Hemitragus jemlahicus has had a significant negative affect on the native flora of New Zealand, which has no native herbivores.
(Forsyth 1998; Forsyth, Parkes, and Hickling 2000; Tustin 1990)
Perception Channels: tactile ; chemical
In its native habitat, Hemitragus jemlahicus now survives only as remnant populations due to hunting and habitat loss. In areas where it was introduded, it is doing well, but is often heavily managed.
(Forsyth, Parkes, and Hickling 2000; Tustin 1990)
US Federal List: no special status
CITES: no special status
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: near threatened
Hemitragus jemlahicus is widely hunted for sport and trophies. It is also hunted for meat.
(Davys, Forsyth, and Hickling 1998; Forsyth 1998)
Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material
Hemitragus jemlahicus has had a significant negative affect on the native flora of New Zealand, which has no native herbivores.
(Forsyth 1998; Forsyth, Parkes, and Hickling 2000; Tustin 1990)
Ecosystem Impact: biodegradation
Hemitragus jemlahicus has had a significant negative effect on the native flora of New Zealand, which has no native herbivores. During the winter it eats less due to poor food quality and high metabolic costs. It eats alpine herbs and subalpine scrubland plants.
(Forsyth 1998; Forsyth, Parkes, and Hickling 2000; Huffman; Tustin 1990)
Plant Foods: leaves
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )
Hemitragus jemlahicus is native to the southern flanks of the Himalaya Mountains from northern India east to Bhutan, as far north as Tibet. It has been widely introduced elsewhere for hunting. After introduction to New Zealand in 1904 it spread to all the suitable habitat there. There are also introducted populations in New Mexico, California, Ontario, and South Africa.
(Forsyth and Hickling 1998; Kingel; Tustin 1990; Williams 2001)
Biogeographic Regions: nearctic (Introduced ); palearctic (Native ); oriental (Native ); ethiopian (Introduced ); australian (Introduced )
In the Himalayas, Hemitragus jemlahicus prefers rugged wooded hills and mountains slopes in the subalpine and alpine regions from 3500-4500 meters in elevation. It may also seasonally use mixed oak forests as low as 2500 meters and alpine meadows as high as 5000 meters.
In New Zealand H. jemlahicus lives on grassy mountain slopes, large rock bluff systems, snow tussok basins, and the uppermost subalpine scrubland from 750-2250 meters in elevation. It prefers north and north-east facing slopes, which are sunnier and have less snow accumulation in the winter.
(Klingel; Tustin 1990)
Range elevation: 750 to 5000 m.
Habitat Regions: temperate
Terrestrial Biomes: scrub forest ; mountains
Normal lifespan is 10-14 years, although individuals up to 22 years old have been reported. Females live longer than males. Accidental death due to rock slides or avalanches is not uncommon.
(Huffman; Pare, Barrette, and Prescott 1996; Tustin 1990)
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 22 (high) years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 10 to 14 years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 10 years.
Average lifespan
Status: captivity: 21.8 years.
Hemitragus jemlahicus has relatively short legs and a small head. Males are large than females. Males average 73 kg in weight while females average 36 kg. Their hooves are well-adapted for their mountain habitat, with a hard rim of keratin surrounding a soft spongy convex pad. These hooves and strong dewclaws allow them to be excellent climbers.
The adult male in winter has a dark face and muzzle, sides and hindquarters black to red-brown, a reddish rump patch, and a lighter underside. It has a thick ruff or mane around its neck and shoulders and down its front legs. Older males are darker, with a light band along the flanks and a dark mid-dorsal line. The mane may be as long as 250 cm and is slate grey to straw-colored. The adult female in winter is grey to brown with a darker muzzle and legs and a light underside. The summer coat in adults of both sexes is shorter and lighter brown to straw-colored. Young are uniformly brown except for the front of their legs, which are black.
Both sexes have horns which curve up, back, and then in. They are laterally flattened, triangular in cross-section, and have a keel on the front edge. Males have longer horns (up to 450 mm) than females (up to 190 mm).
(Forsyth 1998; Huffman; Tustin 1990)
Range mass: 36 to 90 kg.
Range length: 90 to 140 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; bilateral symmetry
In the Himalayas, Hemitragus jemlahicus is preyed on by the snow leopard, Uncia uncia. In New Zealand and other areas it has been introduced, its only predator is humans.
