mear goed groeie wolle.

Foar Kalifornyske reade wrotmûzen falt de peartiid heger yn 'e Cascades fan febrewaris oant novimber, wylst se har bewesten dat berchtme it hiele jier rûn fuortplantsje. De draachtiid duorret likernôch 18 dagen, wêrnei't der 2-7 jonger per nêst smiten wurde.

Boarnen, noaten en referinsjes

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Kalifornyske reade wrotmûs: Brief Summary ( Western Frisian )

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De Kalifornyske reade wrotmûs (Latynske namme: Myodes californicus) is in sûchdier út it skift fan 'e kjifdieren (Rodentia), de famylje fan 'e wrotmûseftigen (Cricetidae) en it skaai fan 'e reade wrotmûzen (Myodes), dat foarkomt yn 'e westlike Feriene Steaten, yn 'e steaten Kalifornje en Oregon. Dizze soarte is nau besibbe oan 'e noardlike reade wrotmûs (Myodes gapperi), mar dy is readiger fan kleur, mei in dúdliker twakleurige sturt. Synonimen foar de Myodes californicus binne Clethrionomys californicus, Myodes mazama en Myodes obscurus.

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Western red-backed vole

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The western red-backed vole (Clethrionomys californicus) is a species of vole in the family Cricetidae. It is found in California and Oregon in the United States and lives mainly in coniferous forest. The body color is chestnut brown, or brown mixed with a considerable quantity of black hair gradually lightening on the sides and grading into a buffy-gray belly, with an indistinct reddish stripe on the back and a bicolored tail about half as long as the head and body.

Taxonomy

The western red-backed vole was initially described by C. Hart Merriam under its original scientific name Evotomys californicus.[3] The type specimen was obtained at near Eureka, California.[3] It was an adult male collected by Theodore Sherman Palmer on June 3, 1889.[4]

Description

Animal identified as western red-backed vole, taken in Hillsboro, Oregon

The length of the western red-backed vole ranges from 121–165 mm (4.8–6.5 in) overall, with a tail between 34–56 mm (1.3–2.2 in), hindfoot 17–21 mm (0.67–0.83 in), and ear 10–14 mm (0.39–0.55 in).[3] The height ranges between 18–21 mm (0.71–0.83 in).

The species is closely related to the southern red-backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi), which lives to the north and east of the range of this species, and is redder, with a more sharply bicolored tail. They are differentiated based on a reddish stripe on the dorsum of the western red-backed vole.[3] The western red-backed vole also has characteristic differences in the anatomy of the hard palate.[3]

Distribution and habitat

It is found in northern California and western Oregon in the United States. The northern limit is defined by the Columbia River, with the range extending south to around 100 km (62 mi) north of the San Francisco Bay.[3] The range extends from the summits of the Cascade Range in the east, to the Pacific Ocean.[1][3] They live mainly in mature coniferous forest but also inhabit mixed fir-oak forest. They live in the Transition and Canadian life zones, described by Vernon Orlando Bailey in The mammals and life zones of Oregon.[3]

Behavior and ecology

The western red-backed vole lives largely underground in an extensive system of burrows.[5] It feeds primarily on fruiting bodies of hypogeous fungi.[5] These mycorrhizal fungi are the symbionts of the forest trees around it. Rhizopogon vinicolor is one such which is associated with the Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga spp.). Fruiting of the fungus takes place in well decayed timber when the nutrients are becoming exhausted. Because the fruiting bodies are underground, the spores are not liberated into the air as in most fungal species. However, the spores are found in the vole's droppings and are deposited throughout its burrows, thus enabling the fungus to spread and form associations with uninfected trees. It has been found that in a clear-cut forest where all the dead wood and trimmings are removed, the mycorrhiza stops fruiting, the vole population dies out and newly planted trees fail to thrive. This is an example of a three way symbiosis, as the vole gains food from the fungus and spreads its spores, and the fungus gains photosynthetic products from the tree which benefits from the nutrients produced by the fungus.[6]

