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This species was not discovered until 1909 by Ivor Buxton. It was described by Lydekker in 1910. Its name is misleading in that mountian nyalas are more closely related to kudus than to nyalas.

(Huffman, 2001)

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Aleman, M. 2003. "Tragelaphus buxtoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_buxtoni.html
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Maria Aleman, Humboldt State University
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Behavior

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Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical

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Aleman, M. 2003. "Tragelaphus buxtoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_buxtoni.html
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Associations

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The main predator on T. buxtoni is the leopard. However, poaching is another problem they face.

Newborn mountian nyalas use crypsis to evade predation. They lie alonein deep cover until they are large enough to travel with their mother's social unit. (Huffman, 2003)

Leopards, the principle predators of T. buxtoni are active at night, so it is likely that anything else these animals do to evade this predator occurs after dark. The species may have particular sleeping practices, such as sleeping in groups or in protected locations, that help reduce their vulnerability to predation.

Known Predators:

  • leopards (Panthera pardus)
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Morphology

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T. buxtoni is a large bovid, weighing between 200-225 kg. The head and body length of these animals is 190 to 260 cm.

T. buxtoni has a grey-brown coat with two to five white strips down the flanks, and six to ten body spots. The coats of males darken with age, and have longer hair on the shoulders, neck, and back of thighs than do the coats of females. The coats of females are short and glossy all over. During the cold season, the coat can become shaggy. Calves are yellowish-brown without body strips. Horns, borne only by males, have 1.5 to 2 spirals, and the record length of horns is 188 cm. Ears are large and the tail is bushy and reaches down to the heels.

(Haltenorth, 1977; Kingdon, 1997; Nowak, 1999)

Range mass: 150 to 300 kg.

Range length: 190 to 260 cm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry

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Aleman, M. 2003. "Tragelaphus buxtoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_buxtoni.html
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Life Expectancy

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T. buxtoni is estimated to live in the wild for 15 to 20 years.

(Huffman, 2001)

Range lifespan
Status: wild:
15 to 20 years.

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Aleman, M. 2003. "Tragelaphus buxtoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_buxtoni.html
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Habitat

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Mountain nyalas live in woodland, bush, heath, and moorland areas at high altitudes, ranging from 3000 to 4200 meters. During the dry season, T. buxtoni spends time in woodlands, heath, and bush. During the rainy seasons, time is spent at lower elevations in grassland areas.

(Kingdon, 1997)

Range elevation: 3000 to 4200 m.

Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: scrub forest ; mountains

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Aleman, M. 2003. "Tragelaphus buxtoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_buxtoni.html
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Distribution

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Tragelaphus buxtoni is found in the highland mountains of Ethiopia. At one time, these animals ranged all over the southeastern mountains of Ethiopia. Currently, the range of T. buxtoni is limited to the Bale massif.

(Kingdon, 1997; Haltenorth et. al., 1977)

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

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Trophic Strategy

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T. buxtoni generally feeds in the evenings and mornings. Mountain nyalas are browsers, and consume many species of grasses, herbs, and woody plants. They are known to eat shrubs, herbs, St. John's wort, lady's mantle, goosegrass, and plants in the tomato family.

(Massicot, 2001)

Plant Foods: leaves

Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )

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Aleman, M. 2003. "Tragelaphus buxtoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_buxtoni.html
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Associations

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As generalized browsers, mountain nyalas affect many plant populations. They make nutrients from plants available to large carnivores, providing a critical link in food webs.

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Aleman, M. 2003. "Tragelaphus buxtoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_buxtoni.html
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Benefits

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Humans have been known to poach these animals. There is therefore some benefit to humans imparted by these animals, in the form of food and trophies.

Positive Impacts: food

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Aleman, M. 2003. "Tragelaphus buxtoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_buxtoni.html
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Conservation Status

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Humans have limited the habitat of T. buxtoni. There are currently only some 3000 total in the world, most of them confined to the Bale National Park.

(Nowak, 1999)

US Migratory Bird Act: no special status

US Federal List: no special status

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: endangered

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Aleman, M. 2003. "Tragelaphus buxtoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_buxtoni.html
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Benefits

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There are no adverse effects of this species on humans.

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Aleman, M. 2003. "Tragelaphus buxtoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_buxtoni.html
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Reproduction

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The mating system of this species has not been characterized in the literature, however, based upon characteristics of the species, it is most likely a polygybous breeder. The population is reportedly female baised, with females accounting for over 60% of the non-calf individuals observed. This indicates some level of polygyny. Other correlates of polygyny in this species include sexual dimorphism, with the males being much larger than the females, observed fighting between males, and the larger home range of males than of females. All of these characteristics are common in polygynous species.

(Huffman, 2003).

Mating System: polygynous

Mountain nyalas breed annually, with a peak of breeding occurring in December. Because calves of various sixzes are often present in a herd, it is likely that the actually birthing season is quite long. A female typically gives birth to one calf after a gestation of between 8 and 9 months. Weaning generally occurs around the sixth month. Sexual maturity is reached between 18 and 24 months.

(Kingdon, 1997; Huffman, 2003)

Breeding season: There is a peak in breeding during December.

Range number of offspring: 1 (low) .

Average number of offspring: 1.

Range gestation period: 8 to 9 months.

Average weaning age: 6 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 18 to 24 months.

Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 18 to 24 months.

Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous

For the first few weeks of life, calves are often hidden. After that time, calves stay very close to their mothers. Calves remain with their mothers for up to two years at which time female young have already reached sexual maturity and may be pregnant.

Parental care is the responsibility of females only.

(Massicot, 2001)

Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; post-independence association with parents

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Aleman, M. 2003. "Tragelaphus buxtoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed April 27, 2013 at http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Tragelaphus_buxtoni.html
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Nyala ar menezioù ( Breton )

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Nyala ar menezioù (Tragelaphus buxtoni) a zo un antilopenn eus kreiz Etiopia.

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Niala de muntanya ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El niala de muntanya (Tragelaphus buxtoni), conegut a Etiòpia com a Azagen (ge'ez: አጋዘን āgāzen), és un antílop que viu a les zones boscoses elevades d'una petita regió de l'Etiòpia central. Els niales de muntanya deuen el seu nom a la seva semblança al niala, però actualment es creu que són més propers als cuduns grossos.

Referències

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Niala de muntanya: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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El niala de muntanya (Tragelaphus buxtoni), conegut a Etiòpia com a Azagen (ge'ez: አጋዘን āgāzen), és un antílop que viu a les zones boscoses elevades d'una petita regió de l'Etiòpia central. Els niales de muntanya deuen el seu nom a la seva semblança al niala, però actualment es creu que són més propers als cuduns grossos.

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Nyala horská ( Czech )

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Nyala horská (Tragelaphus buxtoni) je jedním z nejpozději popsaných a nejvzácnějších afrických sudokopytníků, byla objevena až roku 1909. Její pojmenování však není šťastné, od zdánlivě nejbližší příbuzné nyaly nížinné žijící na jihovýchodě Afriky, ji dělí více než 6 milionů roků odděleného vývoje. Podle současných výzkumů a rozborů mitochondriální DNA je nyala horská více příbuzná k druhům jako jsou sitatunga nebo kudu malý či kudu velký.[2][3]

Výskyt

Tento endemický přežvýkavec žije v pěti izolovaných populacích v horských oblastech v jižní a střední Etiopii, které leží na jihovýchod od Východoafrické propadliny. Hlavní oblasti výskytu nyal horských jsou národní park Bale Mountains a východní části pohoří Bale a Arsi. Žijí v oblastech o nadmořské výšce od 1800 až po 3400 m, nejčastěji je lze spatřit na horských loukách ve výšce 2400 až 3200 m. Obývají horské lesy, louky, pastviny, křovinaté stráně a vřesoviště, v menších výškách si konkurují s pasoucím se dobytkem. Přebývají v lesích, kde ze dřevin převažují jalovce, hagenie a nohoplody. V závislosti na ročním období se pravidelnými koridory přesouvají do nižších či vyšších poloh za potravou a přijatelnějším klimatem.[2][3][4]

Popis

Samci jsou zřetelně větší a kromě mohutných šroubovitých rohů se od samic odlišují ještě krátkou krční a hřbetní hřívou, měří od čenichu po oháňku 190 až 200 cm, vysocí jsou od 120 do 135 cm a váží 180 až 320 kg. Samice jsou vysoké od 90 do 110 cm a váží 150 až 200 kg a jsou vždy světlejší. Ocas, zespod bílý, je dlouhý 20 až 25 cm.

Srst má barvu od kaštanové až po šedohnědou nebo červenohnědou, staří samci jsou tmavší než mladší, samice jsou vždy světlejší než stejně staří samci. Srst je hladká a lesklá a v zimním období se prodlužuje. Spodní přední strana těla je světlejší než horní a zadní, nohy jsou tmavé. Typické jsou nepravidelně rozptýlené světlé skvrny a dva až pět světlých, málo výrazných svislých pruhů na zádech a bocích, jsou unikátní pro konkrétní zvíře. Na obličeji mají dvě bílé skvrny mezi očima a dvě na lících, bílou mají i bradu, hluboký límec na krku a široký půlměsíc na hrudi. Samci mají bílou také krátkou hřbetní hřívu vedoucí od krku ke kořeni ocasu, jejich delší střapatá srst na krku je hnědá.

Rohy mají pouze samci, bývají dlouhé až 110 cm a u dospělých zvířat jsou lyrovitého tvaru a mají dva a půl závitů, jsou tmavě hnědé až šedé se žlutými špičkami. Rohy se objevují u mláďat již v šestém měsíci, široce rozevřené spirály jsou patrné až ve čtvrtém roce věku.[2][3][4]

Stravování

Potrava, kterou tito býložravci vyhledávají, je velmi variabilní, závisí na ročním období a výšce horského pásma, které obývají. Obvykle spásají množství různých druhů lesních travin, kapradin, lišejníků, bylin a listů keřů i stromů. Často migrují na místa vypalovaná domorodci, kde po deštích nacházejí výhonky čerstvých rostlin. Lze je spatřit na pastvě v kteroukoliv denní dobu, nejaktivnější jsou však v podvečer a brzy ráno. Jejich asi 30minutová činorodost při konzumaci potravy je prostřídávána chvílemi odpočinku, kdy přežvykují. Nebyli pozorováni při pití.[2][3]

Chování

V době mimo páření se zvířata shlukují do skupin čítajících až deset jedinců. Samice vytvářejí samostatné skupiny s vůdčí samicí, mláďaty a dospívajícími samicemi. Někdy je ve skupině přítomen i dospělý samec. Mladí samci vytvářejí oddělená společenství, staří žijí jednotlivě. Na místech se zvýšenými zdroji potravy lze spatřit dočasné mnohočetné skupiny. Jednotlivá zvířata ani skupiny si nečiní územní nároky.

Noc tráví v hustém lese, kde jsou lépe chráněny před predátory. Přes den při ulehnutí k odpočinku volí místo s dobrým výhledem a stádo leží tak, aby mělo rozhled na všechny strany. Nejlehčeji se lze ke stádu přiblížit při pasení, tehdy se věnují hlavně výběru vhodného sousta. K osamoceně žijícím samcům se lze přiblížit mnohem snáze.

Zvukově se projevují hlavně samice, a to jen při nebezpečí, slabší zvuky podobné hrdelnímu kašli vydávají při menším ohrožení, hlasitější se ozývají při aktuálním nebezpečí, tyto varovné zvuky vydávají hlavně vůdčí samice stáda. Samci po sobě poštěkávají při vzájemné konfrontaci.[2][3][4]

Rozmnožování

Doba páření není u všech populací jednotná a může proběhnout kdykoliv, obecně však spadá do období sucha v prosinci a lednu. Tehdy dominantní samci s nataženým krkem a ohrnutým horním rtem čichem vyhledávají říjné samice. Agresivita samců je v době páření minimální, nevytvářejí si svá stáda samic. K občasným konfrontacím mezi samci dochází jen formou pózování a zastrašování, často přitom nabírají na rohy vegetaci, následný vítěz vztyčí a poražený sklopí hlavu. Jen ojediněle byly pozorovány snahy o sražení protivníka rohy. Vlastní páření je krátké a samec po něm odchází hledat další svolnou samici.

Samice, která má dva páry mléčných žláz, rodí jedno mládě po osmi až devítiměsíční březosti, na konci období dešťů v srpnu nebo září. Jeho srst má světlou barvu a leží ukryto v hustém porostu po několik týdnů, kojeno je tři až čtyři měsíce. Samice s mládětem žije a pečuje o něj po dva roky, pak může znovu zabřeznout. Mladé samice dosahují pohlavní dospělosti ve věku asi tří let, samci dospívají ve stejnou dobu, ale v konkurenci s ostatními samci při páření obvykle obstojí až v pěti či osmi létech. Průměrná délka života je 15 až 20 let.[2][3][4]

Ohrožení

V současnosti jsou početní stavy nyal horských poměrně stabilizované, žije jich okolo 3000 jedinců, důležitým mezníkem pro zachování druhu bylo vytvoření národního parku. Faktorem omezujícím jejich počet je destrukce původních biotopů místními farmáři, kteří rozšiřují chovy dobytka. Přestože jejich lov zákony již po století přísně regulují, lze dnes jejich dodržování jen stěží vymoci a zvířata jsou zabíjena pytláky pro lovecké trofeje a i maso. Přirozenými dravci dospělců jsou levhart (Panthera pardus), hyena (Crocuta crocuta) a lev (Panthera leo), u mláďat ještě navíc serval (Leptailurus serval) nebo vlček etiopský (Canis simensis). Útočníky bývají též domácí psi.