(Huffman)
Known Predators:
In the Himalayas, the rut runs from mid-October to mid-January. In New Zealand, the rut runs from April to July and peaks in May or early June. The difference in breeding season is due the six-month shift in seasons between the northern and southern hemispheres. Captive animals that are transplated to the opposite hemisphere shift their breeding cycles in two years or less. During the rut, younger males will follow groups of females and attempt, generally unsuccessfully, to mate with any female. Older males will follow and defend individual oestrus females. The mating display consists of a male standing facing a female, at a right angle to her, with his head and muzzle high and his mane erect and hiding his horns. This is followed by a series of head nods and brief copulation. The competitive display involves two males walking stiffly parallel to each other, with their mane and dorsal ridge erect, their heads down, and their horns exposed. The victor will either move to block the path of his opponent or chase him away. Only rarely does the competitive display lead to direct head-to-head wrestling, which in Hemitragus jemlahicus has been described as "half-hearted" relative to other horned or antlered mammals.
(Forsyth 1998, Forsyth and Hickling 1998, Huffman; Pare, Barrette, and Prescott 1996, Tustin 1990)
Mating System: polygynous
Females leave their groups to give birth. The kid is able to nurse within a few minutes and can walk within three hours. Mother and kid return to the group after a few days. Twins are very rare in the wild, but occur more frequently in captivity. In the Himalayas, births occur from mid-April to mid-July. In New Zealand, the median birth date is 30 November. Females are fecund at 2 years. Captive females can concieve at up to 18 years old, although they rarely live that long in the wild. Males are fecund at 2 years, but rarely have successful access to females until 4 years old.
(Forsyth 1998; Haysen, van Tienhoven, and van Tienhoven 1993; Pare, Barrette, and Prescott 1996; Tustin 1990)
Breeding season: births in April-July (spring-summer)
Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.
Average number of offspring: 1.01.
Range gestation period: 6 (low) months.
Average gestation period: 6 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 2 to 6 years.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 2 to 6 years.
Key Reproductive Features: seasonal breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization (Internal ); viviparous
Average birth mass: 2000 g.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Young stay in their mothers group until two years old, when the males disperse to form male-only groups. Females do not disperse.
(Tustin 1990)
Parental Investment: altricial ; female parental care ; post-independence association with parents
El tar de l'Himàlaia (Hemitragus jemlahicus) és un ungulat gran relacionat amb la cabra salvatge. El seu hàbitat són els escarpats pujols boscosos i pendents muntanyosos de l'Himàlaia, des de l'Àsia Central al nord del Caixmir fins a la Xina. Es passa l'estiu pasturant als prats elevats i a l'hivern baixa i forma ramats de sexe mixt. Fou identificat per primera vegada per Charles Hamilton Smith i inclòs al Regne Animal de Cuvier (1827).
El tar de l'Himàlaia (Hemitragus jemlahicus) és un ungulat gran relacionat amb la cabra salvatge. El seu hàbitat són els escarpats pujols boscosos i pendents muntanyosos de l'Himàlaia, des de l'Àsia Central al nord del Caixmir fins a la Xina. Es passa l'estiu pasturant als prats elevats i a l'hivern baixa i forma ramats de sexe mixt. Fou identificat per primera vegada per Charles Hamilton Smith i inclòs al Regne Animal de Cuvier (1827).
Tahr himálajský (Hemitragus jemlahicus) je velký sudokopytník a blízký příbuzný divoké kozy. Vyskytuje se na zalesněných hrbolatých stráních a na horských svazích Himálaje od severní Indie po Tibet. Léto tráví na pastvinách ve větší výšce a na zimu sestupují z hor.
Tahr himálajský je jedním ze tří druhů žijících tahrů. Zbylí dva jsou tahr arabský v Ománu a tahr jihoindický v jižní Indii. Nové molekulárně genetické studie naznačily, že tahrové nejsou až tak úzce příbuzní, jak se dříve myslelo. Nyní existují tři samostatné rody: Tahr himálajský (Hemitragus jemlahicus), tahr jihoindický (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) a tahr arabský (Arabitragus jayakari). Ukázalo se totiž, že zatímco tahr himálajský a arabský jsou příbuzní spíše kozám a zejména tahr arabský rovněž paovci hřívnaté, tahr jihoindický je vývojově bližší ovcím. Od svých příbuzných se kromě zbarvení liší i tím, že samice má na vemínku jen dva struky.
Všichni tahrové mají malou hlavu s velkýma očima a špičatýma ušima. Jejich kopyta mají pružná, elastická jádra, která jim umožňují udržet se na hladkých skalách a tvrdé a ostré okraje jim slouží jako opora. Samci jsou větší a mají odlišné zbarvení a strukturu rohů než samice. Dospělý tahr himálajský váží od 135 do 180 kilogramů, délka jeho těla dosahuje 120 až 170 centimetrů a výška v kohoutku 70 až 90 cm. Jihoindický a arabský druh jsou menší, mají kratší srst a menší rohy. Arabský tahr je zbarvený pískově nebo světle šedě, samec má na krku hřívu delší srsti. Tahr jihoindický má krátkou hnědou srst.