The western red-backed vole plays an important role as prey to a number of species, including martens, ermines, and long-tailed weasels.[3] The red tree vole, northern flying squirrel, and western red-backed vole may constitute more than 75% of the northern spotted owls diet.[5]

No fossil remains have been identified yet.[3]

The species breeds between February and November on the slopes of the Cascade Range in north Oregon, as well as all year to the west of the Cascade Range, with 2–7 young per litter and a gestation period of around 18 days.[3]

Human Interaction

Conservation status

According to the IUCN, the species conservation status is of "least concern".[1]

Biomonitoring

In areas where vole populations live in close proximity to industrial areas, voles are used as a biological indicator to monitor environmental contamination, especially persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs which build up in the vole's fatty tissues.

References

  1. ^ a b c Linzey, A.V. & NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) (2008). "Myodes californicus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2008. Retrieved 30 June 2009.old-form url Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
  2. ^ Don E. Wilson; DeeAnn M. Reeder (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. JHU Press. pp. 1022–. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Alexander, Lois F.; Verts, B. J. (10 December 1992). "Clethrionomys californicus" (PDF). Mammalian Species (406): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3504252. JSTOR 3504252. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  4. ^ Hinton, Martin Alister Campbell (1926). Monograph of the voles and lemmings (Microtinae) living and extinct : . Department of Zoology. [Mammals] : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive. British Museum (Natural History) London. pp. 275–276. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
  5. ^ a b c United States. Dept. of the Interior (1991). Recovery plan for the northern spotted owl - draft. U.S. Dept. of the Interior. pp. 366–368.
  6. ^ Schultz, Stewart T; Kellerman, Kathy; Megahan, John (1998). The Northwest coast : a natural history. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 275–276. ISBN 0881924180.
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Western red-backed vole: Brief Summary

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The western red-backed vole (Clethrionomys californicus) is a species of vole in the family Cricetidae. It is found in California and Oregon in the United States and lives mainly in coniferous forest. The body color is chestnut brown, or brown mixed with a considerable quantity of black hair gradually lightening on the sides and grading into a buffy-gray belly, with an indistinct reddish stripe on the back and a bicolored tail about half as long as the head and body.

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Myodes californicus ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Myodes californicus es una especie de roedor de la familia Cricetidae.

Distribución geográfica y hábitat

Se encuentra en California y Oregón en los Estados Unidos y vive principalmente en los bosques de coníferas.

Referencias

  1. Linzey, A.V. & NatureServe (Hammerson, G.). 2008. Myodes californicus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Consultado el 2 de abril de 2015.
  • Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. Pp. 894-1531 in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

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Myodes californicus: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Myodes californicus es una especie de roedor de la familia Cricetidae.

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Myodes californicus ( Basque )

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Myodes californicus Myodes generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Arvicolinae azpifamilia eta Cricetidae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Merriam (1890) Cricetidae N. Am. Fauna 26. or..

Ikus, gainera

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Myodes californicus: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Myodes californicus Myodes generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Arvicolinae azpifamilia eta Cricetidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Myodes californicus ( French )

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Campagnol à dos roux de Californie

Myodes californicus, communément appelé Campagnol à dos roux de Californie, est une espèce de rongeurs de la famille des Cricetidés.

Systématique

Pour BioLib[1], ce taxon serait à classer sous le genre Clethrionomys plutôt que Myodes.

Notes et références

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Myodes californicus: Brief Summary ( French )

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Campagnol à dos roux de Californie

Myodes californicus, communément appelé Campagnol à dos roux de Californie, est une espèce de rongeurs de la famille des Cricetidés.

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Myodes californicus ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Myodes californicus is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Cricetidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Merriam in 1890.

Voorkomen

De soort komt voor in de Verenigde Staten.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Myodes californicus: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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Myodes californicus is een zoogdier uit de familie van de Cricetidae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Merriam in 1890.

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Myodes californicus ( Portuguese )

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Myodes californicus é uma espécie de roedor da família Cricetidae.