Podle Mezinárodního svazu ochrany přírody (IUCN) je nyala horská hodnocena stupněm EN ohrožený druh.[2][5]

Galerie

Reference

  1. Červený seznam IUCN 2018.1. 5. července 2018. Dostupné online. [cit. 2018-08-11]
  2. a b c d e f g ALEMAN, Maria. Animal Diversity Web: Tragelaphus buxton [online]. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, MI, USA, rev. 2003 [cit. 2015-11-21]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  3. a b c d e f Ungulates of the World: Tragelaphus buxtoni [online]. [cit. 2015-11-21]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  4. a b c d ARKive: Tragelaphus buxtoni [online]. ARKive, Wildscreen Trading Ltd., Bristol, UK [cit. 2015-11-21]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)
  5. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Tragelaphus buxtoni [online]. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, rev. 2015 [cit. 2015-11-21]. Dostupné online. (anglicky)

Externí odkazy

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Nyala horská: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Nyala horská (Tragelaphus buxtoni) je jedním z nejpozději popsaných a nejvzácnějších afrických sudokopytníků, byla objevena až roku 1909. Její pojmenování však není šťastné, od zdánlivě nejbližší příbuzné nyaly nížinné žijící na jihovýchodě Afriky, ji dělí více než 6 milionů roků odděleného vývoje. Podle současných výzkumů a rozborů mitochondriální DNA je nyala horská více příbuzná k druhům jako jsou sitatunga nebo kudu malý či kudu velký.

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Bergnyala ( German )

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Der Bergnyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) ist eine afrikanische Antilope. Der Name deutet an, dass man ihn früher für einen nahen Verwandten des Nyala hielt; heute hält man es für wahrscheinlicher, dass er eine Schwesterart des Großen Kudu ist. Der Bergnyala wird von der IUCN als gefährdet (endangered) eingestuft. Der Bergnyala wurde erst 1908 entdeckt und gilt als der letzte große Paarhufer der afrikanischen Fauna, der entdeckt wurde. Nach wie vor ist der Bergnyala eine wenig erforschte Tierart.[1]

Aussehen

In ihren allgemeinen Proportionen und ihrer Größe ähneln die hornlosen Weibchen mitteleuropäischen Hirschkühen. Sie weisen ein graubraunes Fell mit hellerer Unterseite auf. Im Vergleich zum Großen Kudu sind die verstreuten Punkte und Streifen nur schwach ausgeprägt und kaum sichtbar. Sie erreichen eine Körperlänge von 190 bis 200 cm und ein Gewicht von 150 bis 200 kg. Die hörnertragenden erwachsenen Böcke können mit einem Gewicht von 180 bis 300 kg fast doppelt so schwer werden wie die Kühe und erreichen mit einer Körperlänge von 240 bis 260 cm fast die Maße des Großen Kudu. Das Fell ist sepiabraun und bei den männlichen Tieren länger als bei den Weibchen, besonders im Bereich der Schultern und im Nacken und es bildet auf dem Rücken einen Kamm. Am Hals befinden sich deutliche weiße Markierungen und weitere im Gesicht, an den Ohren und an den Vorderbeinen. Mit zunehmendem Alter wird das Fell dunkler und kann während der kalten Jahreszeit sehr zottig werden. Das Gehörn variiert in der Dicke, der Länge und in der Anzahl der schraubenartigen Drehungen und kann entlang der Krümmung gemessen bis zu 1,2 m lang werden.

Verbreitung

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet der Bergnyala

Das Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst nur 150 km² im Hochland von Äthiopien, vornehmlich im Bale- und im Arussigebirge. Hier bewohnt er Bergwälder in Höhenlagen zwischen 2500 und 3500 Metern. Es handelt sich damit um eine Antilope mit einem ungewöhnlich kleinen Lebensraum. Neben dem Bergnyala ist nur noch der Abbott-Ducker in seiner Verbreitung auf Bergwälder begrenzt.[2]

Fortpflanzung

Das Weibchen des Bergnyala bringt nach einer Tragzeit von 7,5 bis 8 Monaten ein Junges zur Welt. Dieses kann bereits nach wenigen Stunden stehen und laufen.

Bestand

 src=
Bergnyalas in einem Gehege im Bereich des Bale-Mountains-Nationalpark

Erst 1908 wurde diese Art für die westliche Wissenschaft durch Richard Lydekker entdeckt. Seitdem gingen die ohnehin geringen Bestände durch illegale Trophäenjagd weiter zurück. Von 8000 Tieren um 1960 ist die Population nun auf unter 3000 gefallen. Die IUCN stuft den Bergnyala als bedroht ein.

Literatur

  • C. A. Spinage: The Natural History of Antelopes. Croom Helm, London 1986, ISBN 0-7099-4441-1
  • J. Kingdon: The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals. Academic Press 1997, ISBN 0-7136-6513-0

Einzelbelege

  1. Spinage, S. 173
  2. Spigane, S. 36
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Bergnyala: Brief Summary ( German )

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Der Bergnyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) ist eine afrikanische Antilope. Der Name deutet an, dass man ihn früher für einen nahen Verwandten des Nyala hielt; heute hält man es für wahrscheinlicher, dass er eine Schwesterart des Großen Kudu ist. Der Bergnyala wird von der IUCN als gefährdet (endangered) eingestuft. Der Bergnyala wurde erst 1908 entdeckt und gilt als der letzte große Paarhufer der afrikanischen Fauna, der entdeckt wurde. Nach wie vor ist der Bergnyala eine wenig erforschte Tierart.

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Mountain nyala

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juvenile
young male

The mountain nyala (Amharic: የተራራ ኒዮላ) (Tragelaphus buxtoni) or balbok, is a large antelope found in high altitude woodlands in a small part of central Ethiopia. It is a monotypic species (without any identified subspecies) first described by English naturalist Richard Lydekker in 1910. The males are typically 120–135 cm (47–53 in) tall while females stand 90–100 cm (35–39 in) at the shoulder. Males weigh 180–300 kg (400–660 lb) and females weigh 150–200 kg (330–440 lb). The coat is grey to brown, marked with two to five poorly defined white strips extending from the back to the underside, and a row of six to ten white spots. White markings are present on the face, throat and legs as well. Males have a short dark erect crest, about 10 cm (3.9 in) high, running along the middle of the back. Only males possess horns.

The mountain nyala are shy and elusive towards human beings. Four to five individuals may congregate for short intervals of time to form small herds. Males are not territorial. Primarily a browser, the mountain nyala may switch to grazing occasionally. Females start mating at two years of age, and males too become sexually mature by that time. Gestation lasts for eight to nine months, after which a single calf is born. The lifespan of a mountain nyala is around 15 to 20 years.

The typical habitat for the mountain nyala is composed of montane woodlands at an altitude of 3,000–3,400 m (9,800–11,200 ft). Human settlement and large livestock population have forced the animal to occupy heath forests at an altitude of above 3,400 m (11,200 ft). Mountain nyala are endemic to the Ethiopian highlands east of the Rift Valley, between 6°N and 10°N. Up to half of the total population of the mountain nyala occurs in the 200 km2 (77 sq mi) area of Gaysay, in the northern part of the Bale Mountains National Park. The mountain nyala has been classified under the Endangered category of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Their influence on Ethiopian culture is notable, with the mountain nyala being featured on the obverse of Ethiopian ten cents coins.

Taxonomy

Giant eland

Common eland

Greater kudu

Mountain nyala

Bongo

Sitatunga

Cape bushbuck

Harnessed bushbuck

Nyala

Lesser kudu

Phylogenetic relationships of the mountain nyala from combined analysis of all molecular data (Willows-Munro et.al. 2005)

The mountain nyala was first described by English naturalist Richard Lydekker in 1910. Its scientific name is Tragelaphus buxtoni. The species has been classified under the genus Tragelaphus of the family Bovidae.[2] The mountain nyala was first brought to England in 1908 by Major Ivor Buxton, after whom the species has been named. Major Buxton, who had returned from a hunting trip in Ethiopia, first presented a specimen he had shot to British taxidermist Rowland Ward, who later on notified Lydekker about the discovery. It was the last large antelope to be discovered in Africa.[3][4] The spiral horns and white markings on the face and across the flanks established it as a species of Tragelaphus.[5] Lydekker believed that the species was related more closely to the nyala (T. angasii) than to the two kudu species (then placed under the genus Strepsiceros). In fact, mountain nyala's similarity to both Tragelaphus and Strepsiceros led to the merger of the latter into the former genus.[6][7]

In 2005, Sandi Willows-Munro of the University of KwaZulu-Natal (Durban) carried out a mitochondrial analysis of the nine Tragelaphus species. mtDNA and nDNA data were compared. The results showed that the mountain nyala is sister taxon to bushbuck (T. scriptus), sitatunga (T. spekii) and bongo (T. eurycerus) in the mitochondrial tree (phylogenetic relationships obtained using mitochondrial data). However, in the nuclear tree, bushbuck, mountain nyala and sitatunga plus the bongo are three equal branches. Hence the mountain nyala forms a monophyletic clade with these three species.[8][9] The greater kudu clade split from the clade formed by mountain nyala, bongo, sitatunga and bushbuck approximately 8.6 million years ago.[10][11]

Description

The mountain nyala is a large sexually dimorphic bovid. The head-and-body length is approximately 240–260 cm (94–102 in) in males and 190–200 cm (75–79 in) in females. The males are typically 120–135 cm (47–53 in) tall while females stand 90–100 cm (35–39 in) at the shoulder. Males weigh 180–300 kg (400–660 lb) and females weigh 150–200 kg (330–440 lb). The bushy tail reaches the heel, and is 20–25 cm (7.9–9.8 in) long.[12] The sensitive ears are large and lined with white hair.[5]

The coat is grey to brown, marked with two to five poorly defined white strips extending from the back to the underside, and a row of six to ten white spots. White markings are present on the face, throat and legs as well. The white chevron between the eyes and the white patch on the throat are among the most conspicuous markings. The chest and the rump are white. The lower part of the legs are pale on the inside and clear white spots are present just above the hooves. The coat is fawn brown in male juveniles, and grows darker with age, eventually becoming charcoal in old bulls. Males have a short dark erect crest, about 10 cm (3.9 in) high, running along the middle of the back, from the neck to the tail.[5] Coat texture may vary from smooth to rough, probably by season. Females resemble the red deer hind in size and proportions. Female juveniles are a bright rufous, and old females are as grey as young males. Females have two pairs of inguinal nipples.[12]

Only males possess horns, whose maximum recorded length is 188 cm (74 in). Horns appear as cream-coloured nubs at around six months and start growing in a spiral pattern, reaching full growth by two years.[5] The horns have only one or two spirals, though a few males have been reported to have two-and-a-half turns. The final form might vary in different males – the horns could form well-defined spirals, or could diverge in a structure similar to a lyre, resembling the horns of an impala, but with the final spiral incomplete. Growth rings are visible on the horn sheaths, but the annual patterns might be difficult to comprehend. Though the horns might wear out with age, the cream colour of the tips persists.[5][13]

The mountain nyala resembles the greater kudu in that both have an array of white spots along their flanks and possess spiral horns. However, the greater kudu can be told apart from the mountain nyala due to the former's greater height and paler colour. Moreover, the horns in greater kudu have two to three spirals, and the tips are farther apart. Another species similar to the mountain nyala is the nyala, but the latter can be easily distinguished from the former due to its smaller size and a fringe of long hair along its throat and neck. The horns of nyala, though very similar, are slender and narrower.[12]

Ecology and behaviour

A small herd

The mountain nyala are shy and elusive towards human beings. They spend the night on the edges of forests, feeding part of the time. To avoid human disturbance, they choose to navigate at night. They come out in morning and late afternoon to browse in grasslands. They generally seek cover in woodlands and heather thickets when it is very hot or cold. Feeding may occur in midday, but is interspersed with resting intervals. They tend to come out when it is overcast or raining. In the dry season (November to March), given the dilapidated state of grasslands, the mountain nyala travel up to the wooden areas rich in ericaceous heath.[14]

Four to five individuals may congregate for short intervals of time to form small herds. However, groups containing as many as 100 individuals have been reported from the Bale Zone, composed of several family units moving in and out periodically. Size and longevity of such large herds depends upon the season, habitat type and the time of the day. Female and juvenile groups have adult females accompanied by a calf of her previous year and another of the current year. These groups are led by adult males, depending on the presence of oestrus. Bachelor herds are formed by non-dominant adult bulls and young males, consisting of up to 13 individuals. Mixed sex groups may also be formed. Old bulls tend to lead a solitary life, though they may occasionally visit female herds looking for females in oestrus. Dominance hierarchies are observed in both sexes.[15]