Jsou to býložravci živící se trávou, listy keřů a stromů. Březost trvá sedm měsíců, samice rodí jedno nebo dvě kůzlata. Mláďata jsou kojena po dobu šesti měsíců, ale mohou zůstávat s matkou až do dvou let. Ve volné přírodě se mohou tahrové dožít až patnácti let, ale obvykle se délka jejich života pohybuje okolo 10 let.
Zdivočelí himálajští tahrové jsou nepůvodním druhem na Jižním ostrově Nového Zélandu, kde se v Jižních Alpách vytvořila stáda. Ve velkém množství jsou tahrové považováni za škůdce kvůli jejich ohryzování vegetace. Jsou však uznáváni jako cenný zdroj Nového Zélandu, jelikož jejich lov přináší ekonomické prostředky regionu West Coast.
Tahr himálajský je ze strany International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) považován za zranitelný druh v jeho původní oblasti v Himálaji. V nepůvodních oblastech jako například na Novém Zélandu, Novém Mexiku, Kalifornii, Jihoafrické republice a Ontáriu jsou jejich predátory lidé, kteří je loví pro maso, pro sport nebo trofeje.
Tahr himálajský je v Evropě chován ve 25 zoo.[2] V Česku jej chovají dvě zoologické zahrady, Zoo Praha a Zoo Brno. Dříve byl tento druh k vidění též v Zoo Liberec. Na Slovensku mají tahry v Zoo Košice.
Historie tahrů v Zoo Praha patří mezi ty nejdéle trvající, neboť první tahr přišel do zoo již dva roky po jejím otevření v roce 1933.[3] Žil v ní ovšem necelý rok a další jedinci tohoto druhu doputovali do zoo až v roce 1973. První úspěšný odchov je datován o pět let později.[3] V posledních letech se každoročně rodí mláďata.[2] Ke konci roku 2017 bylo chováno 13 jedinců.[4]
V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Himalayan Tahr na anglické Wikipedii.
Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu tahr himálajský ve Wikimedia Commons
Tahr himálajský (Hemitragus jemlahicus) je velký sudokopytník a blízký příbuzný divoké kozy. Vyskytuje se na zalesněných hrbolatých stráních a na horských svazích Himálaje od severní Indie po Tibet. Léto tráví na pastvinách ve větší výšce a na zimu sestupují z hor.
Der Himalaya-Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) ist eine in der Himalaya-Region lebende ziegenartige Paarhuferart. Auch wenn der Himalaya-Tahr bereits in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts wissenschaftlich beschrieben wurde, wurde seine Lebensweise erst im Verlauf des 20. Jahrhunderts detaillierter untersucht.[1]
Himalaya-Tahre ähneln den verwandten Ziegen. Sie haben einen stämmigen Körperbau mit kurzen, kräftigen Beinen. Diese Tiere erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 90 bis 140 Zentimeter, eine Schulterhöhe von 65 bis 100 Zentimeter und ein Gewicht von 36 bis 90 Kilogramm. Der Schwanz misst 17 Zentimeter. Adulte Himalaya-Tahre können ein Gewicht von bis zu 90 Kilogramm erreichen.
Die Rückenlinie ist abfallend. Das Fell des Himalaya-Tahrs ist lang und zottelig und rotbraun bis graubraun gefärbt; charakteristisch für diese Art ist die dichte Mähne im Halsbereich, die sich bis auf die Vorderbeine erstreckt. In den Sommermonaten ist ihr Fell deutlich kürzer und heller. Die Ohren sind klein und zugespitzt, die Schnauze wie bei allen Tahren unbehaart. Beide Geschlechter tragen Hörner. Diese sind nach hinten gebogen und seitlich abgeflacht und können bis zu 45 Zentimeter lang werden. Die Hörner der Weibchen sind meist deutlich kleiner.[1]
Himalaya-Tahre leben in Asien, ihr Verbreitungsgebiet umfasst die Himalaya-Region von Kaschmir bis ins westliche Bhutan. Ihr Lebensraum sind vorwiegend mit Wald bestandene Bergländer. In Nepal kommen sie in Höhenlagen zwischen 2.500 und 4.400 Metern vor, ihr Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich dabei über mehrere Vegetationszonen. Zu ihrem Lebensraum gehören immergrüne Rhododendron-Wälder genauso wie alpine Matten mit Zwergsträuchern und Gräsern.
Auf der neuseeländischen Südinsel gibt es eine große, ausgewilderte Population, die auch bejagt wird.[2] Kleinere, eingeführte Gruppen von Himalaya-Tahren gibt es auch in Kanada, den USA und Südafrika.