Apenas pode ser encontrada nos Estados Unidos da América.

Referências

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Myodes californicus: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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Myodes californicus é uma espécie de roedor da família Cricetidae.

Apenas pode ser encontrada nos Estados Unidos da América.

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Clethrionomys californicus ( Swedish )

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Clethrionomys californicus[3][4][2][5][6] är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Clinton Hart Merriam 1890. Clethrionomys californicus ingår i släktet skogssorkar och familjen hamsterartade gnagare.[7][8] Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[7]

Arten blir med svans 121 till 165 mm lång, svanslängden är 34 till 56 mm och vikten ligger mellan 15 och 40 g. Clethrionomys californicus har 17 till 21 mm långa bakfötter och 10 till 14 mm långa öron. I varje käkhalva finns en framtand, ingen hörntand, ingen premolar och tre molarer, alltså 16 tänder i hela tanduppsättningen. Hos de flesta exemplar förekommer en längsgående kastanjebrun stimma på ryggens mitt. Andra delar av bålen är täckt med gråaktig till ljus brungrå päls. Dessutom är svansen uppdelad i en mörk ovansida och en vitaktig undersida. Före vintern blir pälsen längre och mjukare. Arten skiljer sig från andra skogssorkar genom avvikande detaljer av skallens konstruktion.[9]

Denna gnagare förekommer i västra USA i delstaterna Kalifornien och Oregon. Habitatet utgörs främst av täta barrskogar utan undervegetation. Arten hittas även i blandskogar och i buskskogar i bergstrakter.[1]

Individerna vilar i självgrävda underjordiska bon i jorden eller i lövskiktet. De äter främst svampar och lav. I viss mån ingår gröna växtdelar, gräs, frön och insektslarver i födan. Arten jagas av medelstora och stora rovdjur som mårddjur, prärievarg, rödlo och tamkatt samt av ugglor.[1]

Honor kan ha flera kullar per år och det finns ingen avgränsad parningstid. Dräktigheten varar 17 till 21 dagar och sedan föds två eller tre ungar. Clethrionomys californicus kan vara aktiv på dagen och på natten. Den håller ingen vinterdvala.[1]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c d] Linzey, A.V. & NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) 2008 Myodes californicus Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2015-06-04.
  2. ^ [a b] Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (2005) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd ed., Myodes californicus
  3. ^ (1996) , database, NODC Taxonomic Code
  4. ^ Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, A. L. Gardner, and W. C. Starnes (2003) , Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada
  5. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  6. ^ Banks, R. C., R. W. McDiarmid, and A. L. Gardner (1987) Checklist of Vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada, Resource Publication, no. 166
  7. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (13 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/clethrionomys+californicus/match/1. Läst 24 september 2012.
  8. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  9. ^ Alexander & Verts (10 december 1992). Clethrionomys californicus (på engelska). Mammalian Species #406. American Society of Mammalogists. http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-406-01-0001.pdf. Läst 24 maj 2017.
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Clethrionomys californicus: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Clethrionomys californicus är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Clinton Hart Merriam 1890. Clethrionomys californicus ingår i släktet skogssorkar och familjen hamsterartade gnagare. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Arten blir med svans 121 till 165 mm lång, svanslängden är 34 till 56 mm och vikten ligger mellan 15 och 40 g. Clethrionomys californicus har 17 till 21 mm långa bakfötter och 10 till 14 mm långa öron. I varje käkhalva finns en framtand, ingen hörntand, ingen premolar och tre molarer, alltså 16 tänder i hela tanduppsättningen. Hos de flesta exemplar förekommer en längsgående kastanjebrun stimma på ryggens mitt. Andra delar av bålen är täckt med gråaktig till ljus brungrå päls. Dessutom är svansen uppdelad i en mörk ovansida och en vitaktig undersida. Före vintern blir pälsen längre och mjukare. Arten skiljer sig från andra skogssorkar genom avvikande detaljer av skallens konstruktion.