Males are not territorial, and have home ranges covering 15–20 km2 (5.8–7.7 sq mi) in the wet season. Females and juveniles, on the other hand, occupy much smaller ranges of about 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) in the wet season. Dry season ranges are much larger than the wet season ones for both sexes.[16] Males often wrestle using their horns.[13] Though usually silent, the mountain nyala may "cough" noticing a potential threat, or utter a low bark if the threat is more serious.[3] The leopard is the main predator of the mountain nyala.[13]

Diet

Primarily a browser, the mountain nyala may switch to grazing occasionally. It feeds on low-height herbs, bushes, shrubs and general foliage. They might even eat lichens, ferns and aquatic plants. Grasses are specially preferred during the early wet season. They pick up fallen leaves and use their horns to reach higher branches. Favoured species include Artemisia afra (African wormwood), Hypericum revolutum, Kniphofia foliosa, Solanum sessilistellatum and Hagenia abyssinica leaves. They prefer Alchemilla rotti, Helichrysum splendidum and lower foliage of Lobelia rhynchopetalum.[14][16]

Reproduction

Females start mating at two years of age, and males too become sexually mature by that time. Sexual dimorphism, larger home ranges for males, and a female-biased population indicate polygyny in the species.[13] The mountain nyala breed throughout the year, but the peak occurs in December. Prior to and during the breeding season the adult males tend to get associated with mixed sex herds. Bulls continuously follow receptive females and test their vulvas. Three to four males may seek a single female, and, if equally ranked in hierarchy, may engage in circling displays. In these displays the males move very slowly and stiffly, with the crest on the back erect and the tail raised. They are less likely to engage in aggressive fights, which, if they happen, last only for a brief period. Flehmen follows vulva-testing.[3][12]

Gestation lasts for eight to nine months, after which a single calf is born. In the Bale Mountains National Park, births occur throughout the year, but peak from September to November. Calves remain in cover for the first few weeks after birth. The calves remain close to their mothers for nearly two years. The young females may get pregnant by then.[3] The young males, as they mature by two years, are challenged by other males and driven out of their herds.[5] The lifespan of a mountain nyala is around 15 to 20 years.[13]

Habitat and distribution

The range of mountain nyala is confined within Ethiopia.

The typical habitat for the mountain nyala is composed of montane woodlands at an altitude of 3,000–3,400 m (9,800–11,200 ft). The vegetation generally includes African juniper (Juniperus procera), Afrocarpus gracilior, and Olea at lower levels and Hagenia abyssinica, juniper, and Hypericum revolutum in the upper reaches. They often visit the edges of montane grasslands at 2,800–3,100 m (9,200–10,200 ft), which is covered with Artemisia afra, Kniphofia, and evergreen Hypericum species.[12]

Nowadays the continuous blocks of woodland habitat have been reduced to a series of pockets, interspersed in large cultivated lands. Human settlement and large livestock population have forced the animal to occupy heath forests at an altitude of above 3,400 m (11,200 ft) rich in Erica arborea, Erica trimera, Hypericum, Euphorbia, and Helichrysum species. They may even be forced into afroalpine grasslands containing Alchemilla and Festuca species, at an altitude of up to 4,300 m (14,100 ft). In the eastern borders of its range, the mountain nyala has usually been observed to occupy areas at lower altitudes of about 1,800–2,400 m (5,900–7,900 ft).[12]

Mountain nyala are endemic to the Ethiopian Highlands east of the Rift Valley, between 6°N and 10°N. Their former range was from Mount Gara Muleta in the east to Shashamene and the northern Bale Zone to the south. Up to half of the total population of the mountain nyala occurs in the 200 km2 (77 sq mi) area of Gaysay, in the northern part of the Bale Mountains National Park. Smaller relict populations occur in Chercher, mountains such as Chilalo in Arsi Zone, and the western Bale.[17] A study identified an area of 39.38 km2 (15.20 sq mi) on the southern escarpment of the Bale Mountains as the most sustainable habitat for the mountain nyala.[18]

Threats and conservation

Taxidermied specimens at the American Museum of Natural History

Major threats to the survival of the mountain nyala include illegal hunting, habitat destruction, encroachment by livestock, predation of calves by dogs, expansion of montane cultivation and construction at high altitudes.[19][20] The animal is extensively hunted for its horns and meat. The meat is utilised in local medicine and for making nipples for traditional milk bottles. Impact of trophy hunting programs is obscure, and current trophy hunting quotas may be unsustainable in the long term although, if well regulated, trophy hunting could play an important role in the long term management of this species.[1][17]

The mountain nyala has been classified under the Endangered category of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). It has not been listed under the Washington Convention (CITES). Though legal protection has been fully ensured for the species, the implementation has not been so effective. In 1991, there was widespread unrest in Ethiopia during which several mountain nyala were killed and the population in the Bale Mountains National Park fell to 150.[21][22][23] After the Bale Mountains National Park, the small Kuni-Muktar Mountain Nyala Sanctuary was established in 1990 was established as a second protected area. But by 1996 the sanctuary had been so severely affected by deforestation, poaching, cultivation and gully erosion, that the populations soon disappeared from there.[1][17]

In the 1960s, the population was estimated at 7,000 to 8,000 (and perhaps up to 12,500). This declined sharply to 2,000 to 4,000 individuals in the 1980s. The population is decreasing even now. The mountain nyala is feared to be extinct in the eastern and southern extremes of its range, though a few probably survive in Chiro (Asebe Teferi) and the border between Bale and Sidamo, south of Kofele. Apart from Gaysay about 80 to 120 mountain nyala occur in the rest of the Bale Mountains National Park, and a few hundred occur in the areas in the vicinity of the national park.[1][17]

Relationship with humans

The influence of the mountain nyala, as well as the nyala, on Ethiopian culture can not be ignored. Although nyala is a South African word, several prominent businesses such as Nyala Motors use it in their names. The nyala and mountain nyala often regularly appear on walls, commercial products and tourist curios.[5] The mountain nyala is featured on the obverse of the Ethiopian ten cents coin.[5][24][25]

Mountain nyala are hunted by humans, for instance, by the Oromo people. The Oromo do not hunt these animals in general, except for a day close to Easter, when all able-bodied men set out on horses for a hunt.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group (2017) [errata version of 2016 assessment]. "Tragelaphus buxtoni". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22046A115164345.
  2. ^ Grubb, P. (2005). "Order Artiodactyla". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 697–698. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ a b c d Brown, L. H. (1969). "Observations on the status, habitat and behaviour of the mountain nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni in Ethiopia". Mammalia. 33 (4): 545–97. doi:10.1515/mamm.1969.33.4.545. S2CID 84219997.
  4. ^ Briggs, P. (2015). Ethiopia. USA: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-78477-132-4.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i Malcolm, J.; Evangelista, P.H. (2005). "The range and status of the mountain nyala" (PDF): 1–43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-28. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ Lydekker, R. (June 1911). "On the Mountain Nyala, Tragelaphus buxtoni*". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 81 (2): 348–53. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1911.tb01934.x.
  7. ^ Evangelista, P.; Waltermire, R.; Swartzinski, P. (2007). "A profile of the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni)". African Indaba: 1–47.
  8. ^ Willows-Munro, S.; Robinson, T. J.; Matthee, C. A. (June 2005). "Utility of nuclear DNA intron markers at lower taxonomic levels: Phylogenetic resolution among nine Tragelaphus spp". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 35 (3): 624–36. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.018. PMID 15878131.
  9. ^ Groves, C.; Grubb, P. (2011). Ungulate Taxonomy. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 126, 137. ISBN 978-1-4214-0093-8.
  10. ^ Ropiquet, A. (2006). "Etude des radiations adaptatives au sein des Antilopinae (Mammalia, Bovidae)". Ph.D. Thesis, Université Paris. 6 (1–247).
  11. ^ Hassanin, A.; Delsuc, F.; Ropiquet, A.; Hammer, C.; Jansen van Vuuren, B.; Matthee, C.; Ruiz-Garcia, M.; Catzeflis, F.; Areskoug, V.; Nguyen, T.T.; Couloux, A. (2012). "Pattern and timing of diversification of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria), as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genomes". Comptes Rendus Biologies. 335 (1): 32–50. doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2011.11.002. PMID 22226162.
  12. ^ a b c d e f Kingdon, J. (2013). Mammals of Africa. London: Bloomsbury. pp. 159–62. ISBN 978-1-4081-2257-0.
  13. ^ a b c d e Aleman, M. "Tragelaphus buxtoni Mountain nyala". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  14. ^ a b Gagnon, M.; Chew, A. E. (May 2000). "Dietary preferences in extant African Bovidae". Journal of Mammalogy. 81 (2): 490–511. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2000)081<0490:DPIEAB>2.0.CO;2.
  15. ^ Hillman, J.C.; Hillman, S.M. (1987). "The mountain nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni and the Simien fox Canis simensis in the Bale Mountains National Park". Walia. 10: 3–6.
  16. ^ a b Hillman, J. C. (24 April 2009). "Conservation in Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia". Oryx. 20 (2): 89–94. doi:10.1017/S0030605300026314.
  17. ^ a b c d East, R.; IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group (1999). African Antelope Database 1998. Gland, Switzerland: The IUCN Species Survival Commission. pp. 130–1. ISBN 978-2-8317-0477-7.
  18. ^ Evangelista, P. H.; Norman, J.; Berhanu, L.; Kumar, S.; Alley, Nathaniel (2008). "Predicting habitat suitability for the endemic mountain nyala in Ethiopia". Wildlife Research. 35 (5): 409–16. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.570.6821. doi:10.1071/WR07173.
  19. ^ Mamo, Y.; Bekele, A. (2011). "Human and livestock encroachments into the habitat of Mountain Nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia". Tropical Ecology. 52 (3): 265–73.
  20. ^ Bussmann, R.W.; Worede, A.; Swartzinsky, P.; Evangelista, P. (2011). "Plant use in Odo-Bulu and Demaro, Bale region, Ethiopia". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 7 (1): 28. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-7-28. PMC 3196683. PMID 21943288.
  21. ^ Woldegebriel, G.K. (1996). "The status of mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) in Bale Mountains National Park 1986–1994". Walia. 17: 27–37.
  22. ^ Mamo, Y.; Pinard, M.A.; Bekele, A. (2010). "Demography and dynamics of mountain nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia". Current Zoology. 56 (6): 660–9. doi:10.1093/czoolo/56.6.660.
  23. ^ Refera, B.; Bekele, A. (2004). "Population status and structure of mountain nyala in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia". African Journal of Ecology. 42 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1111/j.0141-6707.2004.00437.x.
  24. ^ Cuhaj, G.S. (2015). 2016 Standard Catalog of World Coins 2001-Date. Iola: Krause Publications. p. 495. ISBN 978-1-4402-4410-0.
  25. ^ Balletto, B.L. (1995). Spectrum guide to Ethiopia. Camerapix Publishers. p. 295.

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Mountain nyala: Brief Summary

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juvenile young male

The mountain nyala (Amharic: የተራራ ኒዮላ) (Tragelaphus buxtoni) or balbok, is a large antelope found in high altitude woodlands in a small part of central Ethiopia. It is a monotypic species (without any identified subspecies) first described by English naturalist Richard Lydekker in 1910. The males are typically 120–135 cm (47–53 in) tall while females stand 90–100 cm (35–39 in) at the shoulder. Males weigh 180–300 kg (400–660 lb) and females weigh 150–200 kg (330–440 lb). The coat is grey to brown, marked with two to five poorly defined white strips extending from the back to the underside, and a row of six to ten white spots. White markings are present on the face, throat and legs as well. Males have a short dark erect crest, about 10 cm (3.9 in) high, running along the middle of the back. Only males possess horns.

The mountain nyala are shy and elusive towards human beings. Four to five individuals may congregate for short intervals of time to form small herds. Males are not territorial. Primarily a browser, the mountain nyala may switch to grazing occasionally. Females start mating at two years of age, and males too become sexually mature by that time. Gestation lasts for eight to nine months, after which a single calf is born. The lifespan of a mountain nyala is around 15 to 20 years.

The typical habitat for the mountain nyala is composed of montane woodlands at an altitude of 3,000–3,400 m (9,800–11,200 ft). Human settlement and large livestock population have forced the animal to occupy heath forests at an altitude of above 3,400 m (11,200 ft). Mountain nyala are endemic to the Ethiopian highlands east of the Rift Valley, between 6°N and 10°N. Up to half of the total population of the mountain nyala occurs in the 200 km2 (77 sq mi) area of Gaysay, in the northern part of the Bale Mountains National Park. The mountain nyala has been classified under the Endangered category of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Their influence on Ethiopian culture is notable, with the mountain nyala being featured on the obverse of Ethiopian ten cents coins.