Diese Tiere sind vorwiegend am frühen Morgen und am späten Nachmittag aktiv, tagsüber ruhen sie im Schutz von schroffen Felsen oder dichter Vegetation. Sie sind geschickte Kletterer und gelten als scheue Tiere. Während der Wintermonate wandern sie in tiefergelegene Gebiete ab. Sie leben in Gruppen zusammen, die 2 bis 23 Tiere umfassen. Diese Gruppen bestehen entweder nur aus Weibchen und deren Nachwuchs oder können auch gemischtgeschlechtliche Gruppen sein. Gemischtgeschlechtliche Gruppen sind in der Regel größer als reine Weibchengruppen. Ältere Männchen leben meist einzelgängerisch.
Das Nahrungsspektrum der Tahre ist begrenzt. Eichenblätter und Bambus spielen in ihrer Ernährung eine große Rolle. Um an Eichenblätter zu gelangen, richten sie sich gelegentlich auf ihren Hinterbeinen auf und biegen mit einem oder sogar beiden Vorderläufen einen der Zweige herab. Darüber hinaus fressen sie Gräser wie Traubenhafer, Zitronengräser und Arundinella nepalensis. Zudem fressen sie außerdem die Triebe von Vogelknöterichen und Leucosceptrum sowie Blüten von Daphne bhoula und Flechten.[3]
In der Paarungszeit zwischen Oktober und Januar kommt es zu Kämpfen zwischen den Männchen um das Paarungsvorrecht, diese werden jedoch – verglichen mit anderen Paarhufern – weniger intensiv ausgetragen. Nach einer rund siebenmonatigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen ein oder zwei Jungtiere zur Welt. Diese werden nach sechs Monaten entwöhnt und sind mit zwei bis drei Jahren geschlechtsreif.
Der Himalaya-Tahr hat ein relativ großes Verbreitungsgebiet, ist aber durch die zunehmende Zerstörung seines Lebensraums und die Bejagung bedroht. Die IUCN listet ihn als „gering gefährdet“ (near threatened).
Traditionell wurde der Himalaya-Tahr als eine von drei Arten der Tahre geführt, die ursprünglich allesamt die Gattung Hemitragus bildeten; die beiden anderen Arten sind der Nilgiri-Tahr und der Arabische Tahr. Nach molekulargenetischen Untersuchungen von Ropiquet und Hassanin 2005 sind die Tahre jedoch nicht sehr nahe miteinander verwandt und eine gemeinsame Gattung daher nicht aufrechtzuerhalten. Den Untersuchungen zufolge ist der Himalaya-Tahr ein naher Verwandter der Ziegen (Gattung Capra).
Der Himalaya-Tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) ist eine in der Himalaya-Region lebende ziegenartige Paarhuferart. Auch wenn der Himalaya-Tahr bereits in der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts wissenschaftlich beschrieben wurde, wurde seine Lebensweise erst im Verlauf des 20. Jahrhunderts detaillierter untersucht.
Хималајски тар (науч. Hemitragus jemlahicus) — копитар од Хималаите во јужен Тибет, северна Индија и Непал. Меѓународниот сојуз за заштита на природата (МСЗП/IUCN) го смета за речиси загрозен поради надолното движење на нивниот што се должи на ловот и загубата на живеалиштата.[1]
Филогенетската анализа покажува дека хималајскиот тар е сроден на козите и овците, а родот тар (Hemitragus) е едновиден.[2] Му припаѓа на редот парнокопитни (Artiodactyla).[3]
Хималајскиот тар е доведен во Нов Зеланд и ЈАР.[4] Животното може да се види во Зоолошката градина во Скопје.[5]
Ова животно има мала глава, мали шилести уши, големи очи и различни рогови кај мажјаците и женките.[3] Роговите достигнуваат должина од 46 см. Телесно се одликува со полов диморфизам, при што женките се помали од мажјаците и имаат помали рогови. Роговите се свиени наназад, спречувајќи повреди за време на сезоната за парење, кога мажјаците се удираат со нив. Просечниот мажјак тежи околу 73 кг, а просечната женка само 36 кг, и има помала во висина отколку во должина[6] По надворешноста, тарот е добро приспособен за суровите животни услови на Хималаите. Имаат дебело црвенкасто крзно и дебело поткрзно, со цел да се заштитат од студот и ветриштата. Кон крајот на зимата, крзното им се проретчува (познато како митарење) и добива посветла боја, што претставува начин на прилагодување на телесната температура според условите.[7]
Како копитар , тарот има парен број на ножни прсти на копитото. Имаат особена способност за искачување и по мазни и по груби површини, потребна за движење по планинскиот терен на којшто живеат. Копитата имаат гуменеста внатрешност, што им овозможува фат на мазни камења и карпи, додека пак кератинот околу неа им дава трајност и издржливост, важна за сигурно одење по нерамни предели.[7]
Хималајскиот тар просечно живее 14-15 години, при што женките се подолговечни од мажјаците. Најстарата позната единка достигнала возраст од 22 години, живеејќи во заробеништво.[8]
Таровите се многуженци, а межјаците покажуваат висок степен на меѓусебно соперништво кога треба да се придобијат женки. Младите полово зрели мажјаци талкаат по пределите и се парат во првата поволна прилика (кога наоколу нема поголеми мажјаци), додека пак повозрасните (постари од 4 години) влегуваат во обредни борби за женки. За време на сезоната за парење, плодните мажјаци губат голем дел од масните резерви, додека пак женките и неплодните мажјаци остануваат исти, што значи дека ова поведение има значаен издаток.[9] Доминантноста на мажјаците зависи од големината, тежината и нивото на тестостерон. Интересно е тоа што мажјаците со посветло крзно имаат полесен пристап до женки.[10] Бременоста кај женките трае 180–242 дена и се раѓа по едно јаре.[9][11] Ова укажува на крајната важност на половата селекција за физичката сила и способност на мажјаците.