Denna gnagare förekommer i västra USA i delstaterna Kalifornien och Oregon. Habitatet utgörs främst av täta barrskogar utan undervegetation. Arten hittas även i blandskogar och i buskskogar i bergstrakter.

Individerna vilar i självgrävda underjordiska bon i jorden eller i lövskiktet. De äter främst svampar och lav. I viss mån ingår gröna växtdelar, gräs, frön och insektslarver i födan. Arten jagas av medelstora och stora rovdjur som mårddjur, prärievarg, rödlo och tamkatt samt av ugglor.

Honor kan ha flera kullar per år och det finns ingen avgränsad parningstid. Dräktigheten varar 17 till 21 dagar och sedan föds två eller tre ungar. Clethrionomys californicus kan vara aktiv på dagen och på natten. Den håller ingen vinterdvala.

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Myodes californicus ( Vietnamese )

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Myodes californicus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Merriam mô tả năm 1890.[2]

Chú thích

  1. ^ Linzey, A.V. & NatureServe (Hammerson, G.) (2008). Myodes californicus. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 30 tháng 6 năm 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Myodes californicus”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ Don E. Wilson; DeeAnn M. Reeder (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. JHU Press. tr. 1022–. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết liên quan đến họ gặm nhấm Cricetidae này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Myodes californicus: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Myodes californicus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Cricetidae, bộ Gặm nhấm. Loài này được Merriam mô tả năm 1890.

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서부붉은등밭쥐 ( Korean )

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서부붉은등밭쥐(Myodes californicus)는 비단털쥐과에 속하는 설치류이다.[3] 미국 캘리포니아주오리건주에서 발견되고 주로 침엽수림에서 서식한다.[1] 몸의 털 색은 밤색 또는 갈색으로 상당히 많은 양의 검은 털이 섞여 있으며, 옆구리 쪽으로 갈수록 점점 연해지며, 배 쪽으로 갈수록 당황색-회색으로 변한다. 등 쪽에 희미하고 불그스레한 하나의 줄무늬가 나 있고, 몸길이의 약 절반 정도인 꼬리는 두 가지 색을 띤다.

분류학

서부붉은등밭쥐는 메리엄(C. Hart Merriam)이 처음 기술했고, 원래는 학명 Evotomys californicus로 명명했다.[4] 모식표본캘리포니아주 유리카 근처에서 수집했다.[4] 표본은 1889년 6월 3일, 팔머(Theodore Sherman Palmer)가 수집한 성체 수컷 표본이다.[5]

특징

 src=
오리건주 힐스보로에서 포획한 서부붉은등밭쥐

서부붉은등밭쥐의 전체 몸길이는 꼬리 길이 34~56mm를 포함하여 121~165mm이고, 뒷발 길이는 17~21mm, 귀 길이는 10~14mm이다.[4] 키는 18~21mm이다. 근연종은 서부붉은등밭쥐의 분포 지역 북쪽과 동쪽에서 서식하는 남부붉은등밭쥐(Myodes gapperi)로 털이 더 붉고 꼬리의 두 가지 색이 좀더 뚜렷하다. 두 종은 서부붉은등밭쥐의 등 쪽 불그스레한 줄무늬로 구별한다.[4] 서부붉은등밭쥐의 단단한 구개의 해부학적 구조도 특징적인 차이이다.[4]

분포 및 서식지

미국 캘리포니아주 북부와 오리건주 서부에서 발견된다. 북부 한계선은 콜럼비아강으로 제한되고 남쪽은 샌프란시스코만 북쪽 약 100km까지 지역이다.[4] 분포 지역은 동쪽의 캐스케이드산맥 정상부터 태평양까지 이어진다.[1][4] 침엽수림에서 주로 서식한다. 버논 올란드 베일리(Vernon Orlando Bailey)가 "오리건주 생물 분포대의 포유류(The mammals and life zones of Oregon)"에서 기술했던 천이 지대와 캐나다 생물 분포대에서 서식한다.[4]