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Tragelaphus buxtoni ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El niala montano (Tragelaphus buxtoni) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Bovidae.[2]​ Es un antílope que vive en las zonas boscosas elevadas de una pequeña región de Etiopía central.

El niala montaño es de aproximadamente un metro de altura y pesa entre 150 y 300 kilogramos, los machos son mucho más grandes que las hembras.

Referencias

  1. Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2008). «Tragelaphus buxtoni». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 8 de marzo de 2014.
  2. Wilson, Don E.; Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. (2005). «Tragelaphus buxtoni». Mammal Species of the World (en inglés) (3ª edición). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

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Tragelaphus buxtoni: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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El niala montano (Tragelaphus buxtoni) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Bovidae.​ Es un antílope que vive en las zonas boscosas elevadas de una pequeña región de Etiopía central.

El niala montaño es de aproximadamente un metro de altura y pesa entre 150 y 300 kilogramos, los machos son mucho más grandes que las hembras.

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Tragelaphus buxtoni ( Basque )

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Tragelaphus buxtoni Tragelaphus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Bovinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Lydekker (1910) 84 Nature (London) 397. or..
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Tragelaphus buxtoni: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Tragelaphus buxtoni Tragelaphus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Bovinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago

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Tragelaphus buxtoni ( French )

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Nyala de montagne

Le Nyala de montagne (Tragelaphus buxtoni) est une espèce d'antilopes du genre Tragelaphus découvert par Lydekker en 1910. Cette espèce endémique d'Éthiopie est classée en danger d'extinction par l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature.

Description

Caractéristiques Masse 150
200 300
180 kg Longueur 200
190 260
240 cm Hauteur 110
90 135
120 cm Queue 10-25 cm Cornes 110-118

Les cornes : Seul le mâle a des cornes, très semblables à celle du Nyala mais plus écartées et évoquant celles du Grand Koudou, avec généralement 2 spirales.

Le corps (crinière, queue, pelage) : Le pelage de la femelle est très couché, lisse et luisant, celui du mâle est un peu allongé et raide sur le cou, le garrot et les fesses. L'animal a une queue touffue atteignant les talons, il a une crinière de 10 cm qui commencent de la nuque jusqu'à la racine de la queue.I l un pelage qui diffèrent selon l'âge et le sexe. Les vieux mâles ont une robe plus foncée que les autres, les jeunes mâles ont une robe plus brune que celle des jeunes femelles qui est roussâtre, devenant gris-brun avec l'âge. Le pelage est aussi composé de 2 à 5 rayures transversales blanches et de 6 à 10 taches blanches eux aussi (les taches disparaissent avec l'âge chez les femelles), le veau (qui a une robe fauve clair) lui aussi a ces rayures et ces taches (sauf les rayures de la croupe) .Il n'a pas de glandes préorbitaires, il a 2 glandes inguinales et les femelles ont 4 mamelles.

Les sabots : Il a 4 sabots, 1 à chaque patte. Ces sabots sont latéraux, grands, forts et très serrés.

L'allure: Le Nyala de montagne a une allure de Grand Koudou

Biologie

Le Nyala de montagne a un odorat et une ouïe excellente, mais il a une mauvaise vue il apprécie mal la distance des objets rapprochés, il ne sait pas reconnaître un prédateur immobile placé à bon vent mais son odorant et son ouïe sont excellentes.

Le nyala est silencieux. la femelle émet un une sorte de halètement, le mâle aussi mais plus rarement et plus grave.

Écologie et comportement

Les Nyalas se divisent en deux groupes. Le premier groupe est conduit par les femelles et quelques vieux mâles, le 2e groupe est celui des mâles sédentaires. Dans le deuxième groupe chaque mâle a son territoire (de 2 à 5 kilomètres carrés à Arussi et de 2 à 9 kilomètres carrés à Bali).

Le Nyala de montagne est actif de 16 h à 8 h.

Le Nyala est un herbivore qui mange des feuillages, des arbustes et des plantes herbacées.

La gestation du Nyala est de 6 mois. La periode de rut est entre novembre et décembre. La mise-bas est différente selon les régions. Pendant la saison des pluies (avril-juin) à Bali, entre octobre et décembre à Arussi et pendant la saison sèche (décembre-janvier) à Goba.

Prédateurs

Puisque le Nyala vit dans les montagnes hautes, il n'a pas beaucoup de prédateurs, l'homme est son principal prédateur. Le léopard peut s'attaquer à des vieux ou des jeunes spécimens, mais Ceci est plutôt rare car ce dernier est en voie de disparition en Éthiopie.

Habitat et répartition

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Aire de répartition du Nyala de montagne

Le Nyala de montagne est endémique des hauts plateaux d'Éthiopie. Il a été observé à Chercher, Asba Tafari, Gugu, Arussi, Cacca, Galana, Badda et à Erosa-Chilalo à l'est, à Bali et à Wollega au centre et à Limmu et Sidamo au sud. On le rencontre de 2 700 m d'altitude en hiver à 4 200 m en été.

Menaces et protection

Le Nyala de montagne est rare (classé En danger d'extinction par l'UICN). Sa population a chuté de 12 480 individus en 1985 à 2 500 - 4 000 individus en 2008. La cause principale de cette chute est la destruction de son habitat naturel pour des pâturages,des cultures planté par l'homme, la deuxième cause est le braconnage et le trafic de ces cornes et sa peau très prisées.

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Tragelaphus buxtoni: Brief Summary ( French )

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Nyala de montagne

Le Nyala de montagne (Tragelaphus buxtoni) est une espèce d'antilopes du genre Tragelaphus découvert par Lydekker en 1910. Cette espèce endémique d'Éthiopie est classée en danger d'extinction par l'Union internationale pour la conservation de la nature.

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Tragelaphus buxtoni ( Italian )

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Il nyala di montagna (Tragelaphus buxtoni Lydekker, 1910) è un'antilope diffusa nelle boscaglie di alta quota di una piccola area dell'Etiopia centrale. È una specie monotipica (vale a dire senza sottospecie riconosciute) descritta per la prima volta dal naturalista inglese Richard Lydekker nel 1910. I maschi misurano in genere 120-135 cm di altezza al garrese, mentre le femmine ne raggiungono 90-100. I primi pesano 180-300 kg, contro i 150-200 delle seconde. Il manto è di colore variabile dal grigio al marrone, con due-cinque strisce bianche poco definite che si estendono dal dorso alle regioni inferiori e una fila di sei-dieci macchioline dello stesso colore. Altri segni bianchi sono presenti anche sulla faccia, sulla gola e sulle zampe. I maschi presentano una breve cresta eretta di colore scuro, con peli lunghi circa 10 cm, che corre lungo la parte mediana del dorso. Le corna sono presenti solo nei maschi.

Il nyala di montagna è molto timido ed elusivo nei confronti degli esseri umani. Quattro o cinque esemplari possono riunirsi insieme per brevi intervalli di tempo a formare piccoli branchi. I maschi non sono territoriali. Prevalentemente brucatore, può all'occorrenza divenire un pascolatore. Le femmine iniziano ad accoppiarsi verso i due anni, età in cui anche i maschi raggiungono la maturità sessuale. La gestazione dura tra gli otto e i nove mesi, trascorsi i quali nasce sempre un solo piccolo. La speranza di vita si aggira sui 15-20 anni.

L'habitat tipico del nyala di montagna è costituito dalle boscaglie montane ad altitudini comprese tra i 3000 e i 3400 m. Gli insediamenti umani e le grandi mandrie di bestiame hanno spinto la specie ad occupare foreste di eriche ad altitudini superiori ai 3400 m. Il nyala di montagna è endemico dell'acrocoro etiopico a est della Rift Valley, tra i 6 e i 10° nord. Circa metà della popolazione totale vive nella zona di Gaysay, un'area di 200 km² nella parte settentrionale del parco nazionale delle montagne di Bale. Il nyala di montagna viene classificato nella categoria delle specie in pericolo (Endangered) dall'Unione Internazionale per la Conservazione della Natura (IUCN). Svolge un ruolo importante nella cultura etiope, e un nyala di montagna è raffigurato sul retro delle monete etiopi da dieci centesimi.

Tassonomia

Albero filogenetico di T. buxtoni                

Eland gigante

   

Eland comune

       

Kudù maggiore

     

Nyala di montagna

         

Bongo

   

Sitatunga

     

Tragelafo striato

                   

Nyala

     

Kudù minore

    Relazioni filogenetiche del nyala di montagna come appaiono dall'analisi combinata di tutti i dati molecolari (Willows-Munro et al., 2005).

Il nyala di montagna è stato descritto per la prima volta dal naturalista inglese Richard Lydekker nel 1910. Suo nome scientifico è Tragelaphus buxtoni ed è stato fin da subito classificato nel genere Tragelaphus della famiglia Bovidae.[2]. Il primo esemplare venne portato in Inghilterra nel 1908 dal maggiore Ivor Buxton, in onore del quale la specie è stata battezzata. Il maggiore Buxton, tornato da un viaggio di caccia in Etiopia, presentò inizialmente un esemplare che aveva abbattuto al tassidermista britannico Rowland Ward, che successivamente informò Lydekker della scoperta. Si trattava dell'ultima specie di grande antilope scoperta in Africa[3][4]. Le corna a spirale e i disegni bianchi sulla faccia e sui fianchi indicavano senza dubbio che si trattava di una specie del genere Tragelaphus[5]. Lydekker credette che la specie fosse più strettamente imparentata con il nyala (T. angasii) che con le due specie di kudù (all'epoca classificate nel genere Strepsiceros). Infatti, furono proprio le somiglianze del nyala di montagna sia con le specie del genere Tragelaphus che con quelle di Strepsiceros a spingere gli studiosi a far confluire queste ultime all'interno di Tragelaphus[6][7].

Nel 2005, Sandi Willows-Munro, dell'università del KwaZulu-Natal (a Durban), condusse un'analisi mitocondriale delle nove specie del genere Tragelaphus, confrontando i dati riguardanti il DNA mitocondriale e il DNA nucleare. I risultati indicarono che il nyala di montagna appariva come un sister taxon del tragelafo striato (T. scriptus), del sitatunga (T. spekii) e del bongo (T. eurycerus) nell'albero mitocondriale (l'albero filogenetico ottenuto con l'analisi dei dati mitocondriali). Tuttavia, nell'albero nucleare, il tragelafo striato, il nyala di montagna, il sitatunga e il bongo risultarono appartenenti a tre rami evolutivi uguali. Da ciò si deduce che il nyala di montagna forma un clade monofiletico con queste tre specie[8][9]. Il clade a cui appartiene il kudù maggiore si separò da quello cui appartengono il nyala di montagna, il bongo, il sitatunga e il tragelafo striato più o meno 8,6 milioni di anni fa[10][11].

Descrizione

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Il nyala di montagna è un grosso bovide dallo spiccato dimorfismo sessuale. La lunghezza testa-corpo è di circa 240-260 cm nei maschi e di 190-200 cm nelle femmine. I primi misurano generalmente 120-135 cm di altezza al garrese, mentre le seconde ne misurano 90-100. Infine, i maschi pesano 180-300 kg, contro i 150-200 kg delle compagne. La folta coda raggiunge il tallone ed è lunga 20-25 cm[12]. Le orecchie, molto sensibili, sono grandi e ricoperte all'interno da peli bianchi[5].

Il manto è di colore variabile dal grigio al marrone, con due-cinque strisce bianche poco definite che si estendono dal dorso alle regioni inferiori e una fila di sei-dieci macchioline dello stesso colore. Altri segni bianchi sono presenti anche sulla faccia, sulla gola e sulle zampe. Lo «chevron» bianco tra gli occhi e la macchia bianca sulla gola sono le caratteristiche più evidenti. Il petto e il posteriore sono bianchi. La parte inferiore delle zampe è di colore chiaro, e appena sopra gli zoccoli sono presenti delle macchie bianche. Nei giovani maschi il manto è marrone fulvo, ma esso scurisce con l'età, tanto che nei maschi più anziani diviene di colore grigio antracite. I maschi presentano una breve cresta eretta di colore scuro, con peli lunghi circa 10 cm, che corre lungo la parte mediana del dorso, dal collo alla coda[5]. La consistenza del manto può variare da liscia a ruvida, probabilmente in base alle stagioni. Le femmine di nyala di montagna ricordano molto quelle di cervo nobile per forme e dimensioni. Le femmine giovani hanno un manto di colore rosso-ruggine, mentre le femmine anziane sono grigie come i giovani maschi. Le femmine hanno due coppie di capezzoli inguinali[12].

Le corna, la cui lunghezza massima è di 188 cm, sono presenti solo nei maschi. Compaiono sotto forma di monconi color crema a circa sei mesi di età e iniziano ad accrescersi a spirale, raggiungendo le piene dimensioni a partire dai due anni[5]. Hanno soltanto una o due spirali, ma in rari casi sono stati riportati anche esemplari con due spirali e mezzo. La forma finale può variare da un maschio all'altro - le corna possono infatti formare spirali ben definite, oppure divergere in una struttura simile a una lira, somigliando a quelle di un impala, ma con la spirale finale incompleta. Gli anelli di crescita sono visibili sulla guaina esterna, ma lo sviluppo annuale delle corna può essere difficile da comprendere. Sebbene le corna possano usurarsi con l'età, il color crema delle punte rimane invariato[5][13].