Бидејќи се растителнојадни, таровите го поминуваат најголемито дел од денот во пасење треви и брстење на листови и некои плодови.[11] Кратките нозе им даваат рамнотежа кога посегаат по лисјата на грмушките и малите дрвца.[7] Тарот јаде повеќе дрвенести отколку билни растенија,[12] а дури 75% треви.[13] Како и останатите шуплороги, ова животно е преживар и има сложен систем за варење. Повеќекоморниот стомак му овозможува повеќепати да ја враќа храната, да ја преџвакува и така да добива хранливи состојки од инаку несварлив растителен материјал.
Хималајскиот тар е прилагоден на живот во студени карпести предели по планините. На Хималаите живее на надморска височина од 2.500 до 5.000 м. Се храни со голем број разновидни растенија и често живее на места кајшто растителноста е изложена и погодна за пасење или брстење. Зиме, снегот ги прекрива растенијата на повисоките места, па затоа тарот се симнува да живее на пониско.[14]
Значаен непријател на хималајскиот тар е снежниот леопард,[15] кој воедно лови и други копитари, поради што се јавува привидна конкуренција помеѓу тарот и други тревопасни видови. Привидната конкуренција се јавва кога два вида имаат ист непријател. Во вакви околности, зголемувањето на бројноста на еден вид го зголемува и бројот на непријателот, што потоа се претвора во зголемување на жртвите кај другиот вид.
|accessdate= (помош) Хималајски тар (науч. Hemitragus jemlahicus) — копитар од Хималаите во јужен Тибет, северна Индија и Непал. Меѓународниот сојуз за заштита на природата (МСЗП/IUCN) го смета за речиси загрозен поради надолното движење на нивниот што се должи на ловот и загубата на живеалиштата.
Филогенетската анализа покажува дека хималајскиот тар е сроден на козите и овците, а родот тар (Hemitragus) е едновиден. Му припаѓа на редот парнокопитни (Artiodactyla).
Хималајскиот тар е доведен во Нов Зеланд и ЈАР. Животното може да се види во Зоолошката градина во Скопје.
झारल नेपालमा पाइने एक प्रकारको जनावर हो ।
हिमालयी तहर Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) जंगली बकरी से संबन्धित एक एशियाई समखुरीयगण प्राणी है। तहर प्रजाति के तीन बची हुई जातियाँ हैं और तीनों एशिया में ही पाई जाती हैं। यह हिमालय में दक्षिणी तिब्बत, उत्तरी भारत और नेपाल का मूल निवासी है। इसे न्यूजीलैंड, दक्षिण अमेरिका के कुछ हिस्सों और दक्षिण अफ्रीका में एक विदेशी प्रजाति के रूप में रोपित किया गया है। इन क्षेत्रों में इसकी आबादी को नियंत्रित करने और इन इलाकों के पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र पर इसके आने से पड़े प्रभाव को कम करने के प्रयास किए जा रहे हैं।
तहर नाम नेपाली भाषा उत्पन्न हुआ है और अंग्रेज़ी भाषा में सबसे पहली बार सन् १८३५ में देखा गया।[2] इसके सबसे नज़दीकी जीवित रिश्तेदार भेड़ और बकरी हैं।[3]
इसका सिर छोटा, छोटे नुकीले कान, बड़ी आँख और सींग होते हैं जो नर और मादा भिन्न होते हैं।[3] इनके सींगों की अधिकतम लंबाई ४६ सेंटीमीटर तक हो सकती है। इनमें लैंगिक असमानता होती है और मादाएँ वज़न और आकार में नर से छोटी होती है और इसके सींग भी नर से छोटे हैं। सींग पीछे की ओर मुड़े हुए होते हैं जिससे प्रजनन काल के दौरान गंभीर चोट लगने से बचाव होता है क्योंकि प्रजनन काल में नरों द्वारा अधिक मादाएँ पाने के लिए नरों द्वारा आपस में सिर टकराना एक आम प्रथा है। एक औसत तहर आमतौर पर १३५-१८० किलोग्राम के बीच वज़नी होता है और इसकी ऊंचाई इसकी लंबाई की तुलना में कम होती है।[4] तहर का बाहरी हिस्सा (खाल, चर्बी इत्यादि) अच्छी तरह से हिमालय की कठोर जलवायु के लिए अनुकूल है। इसकी खाल में मोटे लाल ऊनी कोटनुमा बाल होते हैं और खाल का अन्दुरुनी हिस्सा भी मोटा होता है जो कि इसके आवास क्षेत्र का सूचक है। यह कोट सर्दियों के अंत के साथ पतला होता जाता है और इसका रंग भी हल्का हो जाता है। यह बदलाव संभवतः इसे हिमालय पर्वत के कठोर तापमान में अपने आंतरिक शरीर के तापमान को समायोजित करने में कारगर साबित होता है।