습성 및 생태

서부붉은등밭쥐는 땅 아래의 광범위한 굴 속에서 주로 서식한다.[6] 땅 속에 나는 버섯의 자실체를 주로 먹는다.[6] 이와 같은 균근 버섯은 그 주변 숲 나무의 공생자이다. 알버섯(R. vinicolor)과 미송(Pseudotsuga spp,)의 관계와 같은 관계이다. 곰팡이의 자실체는 영양분이 고갈되면서 잘 부식된 나무에서 생긴다. 자실체가 땅 아래에 있기 때문에 포자는 대부분의 곰팡이 종처럼 공기로 방출되지 않는다. 그러나 포자는 밭쥐 배설물에서 발견되고, 굴 곳곳에 쌓여 곰팡이가 퍼지게 되며 감염되지 않은 나무와 관계를 형성하게 된다. 모든 죽은 나무와 트리밍이 제거된 개벌지 숲에서는 균근 결실이 멈추고 밭쥐 개체수가 줄어들며 새로 심은 나무가 자라지 못한다는 사실이 발견되었다. 다음과 같은 삼자 공생이 일어난다. 밭쥐는 균류에서 먹이를 얻고, 포자를 퍼트린다. 곰팜이는 곰팡이가 생산하는 영양분으로부터 이익을 얻는 나무로부터 광합성 물질을 얻는다.[7]

서부붉은등밭쥐는 성숙림에 사는 동물로 여러 종에게 포식을 당하여 중요한 역할을 한다. 북부반점올빼미에게 서부붉은등밭쥐는 상위 5종의 먹이 중 하나이다.[6] 붉은나무밭쥐북부하늘다람쥐, 서부붉은등밭쥐는 북부반점올빼미 먹이의 약 75% 이상을 차지한다.[6] 서부붉은등밭쥐의 먹이는 환경에 따라 다양하다. 높은 고도에서는 좀더 넓은 기후 조건의 차이에 노출된다. 그들은 더 낮은 고도에서 좀더 온화한 기후 조건에서 먹는 것과 비교하여 그러한 조건에서보다 다양한 먹이를 먹는다.[4]

화석 유해는 확인되지 않고 있다.[4] 오리건주 북쪽 캐스케이드산맥 경사면에서 2월과 11월 사이에 번식을 하며 캐스케이드산맥 서쪽 지역에서는 연중 번식을 하고 약 18일간의 임신 기간 이후에 한 번에 2~7마리의 새끼를 낳는다.[4]

보전 상태

특별한 멸종 위협 요인이 없고, 넓은 분포 지역 범위에서 흔하게 발견되고 있기 때문에 국제 자연 보전 연맹(IUCN)이 "관심대상종"으로 분류하고 있다.[1]

각주

  1. “Myodes californicus”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 6월 30일에 확인함. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
  2. Don E. Wilson; DeeAnn M. Reeder (2005). 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》. JHU Press. 1022–쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.
  3. Musser, G.G.; Carleton, M.D. (2005). 〈Superfamily Muroidea〉 [쥐상과]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 894–1531쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  4. Alexander, Lois F.; Verts, B. J. (1992년 12월 10일). Clethrionomys californicus (PDF). 《Mammalian Species》 406: 1–6. doi:10.2307/3504252. 2016년 3월 3일에 원본 문서 (PDF)에서 보존된 문서. 2014년 12월 14일에 확인함.
  5. Hinton, Martin Alister Campbell (1926). 《Monograph of the voles and lemmings (Microtinae) living and extinct : . Department of Zoology. [Mammals] : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive》. British Museum (Natural History) London. 275–276쪽. 2014년 12월 14일에 확인함.
  6. United States. Dept. of the Interior (1991). 《Recovery plan for the northern spotted owl - draft》. U.S. Dept. of the Interior. 366–368쪽.
  7. Schultz, Stewart T; Kellerman, Kathy; Megahan, John (1998). 《The Northwest coast : a natural history》. Portland, OR: Timber Press. 275–276쪽. ISBN 0881924180.
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