Il nyala di montagna ricorda il kudù maggiore per il fatto di possedere sia una fila di macchie bianche lungo i fianchi che delle corna a spirale. Tuttavia, quest'ultimo si distingue dal nyala di montagna per la maggiore altezza e la colorazione più chiara. Inoltre, nel kudù maggiore, le corna hanno due o tre spirali con le estremità distanziate. Un'altra specie simile al nyala di montagna è il nyala, ma quest'ultimo si può facilmente distinguere per le minori dimensioni e la frangia di lunghi peli lungo la gola e il collo. Le corna del nyala, inoltre, pur essendo molto simili, sono più esili e sottili[12].

Biologia

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Un piccolo branco di nyala di montagna.

Il nyala di montagna è molto timido ed elusivo nei confronti degli esseri umani. Trascorre la notte ai margini delle foreste, nutrendosi di tanto in tanto. Per evitare di entrare in contatto con l'uomo, preferisce spostarsi di notte. Esce allo scoperto la mattina e nel tardo pomeriggio per andare a brucare nelle distese erbose. In genere cerca riparo nella boscaglia e nelle brughiere di erica quando fa troppo caldo o troppo freddo. In alcuni casi può alimentarsi anche nelle ore centrali della giornata, ma l'alimentazione è intervallata a momenti di riposo. Tende a venire fuori dalla fitta boscaglia quando il cielo è nuvoloso o quando piove. Nella stagione secca (da novembre a marzo), dato l'inaridirsi delle distese erbose, il nyala di montagna si sposta verso le aree boschive ricche di ericacee[14].

Quattro o cinque esemplari possono riunirsi insieme per brevi intervalli di tempo a formare piccoli branchi. Tuttavia, nella provincia di Bale, sono stati registrati anche gruppi di ben 100 esemplari, costituiti da varie unità familiari che si riunivano e si disperdevano periodicamente. Le dimensioni e la longevità di mandrie così numerose dipendono dalle stagioni, dal tipo di habitat e dall'ora del giorno. I gruppi di femmine e giovani sono composti da femmine adulte accompagnate dal piccolo dell'anno precedente e da quello dell'anno corrente. Questi gruppi possono essere guidati anche da maschi adulti, nel caso vi siano femmine in estro. I branchi di scapoli sono formati da maschi adulti non dominanti e da maschi giovani, e possono comprendere fino a 13 individui. Talvolta si possono costituire anche gruppi misti. I maschi anziani tendono a condurre un'esistenza solitaria, sebbene possano all'occorrenza visitare gruppi di femmine alla ricerca di esemplari in estro. Gerarchie di dominanza sono state osservate in entrambi i sessi[15].

I maschi non sono territoriali, e durante la stagione delle piogge occupano aree vitali di 15-20 km². Femmine e giovani, d'altro canto, occupano aree più piccole, di circa 5 km², nel corso della stessa stagione. Durante la stagione secca, invece, gli esemplari di entrambi i sessi occupano territori più estesi[16]. I maschi spesso lottano colpendosi con le corna[13]. Sebbene sia generalmente un animale silenzioso, il nyala di montagna può emettere una sorta di «colpo di tosse» quando avvista una potenziale minaccia, o lanciare un profondo latrato nel caso la minaccia sia più seria[3]. Il principale predatore di questa specie è il leopardo[13].

Alimentazione

Prevalentemente brucatore, il nyala di montagna può all'occorrenza divenire un pascolatore. Si nutre di erba bassa, cespugli, arbusti e foglie in generale. Può mangiare perfino licheni, felci e piante acquatiche. Preferisce consumare erba all'inizio della stagione delle piogge. Raccoglie le foglie mature e utilizza le corna per raggiungere i rami più alti. Tra le specie favorite vi sono le foglie di Artemisia afra, Hypericum revolutum, Kniphofia foliosa, Solanum sessilistellatum e Hagenia abyssinica, ma non disdegna anche le piante di Alchemilla rothii, Helichrysum splendidum e le foglie più basse di Lobelia rhynchopetalum[14][16].

Riproduzione

Le femmine iniziano ad accoppiarsi verso i due anni, età in cui anche i maschi raggiungono la maturità sessuale. Il dimorfismo sessuale, le aree vitali più estese dei maschi e una popolazione femminile più numerosa indicano che la specie è poliginica[13]. Il nyala di montagna si riproduce in ogni periodo dell'anno, ma il picco degli accoppiamenti ha luogo in dicembre. Prima e durante la stagione degli amori i maschi adulti tendono ad associarsi ai gruppi misti. Seguono continuamente le femmine recettive, esaminandone la vulva. Talvolta perfino tre o quattro maschi possono prendere di mira una singola femmina, e, se questi sono dello stesso rango, possono esibire una specie di danza in circolo. Durante queste manifestazioni i maschi si muovono molto lentamente e con fare impettito, con la cresta sul dorso eretta e la coda sollevata. Solo raramente ingaggiano lotte aggressive, che inoltre, nel caso avvengano, durano solo per un breve periodo. Una volta esaminata la vulva della femmina, il maschio esegue il flehmen[3][12].

La gestazione dura tra gli otto e i nove mesi, trascorsi i quali nasce sempre un solo piccolo. Nel parco nazionale delle montagne di Bale le nascite avvengono in ogni periodo dell'anno, ma il picco si riscontra tra settembre e novembre. I piccoli rimangono nascosti tra la vegetazione durante le prime settimane di vita. Per quasi due anni essi restano sempre vicini alla madre. Intorno a questa età, le giovani femmine possono rimanere gravide[3]. Anche i giovani maschi raggiungono la maturità sessuale a due anni, ma vengono affrontati dai maschi dominanti e allontanati dal branco di origine[5]. La speranza di vita del nyala di montagna si aggira sui 15-20 anni[13].

Distribuzione e habitat

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L'areale del nyala di montagna è confinato alla sola Etiopia.

L'habitat tipico del nyala di montagna è costituito dalle boscaglie montane ad altitudini comprese tra i 3000 e i 3400 m di altitudine. La vegetazione di queste aree è costituita generalmente da specie dei generi Juniperus, Podocarpus e Olea a quote inferiori e dei generi Hagenia, Juniper e Hypericum a quelle superiori. Spesso questo animale visita i margini delle praterie di altitudine, tra i 2800 e i 3100 m, ricoperte da Artemisia afra, da specie del genere Kniphofia e dagli Hypericum sempreverdi[12][17].

Al giorno d'oggi, la vasta distesa di boscaglia abitata da questo animale si è ormai ridotta ad una serie di boschetti separati tra loro da vaste distese di terreni coltivati. Gli insediamenti umani e le grandi mandrie di bestiame hanno spinto la specie ad occupare foreste di eriche ad altitudini superiori ai 3400 m, ricche di specie dei generi Erica, Philippia, Hypericum, Euphorbia ed Helichrysum. In alcuni casi essa è costretta a vivere nelle praterie afromontane, dove dominano specie dei generi Alchemilla e Festuca, a quote che si spingono fino a 4300 m. Ai confini orientali del suo areale, il nyala di montagna viene osservato abitualmente ad altitudini inferiori, di circa 1800-2400 m[12][17].

Il nyala di montagna è endemico dell'acrocoro etiopico a est della Rift Valley, tra i 6 e i 10° nord. In passato il suo areale si estendeva dal monte Gara Muleta, ad est, alla regione di Shashamene e alle zone settentrionali della regione di Bale a sud. Circa metà della popolazione totale vive nella zona di Gaysay, un'area di 200 km² nella parte settentrionale del parco nazionale delle montagne di Bale. Popolazioni relitte più piccole sopravvivono nella provincia di Chercher, su montagne come il Chilalo nella regione di Arsi, e nel settore occidentale della regione di Bale[18]. Uno studio ha identificato un'area di 39,38 km² sul versante meridionale delle montagne di Bale come l'habitat ideale per il nyala di montagna[19].

Conservazione

Tra i principali fattori che minacciano la sopravvivenza del nyala di montagna vi sono la caccia illegale, la distruzione dell'habitat, la competizione con il bestiame domestico, la predazione dei piccoli da parte dei cani, l'avanzata dell'agricoltura a quote sempre più maggiori e la costruzione di insediamenti umani ad alta quota[20][21]. La specie è vittima di una caccia intensa per la carne e le corna. Queste ultime vengono impiegate nella medicina locale e per fabbricare le tettarelle dei biberon tradizionali. L'impatto sulla popolazione degli abbattimenti legali da parte dei ricchi cacciatori occidentali nel corso di battute di caccia grossa non è mai stato valutato, ma gli studiosi ritengono che esso si riveli insostenibile a lungo termine[1][18].

Il nyala di montagna viene classificato nella categoria delle specie in pericolo (Endangered) dall'Unione Internazionale per la Conservazione della Natura (IUCN), ma non compare in nessuna delle liste della Convenzione di Washington (CITES). Sebbene goda della piena protezione legale, l'attuazione di tali misure non si è rivelata così efficace. Nel 1991 scoppiò una serie di disordini in tutta l'Etiopia, e in questo periodo vennero uccisi diversi esemplari di nyala di montagna e la popolazione del parco nazionale delle montagne di Bale scese a 150 capi[22][23][24]. Dopo il parco nazionale delle montagne di Bale, nel 1990 venne istituita una seconda area protetta nella regione, il piccolo Santuario del Nyala di Montagna di Kuni-Muktar. Tuttavia, nel 1996, tale area era stata così gravemente danneggiata dalla deforestazione, dal bracconaggio, dalle coltivazioni e dall'erosione, che la popolazione scomparve rapidamente[1][18].

Negli anni '60 si stimava che vi fossero tra i 7000 e gli 8000 nyala di montagna (forse addirittura 12.000). Il loro numero, però, scese rapidamente e già negli anni '80 se ne contavano tra i 2000 e i 4000. Da allora la popolazione non ha smesso di diminuire e il declino continua ancora oggi. Si teme che la specie sia del tutto scomparsa ai confini orientali e meridionali dell'areale, malgrado la limitata possibilità che possa sopravvivere ancora nella regione di Chiro (Asebe Teferi) e al confine tra le province di Bale e Sidamo, a sud di Kofele. Oltre che nell'area di Gaysay, nel resto del parco nazionale delle montagne di Bale sopravvivono ancora tra gli 80 e i 120 nyala di montagna, mentre poche centinaia di esemplari vivono nelle aree ai confini del parco nazionale[1][18].

Rapporti con l'uomo

L'influenza del nyala di montagna sulla cultura etiope è rilevante. Nonostante «nyala» sia una parola di origine sudafricana, alcune importanti aziende del Paese, come la Nyala Motors, prendono da esso il nome. La sua immagine compare spesso sui muri, sui prodotti commerciali e nelle attrazioni turistiche[5]. Compare inoltre sul retro delle monete etiopi da dieci centesimi[5][25][26].

I nyala di montagna sono oggetto di caccia da parte dei locali, ad esempio degli Oromo. Tuttavia questi ultimi non danno generalmente loro la caccia, tranne che per un giorno vicino alla Pasqua, quando tutti gli uomini più ardimentosi partono per una battuta di caccia a cavallo[5].