स्तनधारियों के अंतर्गत खुरदार प्राणियों के सदस्य के रूप में, हिमालयी तहर एक सम खुरदार प्राणी है। इसने पहाड़ी इलाके में चिकनी और खुरदुरी, दोनों ही प्रकार की सतहों में सहज रूप से पकड़ बनाने और ढलान में संतुलन बनाये रखने की अद्वितीय क्षमता में अपने को ढाल लिया है। यह उपयोगी विशेषता इसको अपनी गतिशीलता बनाये रखने में भी मदद करता है। इसके खुर का अन्दुरुनी हिस्सा रबर की तरह होता है जो उसे चिकने पत्थरों को पकड़ने में मदद करता है और किनारा कठोर केराटिन का होता जो उसे अत्यधिक घिसने से बचाता है।
हिमालयी तहर की औसतन आयु १४ से १५ वर्ष की होती है और मादा नर से ज़्यादा जीवित रहती है। बन्दी अवस्था में सबसे लंबी आयु २२ वर्ष दर्ज की गई है।
नर एक से अधिक मादा के साथ संभोग करता है और ज़्यादा से ज़्यादा मादा पाने के लिए अन्य नरों से कड़ा मुकाबला करता है। छोटी उम्र के नर मौका परस्त होते हैं और बड़े नरों से नज़र बचा कर मादाओं के साथ संभोग कर लेते हैं जबकि बड़े नर (४ वर्ष से अधिक उम्र) प्रथा के अनुसार आपस में लड़ाई करके यह तय करते हैं कि कौन मादाओं के साथ संभोग करेगा। कौन नर हावी होता है इसके कारक आकार, वज़न और टेस्टोस्टेरॉन की मात्रा होते हैं। ऐसा भी देखा गया है कि खाल का रंग भी नर की सफलता में योगदान देता है; हल्के रंग की खाल मद में आई मादा को प्रभावित करता है। गर्भ काल अमूमन १८० से २४२ दिन तक का होता है और सामान्यतय: एक ही शावक का जन्म होता जो पैदा होने के कुछ ही समय के उपरान्त चलने-फिरने लगता है।
यह पूर्णतया शाकाहारी जीव है और घास, कुछ प्रकार के फल, पौधे और पत्तियाँ खाता है। यह भी अन्य गौ कुल के जीवों की तरह जुगाली करने वाला जीव है।
हिमालयी तहर Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) जंगली बकरी से संबन्धित एक एशियाई समखुरीयगण प्राणी है। तहर प्रजाति के तीन बची हुई जातियाँ हैं और तीनों एशिया में ही पाई जाती हैं। यह हिमालय में दक्षिणी तिब्बत, उत्तरी भारत और नेपाल का मूल निवासी है। इसे न्यूजीलैंड, दक्षिण अमेरिका के कुछ हिस्सों और दक्षिण अफ्रीका में एक विदेशी प्रजाति के रूप में रोपित किया गया है। इन क्षेत्रों में इसकी आबादी को नियंत्रित करने और इन इलाकों के पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र पर इसके आने से पड़े प्रभाव को कम करने के प्रयास किए जा रहे हैं।
இமயமலை வரையாடு (Himalayan tahr) என்பது ஒரு பெரிய, மலை வெள்ளாடு ஆகும். இவை இமயமலையில் உள்ள தெற்கு திபெத் , வட இந்தியா, நேபாளம் ஆகிய பகுதிகளில் காணப்படுகிறன. வேட்டையாடப்படுவதன் காரணமாக இவற்றின் எண்ணிக்கை வெகுவாக குறைந்துவருகிறது. இதனால் அச்சுறு நிலையை அண்மித்த இனம் என்று பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கம் அறிவித்துள்ளது.[1] இமயமலை வரையாடுகள் நியூசிலாந்து, தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா போன்ற நாடுகளுக்கு கொண்டுசெல்லப்பட்டுள்ளன.[2]
இவற்றுக்கு கழுத்திலிருந்தும், தோள்பட்டையில் இருந்தும் நீண்ட முடி முட்டிவரை தொங்கும், பறட்டைன பிடரிமயிரும், உறுதியான உடலும், வலுவான கால்களும் கொண்டவை. குறுகிய விறைப்பான காதுகள், பின்நோக்கி வளைந்த கொம்புகள் கொண்டவை. உடல் நிறம் சிவப்பு கலந்த பழுப்பு நிறம் கொண்டது.
இமயமலை வரையாடு (Himalayan tahr) என்பது ஒரு பெரிய, மலை வெள்ளாடு ஆகும். இவை இமயமலையில் உள்ள தெற்கு திபெத் , வட இந்தியா, நேபாளம் ஆகிய பகுதிகளில் காணப்படுகிறன. வேட்டையாடப்படுவதன் காரணமாக இவற்றின் எண்ணிக்கை வெகுவாக குறைந்துவருகிறது. இதனால் அச்சுறு நிலையை அண்மித்த இனம் என்று பன்னாட்டு இயற்கைப் பாதுகாப்புச் சங்கம் அறிவித்துள்ளது. இமயமலை வரையாடுகள் நியூசிலாந்து, தென்னாப்பிரிக்கா போன்ற நாடுகளுக்கு கொண்டுசெல்லப்பட்டுள்ளன.
The Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) is a large even-toed ungulate native to the Himalayas in southern Tibet, northern India, western Bhutan and Nepal. It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List, as the population is declining due to hunting and habitat loss.[1]
A recent phylogenetic analysis indicates that the genus Hemitragus is monospecific, and that the Himalayan tahr is a wild goat.[2]
The Himalayan tahr has been introduced to Argentina, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States.[1][3]
Tahr belong to the subfamily Caprinae in the order Artiodactyla. Their closest relatives in the subfamily Caprinae are sheep and goats.[4] A subspecies, the Eastern Himalayan tahr or shapi, was described in 1944.[5] This classification is not considered valid anymore, and no subspecies are currently recognized.[1]
The word "tahr," first used in English writings in 1835, is derived from the animal's local name in the Western Himalayas, which has otherwise been rendered as "tehr," "tare" and "tahir". Through confusion with thār, a Nepali word for the Himalayan serow, it has also been spelled "thar."[6]
The genus name Hemitragus is derived from the Greek words hēmi- meaning "half" and trágos meaning "goat".[7][8]
The Himalayan tahr has a small head, small pointed ears, large eyes, and horns that vary between males and females.[4] Their horns reach a maximum length of 46 centimetres (18 in). Himalayan tahrs are sexually dimorphic, with females being smaller in weight and in size and having smaller horns. The horn is curved backwards, preventing injury during mating season when headbutting is a common mating ritual among males. The average male tahr usually weighs around 73 kg (161 lb), with females averaging 36 kg (79 lb) and is shorter in height than in length.[9] The exterior of a tahr is well adapted to the harsh climate of the Himalayans. They sport thick, reddish wool coats and thick undercoats, indicative of the conditions of their habitat. Their coats thin with the end of winter and becomes lighter in color.[10] This shedding is presumably an adaptation that allows their internal body temperatures to adjust to the harsh temperatures of the Himalayan Mountains.
As a member of the ungulate group of mammals, the Himalayan tahr possesses an even number of toes. They have adapted the unique ability to grasp both smooth and rough surfaces that are typical of the mountainous terrain on which they reside. This useful characteristic also helps their mobility. The hooves of the tahr have a rubber-like core which allows for gripping smooth rocks while keratin at the rim of their hooves allow increased hoof durability, which is important for traversing the rocky ground. This adaptation allows for confident and swift maneuvering of the terrain.[10]
The lifespan of a Himalayan tahr typically ranges around 14 or 15 years, with females living longer than males. The oldest known Himalayan tahr lived to 22 years old in captivity.[11]
The Himalayan tahr is adapted to life in a cool climate with rocky terrain, which allows them to be found in mountainous areas. In the Himalayas, they are mainly found on slopes ranging from 2,500 to 5,000 m. Himalayan tahr can eat a wide variety of plants. They most often inhabit locations where vegetation is exposed for browsing and grazing. During the winter (when snow covers vegetation at higher elevations), they are found on lower-altitude slopes.[12]
The herbivorous diets of the Himalayan tahrs leave them spending most of their time grazing on grasses and browsing on leaves and some fruits.[1] Their short legs allow them to balance while reaching for the leaves of shrubs and small trees.[10] The tahr consumes more woody plants than herb species[13] with as much as 75% of the tahr diet consisting of natural grasses.[14] The tahr, like most members of the bovid family, are ruminants and have complex digestive systems . A multi-chambered stomach allows the tahr to repeatedly regurgitate its food, chew it, and obtain nutrients from otherwise indigestible plant tissues.