Note

  1. ^ a b c d (EN) IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group, Tragelaphus buxtoni, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.
  2. ^ (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Tragelaphus buxtoni, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  3. ^ a b c d L. H. Brown, Observations on the status, habitat and behaviour of the mountain nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni in Ethiopia, in Mammalia, vol. 33, n. 4, 1969, pp. 545-97, DOI:10.1515/mamm.1969.33.4.545.
  4. ^ P. Briggs, Ethiopia, USA, Bradt Travel Guides, 2015, p. 16, ISBN 978-1-78477-132-4.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i J. Malcolm e P. H. Evangelista, The range and status of the mountain nyala (PDF), 2005, pp. 1-43 (archiviato dall'url originale il 28 gennaio 2016).
  6. ^ R. Lydekker, On the Mountain Nyala, Tragelaphus buxtoni, in Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, vol. 81, n. 2, giugno 1911, pp. 348-53, DOI:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1911.tb01934.x.
  7. ^ P. Evangelista, R. Waltermire e P. Swartzinski, A profile of the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni), in African Indaba, 2007, pp. 1-47.
  8. ^ S. Willows-Munro, T. J. Robinson e C. A. Matthee, Utility of nuclear DNA intron markers at lower taxonomic levels: Phylogenetic resolution among nine Tragelaphus spp., in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, vol. 35, n. 3, giugno 2005, pp. 624-36, DOI:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.01.018, PMID 15878131.
  9. ^ C. Groves e P. Grubb, Ungulate Taxonomy, Baltimora, Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011, pp. 126, 137, ISBN 1-4214-0093-6.
  10. ^ A. Ropiquet, Etude des radiations adaptatives au sein des Antilopinae (Mammalia, Bovidae), in Ph.D. Thesis, Université Paris, vol. 6, n. 1-247, 2006.
  11. ^ A. Hassanin, F. Delsuc, A. Ropiquet, C. Hammer, B. Jansen van Vuuren, C. Matthee, M. Ruiz-Garcia, F. Catzeflis, V. Areskoug, T. T. Nguyen e A. Couloux, Pattern and timing of diversification of Cetartiodactyla (Mammalia, Laurasiatheria), as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genomes, in Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol. 335, n. 1, 2012, pp. 32–50, DOI:10.1016/j.crvi.2011.11.002, PMID 22226162.
  12. ^ a b c d e f J. Kingdon, Mammals of Africa, Londra, Bloomsbury, 2013, pp. 159-62, ISBN 978-1-4081-2257-0.
  13. ^ a b c d e M. Aleman, Tragelaphus buxtoni Mountain nyala, su Animal Diversity Web, University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. URL consultato il 21 gennaio 2016.
  14. ^ a b M. Gagnon e A. E. Chew, 2.0.CO;2 Dietary preferences in extant African Bovidae, in Journal of Mammalogy, vol. 81, n. 2, maggio 2000, pp. 490-511, DOI:10.1644/1545-1542(2000)0812.0.CO;2.
  15. ^ J. C. Hillman e S. M. Hillman, The mountain nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni and the Simien fox Canis simensis in the Bale Mountains National Park, in Walia, vol. 10, 1987, pp. 3-6.
  16. ^ a b J. C. Hillman, Conservation in Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia, in Oryx, vol. 20, n. 02, 24 aprile 2009, pp. 89-94, DOI:10.1017/S0030605300026314.
  17. ^ a b Y. Mamo, A. Bekele e G. Mengesha, Habitat use of mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni, Lyddeker, 1911) in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia, in International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, vol. 4, n. 15, 2012, pp. 642-51.
  18. ^ a b c d R. East e IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group, African Antelope Database 1998, Gland, Svizzera, The IUCN Species Survival Commission, 1999, pp. 130-1, ISBN 2-8317-0477-4.
  19. ^ P. H. Evangelista, J. Norman, L. Berhanu, S. Kumar e Nathaniel Alley, Predicting habitat suitability for the endemic mountain nyala in Ethiopia, in Wildlife Research, vol. 35, n. 5, 2008, pp. 409-16, DOI:10.1071/WR07173.
  20. ^ Y. Mamo e A. Bekele, Human and livestock encroachments into the habitat of Mountain Nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia, in Tropical Ecology, vol. 52, n. 3, 2011, pp. 265-73.
  21. ^ R. W. Bussmann, A. Worede, P. Swartzinsky e P. Evangelista, Plant use in Odo-Bulu and Demaro, Bale region, Ethiopia, in Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, vol. 7, n. 2, 2011, pp. 1-21.
  22. ^ G. K. Woldegebriel, The status of mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) in Bale Mountains National Park 1986-1994, in Walia, vol. 17, 1996, pp. 27-37.
  23. ^ Y. Mamo, M. A. Pinard e A. Bekele, Demography and dynamics of mountain nyala Tragelaphus buxtoni in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia, in Current Zoology, vol. 56, n. 6, 2010, pp. 660-9.
  24. ^ B. Refera e A. Bekele, Population status and structure of mountain nyala in the Bale Mountains National Park, Ethiopia, in African Journal of Ecology, vol. 42, n. 1, 2004, pp. 1-7, DOI:10.1111/j.0141-6707.2004.00437.x.
  25. ^ G. S. Cuhaj, 2016 Standard Catalog of World Coins 2001-Date, Iola, Krause Publications, 2015, p. 495, ISBN 978-1-4402-4410-0.
  26. ^ B. L. Balletto, Spectrum guide to Ethiopia, Camerapix Publishers, 1995, p. 295.

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Tragelaphus buxtoni: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il nyala di montagna (Tragelaphus buxtoni Lydekker, 1910) è un'antilope diffusa nelle boscaglie di alta quota di una piccola area dell'Etiopia centrale. È una specie monotipica (vale a dire senza sottospecie riconosciute) descritta per la prima volta dal naturalista inglese Richard Lydekker nel 1910. I maschi misurano in genere 120-135 cm di altezza al garrese, mentre le femmine ne raggiungono 90-100. I primi pesano 180-300 kg, contro i 150-200 delle seconde. Il manto è di colore variabile dal grigio al marrone, con due-cinque strisce bianche poco definite che si estendono dal dorso alle regioni inferiori e una fila di sei-dieci macchioline dello stesso colore. Altri segni bianchi sono presenti anche sulla faccia, sulla gola e sulle zampe. I maschi presentano una breve cresta eretta di colore scuro, con peli lunghi circa 10 cm, che corre lungo la parte mediana del dorso. Le corna sono presenti solo nei maschi.

Il nyala di montagna è molto timido ed elusivo nei confronti degli esseri umani. Quattro o cinque esemplari possono riunirsi insieme per brevi intervalli di tempo a formare piccoli branchi. I maschi non sono territoriali. Prevalentemente brucatore, può all'occorrenza divenire un pascolatore. Le femmine iniziano ad accoppiarsi verso i due anni, età in cui anche i maschi raggiungono la maturità sessuale. La gestazione dura tra gli otto e i nove mesi, trascorsi i quali nasce sempre un solo piccolo. La speranza di vita si aggira sui 15-20 anni.

L'habitat tipico del nyala di montagna è costituito dalle boscaglie montane ad altitudini comprese tra i 3000 e i 3400 m. Gli insediamenti umani e le grandi mandrie di bestiame hanno spinto la specie ad occupare foreste di eriche ad altitudini superiori ai 3400 m. Il nyala di montagna è endemico dell'acrocoro etiopico a est della Rift Valley, tra i 6 e i 10° nord. Circa metà della popolazione totale vive nella zona di Gaysay, un'area di 200 km² nella parte settentrionale del parco nazionale delle montagne di Bale. Il nyala di montagna viene classificato nella categoria delle specie in pericolo (Endangered) dall'Unione Internazionale per la Conservazione della Natura (IUCN). Svolge un ruolo importante nella cultura etiope, e un nyala di montagna è raffigurato sul retro delle monete etiopi da dieci centesimi.

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Kalninė nijala ( Lithuanian )

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Binomas Tragelaphus buxtoni

Kalninė nijala (lot. Tragelaphus buxtoni , angl. Mountain Nyala, vok. Bergnyala) – dykaraginių šeimos jaučių (Bovinae) pošeimio stambi antilopė.

Kaip nauja rūšis identifikuota tik 1910 m. Kūno aukštis 120-135 cm, masė 200-250 kg. Kailis rusvai pilkas su keturiomis baltomis skersinėmis juostomis ant kūno šonų. Dvi baltos pusmėnulio formos dėmės pakaklėje, dvi ant skruosto ir V raidės formos dėmė tarp akių. Patinai turi skėstus spirale susisukusius ragus, kurių vidutinis ilgis apie 86 cm.

Kalninė nijala paplitusi Etiopijos pietinėje dalyje. Gyvena kalnuotose vietovėse, apie 3900 km² plote 2000-4000 metrų aukštyje virš jūros lygio. Laikosi nedideliais būriais, kuriuos sudaro patelės su jaunikliais. Jauni patinai laikosi atskirais būriais, seni gyvena pavieniui. Minta krūmų lapais ir ūgliais, žoliniais augalais, paparčiais ir kerpėmis. Rujoja spalio - lapkričio mėnesį. Nėštumas trunka 8-9 mėnesius, gimsta 1 jauniklis.

Kalninės nijalos tėra apie 2500 individų. Antilopė įrašyta į Tarptautinę raudonąją knygą.

Šaltiniai

  • Baleišis, R. Pasaulio kanopiniai žvėrys. Vilnius: Vilniaus Ekologijos institutas, 2009. 70-71 psl. ISBN 9986-443-36-9.
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Kalninė nijala: Brief Summary ( Lithuanian )

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Kalninė nijala (lot. Tragelaphus buxtoni , angl. Mountain Nyala, vok. Bergnyala) – dykaraginių šeimos jaučių (Bovinae) pošeimio stambi antilopė.

Kaip nauja rūšis identifikuota tik 1910 m. Kūno aukštis 120-135 cm, masė 200-250 kg. Kailis rusvai pilkas su keturiomis baltomis skersinėmis juostomis ant kūno šonų. Dvi baltos pusmėnulio formos dėmės pakaklėje, dvi ant skruosto ir V raidės formos dėmė tarp akių. Patinai turi skėstus spirale susisukusius ragus, kurių vidutinis ilgis apie 86 cm.

Kalninė nijala paplitusi Etiopijos pietinėje dalyje. Gyvena kalnuotose vietovėse, apie 3900 km² plote 2000-4000 metrų aukštyje virš jūros lygio. Laikosi nedideliais būriais, kuriuos sudaro patelės su jaunikliais. Jauni patinai laikosi atskirais būriais, seni gyvena pavieniui. Minta krūmų lapais ir ūgliais, žoliniais augalais, paparčiais ir kerpėmis. Rujoja spalio - lapkričio mėnesį. Nėštumas trunka 8-9 mėnesius, gimsta 1 jauniklis.

Kalninės nijalos tėra apie 2500 individų. Antilopė įrašyta į Tarptautinę raudonąją knygą.

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Bergnyala ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De bergnyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de holhoornigen (Bovidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Lydekker in 1910.

Kenmerken

Het stugge vachthaar is licht bruingrijs met witte vlekken op de dijen. De keel is eveneens wit. De hoorns zijn spiraalvormig. De schofthoogte varieert van 125 tot 135 cm.

Leefwijze

Normaal voedt het dier zich met gras, maar zijn voorkeur gaat toch uit naar diverse soorten bladeren van bomen, heesters en struiken. Overdag houdt het dier zich schuil en gaat voornamelijk in de ochtend- en avondschemering op voedselzoektocht.

Verspreiding en leefgebied

De soort komt voor op de hoogvlakten van Ethiopië op hoogten van 2500 tot 4000 meter.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
  • De grote dierenencyclopedie, (1993) Zuidnederlandse Uitgeverij N.V., Aartselaar, België. ISBN 90-243-5204-5.
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Bergnyala: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De bergnyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de holhoornigen (Bovidae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Lydekker in 1910.

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Fjellnyala ( Norwegian )

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Fjellnyala eller balebukk (Tragelaphus buxtoni) er en storvokst afrikansk buskbukk som er stedegen for de sørøstre etiopiske høylandene, spesielt Arussi- og Balemassivene sørøst for Riftdalen i Etiopia, der flertallet av dyra holder til innenfor grensene til Bale nasjonalpark. I tidligere tider var utbredelsesområdet større.

Beskrivelse

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Fjellnyala (bukk)

Fjellnyalaen minner mest om stor kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), men den er altså navngitt etter den betydelig mindre nyalaen (Tragelaphus angasii).

Fjellnyalaen blir omkring 90–135 cm i skulderhøyde og voksne dyr veier typisk 150–320 kg.[2] Kroppen og hodet utgjør cirka 190–260 cm i lengde.[2] I tillegg kommer en kort hale på cirka 20–25 cm.[2] Hannene blir betydelig større enn hunnene.[2] Hanner som lever i skogområder blir dessuten større enn dem som lever i alpine områder.[2] Underarter er ikke kjent.

Dyra har glatt, skinnende gråaktig nøttebrun til mørkere gråbrun pels, som av og til har svake hvite stipe- eller flekkmarkeringer. Pelsen blir gjerne noe mørkere med alderen og gjerne mer ragget i kaldt klima. Hannene er dessuten alltid mørkere enn hunnene. Unge hanner har gjerne større innslag av brunt enn grått, mens unge hunner er mer rødbrune. Buksiden er gjerne blekere i utfargingen. Hannene har cirka 1 meter (85–118,7 cm målt langs ytterkurven[3]) lange spiralhorn, som er vridd en og en halv til to omganger. Yttersiden av hornmaterien er gjerne enten mørt brun eller gråaktig, men hornspissene er gule.

Habitat

Fjellnyalaen foretrekker landskap med spredt buskvegetasjon med gressganger, heder og krattskog. Arten holder til i høyder fra 2 000 moh og oppover til omkring 4 000 moh, noe som altså inkluderer både den montane- og den afroalpine sonen.

Atferd

Fjellnyalaen er et flokkdyr som gjerne ferdes i små grupper på 2–13 dyr. Gruppene, som gjerne er større i åpne habitat, består av hunner og avkom som ledes av en matriark. i omkring halvparten av gruppene vil det imidlertid finnes en voksen (men ikke gammel) bukk. unge hanner over to år lever gjerne i større ungkarsflokker, der hierarkiet bestemmes gjennom gjentatte interne brytekamper med hornene. Gamle hanner lever gjerne solitært. Arten er ikke territorial.

Arten er mest aktiv tidlig på morgenen og sent på ettermiddagen, men om dyra får ferdes uforstyrret kan de være aktive døgnet rundt. Man tro at arten har sesongvise migrasjoner, mellom høytliggende alpine fjellbeiter i tørketiden og lavereliggende beiter i regntiden.

Det er kjent at arten har to distinkte lydsignaler; hese grynt og et klart bjeff, som fungerer som et varsel om fare. Når dyra flykter fra rovdyr (typisk leopard, kanskje også løve og stripehyene i visse områder) vippes den korte halen opp over ryggen, slik at den hvite undersiden kommer til syne.

Reproduksjon

Fjellnyalaen kan få avkom året rundt, men fødslene topper seg gjerne til tider da de klimatiske forholdene tradisjonelt er gode. For Bale i sør er dette i tiden apriljuni, for Arussi lenger mot nord i perioden oktoberdesember.

Hunnen går drektig i 8–9 måneder og føder normalt kun en kalv. I den første tiden ligger ungen godt beskyttet av vegetasjonen og blir bare oppsøkt av mora når hun skal die den. Kalven avvennes etter cirka 3–4 måneder, men den vil normalt bli hos mora til den er omkring 2 år gammel. Hunner blir kjønnsmodne når de blir 2–3 år gamle. Det blir også hannene, men de får ikke pare seg før i 5–8-årsalderen. Også da må de kjempe for denne retten.

Referanser

  1. ^ Sillero-Zubiri, C. 2008. Tragelaphus buxtoni. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. Besøkt 2013-10-02.
  2. ^ a b c d e Evangelista, P., P. Swartzinski, and R. Waltermire. 2007. A profile of the mountain nyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni). African Indaba, 5(2). 48 pp.
  3. ^ Nowak, R. M. [editor]. 1991. Walker's Mammals of the World (Fifth Edition). Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Eksterne lenker


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Fjellnyala: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

provided by wikipedia NO

Fjellnyala eller balebukk (Tragelaphus buxtoni) er en storvokst afrikansk buskbukk som er stedegen for de sørøstre etiopiske høylandene, spesielt Arussi- og Balemassivene sørøst for Riftdalen i Etiopia, der flertallet av dyra holder til innenfor grensene til Bale nasjonalpark. I tidligere tider var utbredelsesområdet større.

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Niala górska ( Polish )

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Niala górska[3] (Tragelaphus buxtoni) – gatunek dużego ssaka parzystokopytnego z rodziny wołowatych, zaliczany do antylop, blisko spokrewniony z nialą grzywiastą i kudu (kudu wielkie i kudu małe).

Występowanie i biotop

Obecny zasięg występowania gatunku jest ograniczony do niewielkich obszarów prowincji Arussi i Bale w Etiopii, na wysokościach 3000–4200 m n.p.m. na terenie Parku Narodowego Bale Mountains. Jego siedliskiemformacje krzewiaste.

Charakterystyka ogólna

Podstawowe dane Długość ciała 190–260 cm Wysokość w kłębie 90–135 cm Długość ogona ? Masa ciała 150–300 kg Dojrzałość płciowa 18–24 miesięcy Okres godowy grudzień–styczeń Ciąża 8–9 miesięcy Liczba młodych
w miocie 1 Długość życia 15–20 lat

Wygląd

Niala górska jest niższa w kłębie od niali grzywiastej, ale dłuższa i cięższa. Samice osiągają 150–200 kg, a samce 180–300 kg masy ciała. Ubarwienie szare do szarobrązowego, spodem jaśniejsze, zależne od wieku osobnika – u młodszych dominuje kolor brązowy, u starszych szary.

Wyraźnie zaznaczony jest dymorfizm płciowy – samce są większe od samic, mają spiralnie zakręcone (1,5–2 obrotów) rogi, a ich ubarwienie jest ciemniejsze w porównaniu z samicami w tym samym wieku.

Tryb życia

Wędrują w stadach złożonych z kilku do kilkunastu osobników, zwykle samic z młodymi, czasem samców. Starsze samce wędrują samotnie. Niala górska jest gatunkiem roślinożernym. Żywi się ziołami, krzewami i trawami. Wykazują aktywność późnym popołudniem, nocą i wczesnym rankiem.

Rozród

Okres godowy przypada zwykle na grudzień-styczeń, ale może odbywać się w innych miesiącach. Po ponad 8-miesięcznej ciąży rodzi się jedno młode, które przez kilka tygodni przebywa ukryte w gęstwinach. Po dołączeniu do stada młode pozostaje pod opieką matki przez około dwa lata.

Podgatunki

Nie wyróżniono podgatunków Tragelaphus buxtoni.

Zagrożenia i ochrona

Głównym naturalnym wrogiem niali jest lampart plamisty. Mniejsze drapieżniki polują na młode niale, natomiast krokuta cętkowana i lew afrykański rzadko wkraczają na obszary zajmowane przez nialę górską.

Gatunek nie jest objęty konwencją waszyngtońską CITES. W Czerwonej księdze gatunków zagrożonych Międzynarodowej Unii Ochrony Przyrody i Jej Zasobów został zaliczony do kategorii EN (endangered – zagrożony wyginięciem)[2]. Do głównych przyczyn zagrożenia zaliczono polowania i utratę siedlisk. Obecna dzika populacja liczy prawdopodobnie mniej niż 2500 osobników.

Przypisy

  1. Tragelaphus buxtoni, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. a b Tragelaphus buxtoni. Czerwona księga gatunków zagrożonych (IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) (ang.).
  3. Włodzimierz Cichocki, Agnieszka Ważna, Jan Cichocki, Ewa Rajska, Artur Jasiński, Wiesław Bogdanowicz: Polskie nazewnictwo ssaków świata. Warszawa: Muzeum i Instytut Zoologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 2015, s. 297. ISBN 978-83-88147-15-9.

Bibliografia

  1. Brent Huffman, www.ultimateungulate.com: Tragelaphus buxtoni (ang.). [dostęp 15 września 2007].
  2. Aleman, M. 2003.: "Tragelaphus buxtoni" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. (ang.). [dostęp 15 września 2007].

Zobacz też

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wikipedia POL

Niala górska: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Niala górska (Tragelaphus buxtoni) – gatunek dużego ssaka parzystokopytnego z rodziny wołowatych, zaliczany do antylop, blisko spokrewniony z nialą grzywiastą i kudu (kudu wielkie i kudu małe).

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Tragelaphus buxtoni ( Portuguese )

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O Tragelaphus buxtoni (inhala-das-montanhas) é um antílope endêmico da região central da Etiópia.[1]

Referências

  1. falsemail@gen.iucnsis.org (17 de maio de 2016). «IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Tragelaphus buxtoni». IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Consultado em 20 de janeiro de 2021

Bibliografia

  • WILSON, D. E., REEDER, D. M. eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. 3ª ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, 2.142 pp. 2 vol
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Tragelaphus buxtoni: Brief Summary ( Portuguese )

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O Tragelaphus buxtoni (inhala-das-montanhas) é um antílope endêmico da região central da Etiópia.

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Bergsnyala ( Swedish )

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Bergsnyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) är en antilopart som tillhör familjen oxdjur. Man hittar den främst på Arussihöglandet och i provinsen Sidama i Etiopien. Eftersom den bara håller till på ett område som är 150 kvadratkilometer stort upptäcktes den inte förrän är 1910.

 src=
Hona

Bergsnyalan påminner ganska mycket om den större kudun. Pälsen är raggig och gråbrun. Den har fyra svaga vita strimmor på sidorna och vita fläckar på kinderna och halsen. Hanarna har en kort vit man som övergår till en brun och vit ”ryggman”. Bergsnyalan har långa spiralvridna horn som kan bli runt 80 centimeter långa. Nyalan har en boghöjd på ungefär 125 centimeter och den kan väga runt 200 kilogram.

Bergsnyalan håller mest till i Arussibergen och Balebergens höglandsskogar och på dess bergshedar mellan 2700 och 3700 meter över havet. Bergsskogarna de håller till i består mest av Ceder och trädljung. I nyalans diet ingår skott, knopp, ljung, gräs och örter.

Nyalan är för det mesta ett nattaktivt djur som söker föda från eftermiddagen till morgonen. Hanarna lever oftast ensamma medan hornorna och ungdjuren bildar små hjordar

Det främsta rovdjuret som jagar bergsnyalan är leoparden. Den är ett utrotningshotat djur på grund av jakt och miljöförstöring.

Källor

Noter

  1. ^ Tragelaphus buxtoniIUCN:s rödlista, auktor: Sillero-Zubiri, C. 2008, besökt 27 februari 2009
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Bergsnyala: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

provided by wikipedia SV

Bergsnyala (Tragelaphus buxtoni) är en antilopart som tillhör familjen oxdjur. Man hittar den främst på Arussihöglandet och i provinsen Sidama i Etiopien. Eftersom den bara håller till på ett område som är 150 kvadratkilometer stort upptäcktes den inte förrän är 1910.

 src= Hona

Bergsnyalan påminner ganska mycket om den större kudun. Pälsen är raggig och gråbrun. Den har fyra svaga vita strimmor på sidorna och vita fläckar på kinderna och halsen. Hanarna har en kort vit man som övergår till en brun och vit ”ryggman”. Bergsnyalan har långa spiralvridna horn som kan bli runt 80 centimeter långa. Nyalan har en boghöjd på ungefär 125 centimeter och den kan väga runt 200 kilogram.

Bergsnyalan håller mest till i Arussibergen och Balebergens höglandsskogar och på dess bergshedar mellan 2700 och 3700 meter över havet. Bergsskogarna de håller till i består mest av Ceder och trädljung. I nyalans diet ingår skott, knopp, ljung, gräs och örter.

Nyalan är för det mesta ett nattaktivt djur som söker föda från eftermiddagen till morgonen. Hanarna lever oftast ensamma medan hornorna och ungdjuren bildar små hjordar

Det främsta rovdjuret som jagar bergsnyalan är leoparden. Den är ett utrotningshotat djur på grund av jakt och miljöförstöring.

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Ньяла гірська ( Ukrainian )

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 src=
самиця

Ньяла гірська (Tragelaphus buxtoni) — вид парнокопитних ссавців родини Бикових (Bovidae). Батьківщина гірської ньяли — це холодні гірські рівнини Ефіопії. Спосіб життя гірської ньяли вивчений недостатньо добре. Вважається, що в природі живе не більше 12 000 гірських ньял. Ці тварини зустрічаються на території площею близько 150 км², тому будь-яке втручання в середовище проживання гірських ньял може призвести до їхнього зникнення.

Опис

Тіло заввишки 90-120 см, завдовжки 190–260 см, довжина рогів до 1,18 м. Вага самця — 180–300 кг, самиця — 150–200 кг. Самки зовні схожі на самців, але набагато менше і без рогів.

Поширення

Батьківщина гірської ньяли — це холодні і вологі райони Ефіопії, що розташовані на висоті приблизно до 4200 метрів над рівнем моря. У цих регіонах переважають гірські ліси і вересові пустки, посеред яких де-не-де видніються невеликі болота. З настанням сезону дощів до підніжжя гір приходять стада свійської худоби. Тоді гірські ньяли йдуть у густі ліси, що знаходяться на висоті 3000 метрів над рівнем моря.

Спосіб життя

Самиці ньяли разом з дитинчатами перебувають у невеликих стадах, що нараховують від 4 до 6 особин. Найчисленніші групи складаються з 16 особин. Молоді самці тримаються окремо, невеликими холостяцькими стадами. Дорослі самці ньяли гірської завжди живуть поодинці, і лише з настанням періоду парування переміщаються ближче до самок. Тварини намагаються не залишати зарості і дуже рідко наважуються вийти на відкритий простір. Гірські ньяли — це миролюбні та полохливі копитні тварини, що найчастіше ведуть нічний спосіб життя. Найлегше їх побачити у сутінках, коли ньяли виходять на пошуки корму. У цих тварин досить поганий зір, проте слух і нюх розвинені напрочуд добре. Якщо ньяла вчує ворога, то вона або завмирає, або ховається в найближчих чагарниках. Окрім леопарда, який полює зазвичай на молодих, старих або ослаблених хворобою тварин, у гірських ньял зовсім небагато природних ворогів.

Розмноження

У період розмноження, приблизно з жовтня по грудень, поодинокі дорослі самці приєднуються до стад самиць з дитинчатами. Зазвичай у кожне стадо приходить один самець. Самець нахиляє голову, увінчану прекрасними рогами, і повільно, особливим кроком, немовби на кінчиках копит, наближається до самки. Вагітність ньяли триває приблизно 7-9 місяців. Єдине дитинча зазвичай народжується влітку, в червні або липні. Воно має жовтувато-коричневе захисне забарвлення шерсті, що зливається за кольором з оточуючою рослинністю, тому його важко помітити. Мати тримається з малюком осторонь від стада. Коли він підросте, самка приводить дитинча у стадо. На дитинчат гірської ньяли полюють леопарди. Нерідко самець вступається за свого малюка, він відганяє хижака, загрожуючи йому своїми довгими рогами. Мати годує малюка молоком протягом 6 місяців. Молоді самки досягають статевої зрілості вже на першому році життя.

Живлення

На батьківщині гірської ньяли, у Ефіопії, ростуть низькі дерева, ялівець, кущі і незліченна кількість багаторічних рослин. Ньяли харчуються переважно листям, гілками, опалими плодами та молодими пагонами. Особливо віддають перевагу листю та стручкам акацій. Гірська ньяла охоче поїдає і траву, проте в гірських районах трава трапляється дуже рідко. Лише зрідка гірським ньялам вдається відшукати невеликі острівці, порослі трав'янистою рослинністю, адже справжні луги знаходяться біля підніжжя гір. З настанням дощового періоду гірські ньяли здійснюють незначні міграції, оселяючись на порослих свіжою травою долинах або на покинутих пасовищах свійської худоби, розташованих на висоті 3 000 м над рівнем моря. Найбільшими конкурентами гірських ньял є численні стада імпал, з якими вони змагаються за пасовища.

Примітки

  1. Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2008). Tragelaphus buxtoni. 2008 Червоний список Міжнародного союзу охорони природи. МСОП 2008. Переглянуто 29 March 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of endangered.


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Ньяла гірська: Brief Summary ( Ukrainian )

provided by wikipedia UK
 src= самиця

Ньяла гірська (Tragelaphus buxtoni) — вид парнокопитних ссавців родини Бикових (Bovidae). Батьківщина гірської ньяли — це холодні гірські рівнини Ефіопії. Спосіб життя гірської ньяли вивчений недостатньо добре. Вважається, що в природі живе не більше 12 000 гірських ньял. Ці тварини зустрічаються на території площею близько 150 км², тому будь-яке втручання в середовище проживання гірських ньял може призвести до їхнього зникнення.

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Linh dương Nyala miền núi ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Linh dương núi Ethiopia (Tragelaphus buxtoni) là một loài linh dương thuộc họ Trâu bò, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Lydekker mô tả năm 1910.[2]

Linh dương núi Ethiopia thường được tìm thấy ở Oromia, Ethiopia với tên gọi là gadumsa, nơi chúng sinh sống trong rừng có độ cao lớn ở một phần nhỏ của trung tâm Ethiopia. Linh dương núi Ethiopia được đặt tên tương tự của họ để Nyala, nhưng họ được coi là họ hàng gần của kudu.

Linh dương núi Ethiopia cao khoảng một mét vai và nặng 150–300 kg, con đực lớn hơn con cái. Nó bộ lông màu nâu xám đôi khi có rõ sọc và đốm trắng không rõ ràng.

Có khoảng 2.500 cá thể đang tồn tại, đang bị đe dọa chủ yếu do sự xâm lấn của quá nhiều người trong môi trường sống của chúng.

Chú thích

  1. ^ Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2008). Tragelaphus buxtoni. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 3 năm 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of endangered.
  2. ^ a ă Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. biên tập (2005). “Tragelaphus buxtoni”. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Nhà in Đại học Johns Hopkins, 2 tập (2.142 trang). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về chủ đề Bộ Guốc chẵn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Linh dương Nyala miền núi: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

provided by wikipedia VI

Linh dương núi Ethiopia (Tragelaphus buxtoni) là một loài linh dương thuộc họ Trâu bò, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Lydekker mô tả năm 1910.

Linh dương núi Ethiopia thường được tìm thấy ở Oromia, Ethiopia với tên gọi là gadumsa, nơi chúng sinh sống trong rừng có độ cao lớn ở một phần nhỏ của trung tâm Ethiopia. Linh dương núi Ethiopia được đặt tên tương tự của họ để Nyala, nhưng họ được coi là họ hàng gần của kudu.

Linh dương núi Ethiopia cao khoảng một mét vai và nặng 150–300 kg, con đực lớn hơn con cái. Nó bộ lông màu nâu xám đôi khi có rõ sọc và đốm trắng không rõ ràng.

Có khoảng 2.500 cá thể đang tồn tại, đang bị đe dọa chủ yếu do sự xâm lấn của quá nhiều người trong môi trường sống của chúng.

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Горная ньяла ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию
Научная классификация
промежуточные ранги
Домен: Эукариоты
Царство: Животные
Подцарство: Эуметазои
Без ранга: Вторичноротые
Подтип: Позвоночные
Инфратип: Челюстноротые
Надкласс: Четвероногие
Подкласс: Звери
Инфракласс: Плацентарные
Надотряд: Лавразиотерии
Подотряд: Жвачные
Семейство: Полорогие
Подсемейство: Бычьи
Вид: Горная ньяла
Международное научное название

Tragelaphus buxtoni (Lydekker, 1910)

Охранный статус Wikispecies-logo.svg
Систематика
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Commons-logo.svg
Изображения
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ITIS 625129NCBI 69296EOL 1038787FW 149706

Горная ньяла[1] (лат. Tragelaphus buxtoni) — вид лесных антилоп. Вид был открыт Мейджором Айвором Бакстоном (1884—1969) в 1909 году, классифицирован в 1910 году[2].

Ареал

Ареалгорные леса, кустарниковые пустоши и среднегорные травянистые равнины центральной Эфиопии между 6° и 10° северной широты.

Вид — эндемик Эфиопского нагорья и Великой рифтовой долины. Труднодоступность районов делает горную ньялу одной из наиболее редких и малоизученных антилоп. Животные обычно обитают на высоте 2000 м над уровнем моря, иногда достигая 3500—3800 м и выше.[3]

Описание вида

Горная ньяла схожа с большим и малым куду, а также с равнинной ньялой, которая обитает на юге Африки. Длина тела достигает длины 150—180 см, высота в холке около метра. Масса взрослых животных — 150—300 кг.

Самки внешне похожи на самцов, но намного меньше и без рогов. У самцов длина рогов может превышать 100 см.

Охрана вида

Охранный статусEN, популяция оценивается в 7—8 тыс. голов.[4] В 1970 году для охраны горных ньял и эфиопского шакала был создан национальный парк Горы Бале (регион Оромия).[5][6]

Примечания

  1. Соколов В. Е. Пятиязычный словарь названий животных. Млекопитающие. Латинский, русский, английский, немецкий, французский. / под общей редакцией акад. В. Е. Соколова. — М.: Рус. яз., 1984. — С. 135. — 10 000 экз.
  2. Bo Beolens, Michael Watkins, and Mike Grayson. The eponym dictionary of mammals. — Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009. — P. 67. — 574 p. — ISBN 978-0-8018-9304-9.
  3. ADW: Tragelaphus buxtoni: INFORMATION
  4. Sillero-Zubiri, C. (2008). [Tragelaphus buxtoni http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/22046/0]. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 29 March 2009. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of endangered.
  5. Величественные горы (недоступная ссылка)
  6. Национальный горный парк Бале
Панда Это заготовка статьи по зоологии. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её. Флаг Эфиопии Это заготовка статьи об Эфиопии. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её.
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Горная ньяла: Brief Summary ( Russian )

provided by wikipedia русскую Википедию

Горная ньяла (лат. Tragelaphus buxtoni) — вид лесных антилоп. Вид был открыт Мейджором Айвором Бакстоном (1884—1969) в 1909 году, классифицирован в 1910 году.

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山薮羚 ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科
二名法 Tragelaphus buxtoni
(Lydekker, 1910)

山藪羚學名Tragelaphus buxtoni),又名山地羚,是埃塞俄比亞的一種羚羊。牠們生活在埃塞俄比亞中部高海拔的林地。

特徵

山藪羚肩高1米及重150-300公斤,公羚比雌羚明顯大很多。牠們呈灰褐色,有些隱約可見白色的斑紋,其毛色會隨年齡變深,腹部較為淺色。公羚的角扭曲1-2轉,角長少於1米。

生態

山藪羚是東非大裂谷東南方埃塞俄比亞高原特有種,生活在北緯6-10°。牠們以往曾分佈在Gara Muleta山,東至Shashamene及南至巴萊地區南部;現時牠們主要分佈在貝爾山國家公園。牠們棲息在海拔2000米以上的林地、石楠地及叢林,有時更會走到海拔4000米以上。牠們主要吃香草灌木。牠們是以4-6隻群居的,有時可以多達13隻以上,成員為雌羚及幼羚,並一頭老公羚。

目前只有約2500頭山藪羚,其威脅主要是來自侵占牠們棲息地的人類

參考

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山薮羚: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

山藪羚(學名Tragelaphus buxtoni),又名山地羚,是埃塞俄比亞的一種羚羊。牠們生活在埃塞俄比亞中部高海拔的林地。

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マウンテンニアラ ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
マウンテンニアラ 保全状況評価[a 1] ENDANGERED
(IUCN Red List Ver.3.1 (2001))
Status iucn3.1 EN.svg 分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 哺乳綱 Mammalia : ウシ目 Artiodactyla 亜目 : ウシ亜目 Ruminantia : ウシ科 Bovidae 亜科 : ウシ亜科 Bovinae : ブッシュバック属 Tetracerus : マウンテンニアラ T. buxtoni 学名 Tragelaphus buxtoni
(Lydekker, 1910) 和名 マウンテンニアラ 英名 Mountain nyala

マウンテンニアラTragelaphus buxtoni)は、ウシ科ブッシュバック属に分類される偶蹄類

分布[編集]

エチオピア[1][2][3]固有種

形態[編集]

体長オス240-260センチメートル[2][3]、メス190-200センチメートル[3]。体高オス120-135センチメートル、メス90-100センチメートル[2][3]体重オス180-250キログラム、メス150-200キログラム[2]。背面正中線には約10センチメートルの体毛が鬣状にやや伸長する[1][2][3]。頸部腹面から腹部にかけて体毛は伸長しない[2]。毛衣は灰褐色や暗褐色[1][2]。胴体背面に2-5本の不明瞭な白い横縞が入る[2]。体側面や大腿部には白い斑点が入る[2][3]。鬣は頸部が暗褐色、胴体は白と褐色[2]

幼獣の毛衣は黄褐色[3]。オスにのみ外側へ向かう1-2回ねじれる角がある[1][2]。角長118センチメートル[2]。角の表面には畝がある[2]

生態[編集]

標高3,500-3,800メートルにある草原や藪地、低木林、湿地などに生息する[3]。雨季になると標高約2,700メートルへ移動する[3]。オスは単独か若いオスだけで群れを形成し、メスと幼獣は4-6頭の小規模な群れを形成し生活する[3]

食性は植物食で、木の枝、芽、葉、などを食べる[3]

繁殖形態は胎生。11-12月に交尾を行い、妊娠期間は6か月[3]。1回に1頭の幼獣を産む[3]。メスは生後2年で性成熟する[3]

人間との関係[編集]

開発や野焼き放牧による生息地の破壊などにより生息数は減少している[3]。本種の生息に適した地域を自然保護区に指定する、本種が生息する国立公園内の整備や家畜の排除などの保護対策が進められている[3]1988年における生息数は2,000-4,000頭、1998年における生息数は約2,650頭と推定されている[3]

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキスピーシーズにマウンテンニアラに関する情報があります。

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c d 今泉吉典監修 D.W.マクドナルド編 『動物大百科4 大型草食獣』、平凡社1986年、108、111、113頁。
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 今泉吉典監修 『世界の動物 分類と飼育7 (偶蹄目III)』、東京動物園協会、1988年、21-22頁。
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q 小原秀雄・浦本昌紀・太田英利・松井正文編著 『動物世界遺産 レッド・データ・アニマルズ6 アフリカ』、講談社2000年、60-61、164-165頁。

外部リンク[編集]

  1. ^ The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
    • Sillero-Zubiri, C. 2008. Tragelaphus buxtoni. In: IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.1.
執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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wikipedia 日本語

マウンテンニアラ: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

マウンテンニアラ(Tragelaphus buxtoni)は、ウシ科ブッシュバック属に分類される偶蹄類

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산니알라영양 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

산니알라영양 또는 산니알라(mountain nyala, 학명: Tragelaphus buxtoni)는 에티오피아 중부의 작은 지역에서 발견되는 영양의 일종으로 높은 고도의 산림 지대에서 서식한다. 발복(balbok)으로도 불린다. 겉모습이 니알라영양을 닮았기때문에 산니알라영양이라고 불리지만, 실제로는 쿠두와 더 가까운 종으로 간주한다.

각주

  1. “Tragelaphus buxtoni”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 3월 29일에 확인함. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of endangered.
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산니알라영양: Brief Summary ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

산니알라영양 또는 산니알라(mountain nyala, 학명: Tragelaphus buxtoni)는 에티오피아 중부의 작은 지역에서 발견되는 영양의 일종으로 높은 고도의 산림 지대에서 서식한다. 발복(balbok)으로도 불린다. 겉모습이 니알라영양을 닮았기때문에 산니알라영양이라고 불리지만, 실제로는 쿠두와 더 가까운 종으로 간주한다.

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Wikipedia 작가 및 편집자