Tahr are preyed upon by snow leopards.[15]
Tahrs are polygynous, and males are subject to stiff competition for access to females. Young reproductive males roam and mate opportunistically (when larger males are not present), while more mature males (more than four years old) will engage in ritualistic behavior and fighting to secure mates. During mating season, reproductive males lose much of their fat reserves, while females and nonreproductive males do not, indicating a substantial cost to these behaviors.[16] Factors that contribute to which males dominate include size, weight, and testosterone levels. Coat color can have an effect; Himalayan tahrs with lighter coats are more likely to gain access to estrous females [17] Himalayan tahrs have precocious young which can stand soon after birth.[4] Females have a gestation period of 180–242 days, usually with a litter size of only one kid.[16][1] This indicates sexual selection can be extremely important to the fitness of males.
During the rut, male Himalayan tahrs often compete with other males for access to females. Factors that contribute to reproductive success include large body size, large horn size, and high aggression. Coat color is a factor that determines rank among Himalayan tahrs, and males with light coats mate more often.[17] In addition, the horns of the male are often used in the ritual process to court female tahrs (either for display purposes or, less often, for direct combat), although these horns can also serve as a defense mechanisms against potential predators.[17]
Other ungulate herbivores with overlapping natural ranges include bharal, argali, and goral. Removal experiments (in which one of the hypothesized competitors is removed, and the effect on the other species is observed) have not been conducted to determine empirically that competition is actually occurring, but the animals do share food resources.[15] Competition can occur when two or more species share a limited resource, such as particular food sources, in a given area. Since the Himalayan tahr and the other ungulates are eating the same foods, competition possibly is occurring among them.
A key factor contributing to the success of the Himalayan tahr as an invasive species is their mobility. During the night, they move to locations with lower elevations to have better access to resources such as food and water, whereas during the day, they move to locations with higher elevation to rest and avoid predators.[13] This mobile behavior not only allows them to seek refuge from predators, but also allows them to have access to resources over a large area.
Another key characteristic that allows Himalayan tahr to be successful as an invasive species is their digestive tract. Their digestive system allows them to consume a wide variety of vegetation ranging from easy-to-digest leaves/grasses to woody shrubs and other “tough” vegetation not as easily digested by other species. This flexibility in diet not only allows Himalayan tahr to have a competitive advantage for resource use in their environment among other species, but it also allows them to be less hindered by abiotic disruptions and other natural disasters. In other words, their ability to digest a large range of vegetation allows the Himalayan tahr to have a bigger fundamental niche, and as a result, increases their success as an invasive species.[18]
Lastly, the Himalayan tahr lacks predators in the regions where it has been introduced, so is only limited by access to food and water, and its own reproductive rate.[18]
The tahr was introduced into Argentina in 2006 by private individuals, presumably for hunting purposes. The importation has been deemed successful, but it is too soon to determine whether it will be detrimental to the environment.[19] The IUCN lists the tahr as being possibly extirpated from Argentina despite its introduction.
Himalayan tahr were introduced to New Zealand in 1904 around the Mount Cook region for sport and have since expanded rapidly into neighboring areas. Their heavy grazing of native plants in New Zealand has caused significant environmental damage.[20][21] They currently inhabit a portion of the Southern Alps / Kā Tiritiri o te Moana and are still being hunted for sport.[19][22] The Department of Conservation (DOC) culled 12,000 tahr between July 2019 and February 2020, and over 7,000 between July and November 2020.[23][24]
Groups such as hunters and farmers have resisted tahr eradication. A report prepared in 2005 by Kenneth F.D. Hughey and Karen M. Wason presented the results of a survey conducted among 43 farmers living within tahr distribution.[25] Roughly 80% of farmers view tahr as a resource, not as a threat. The respondents indicated they placed conservational and commercial value (live animal/meat, hunting, farming) on tahr. Thirty six percent of these farmers also reported to having earned at least $1,000 a year in profit from having tahr on their property, with the highest earnings being above $50,000 (Table 5.5 of that study), usually as a result of allowing professionally guided hunters on their property.[25] Also, a 1988 study showed that hunters spent $851 per person per year on hunting, with expenses being greatest for big-game targets, such as the Himalayan tahr.[26]
Tahr could be eradicated from New Zealand but "this has not happened due to intense lobbying pressure from hunting interests, so ongoing ecological costs are incurred by the natural environment."[27]
The hunting lobby has protested against the culling of tahr in 2020.[28][29][30] DOC released a management plan for 2020–2021 which was contested in the High Court. The Court ruled that DOC should consult with interested parties and stakeholders which resulted in a number of changes to the plan; the revised plan was welcomed by the Tahr Foundation.[31][32][33]
A negative impact the Himalayan tahrs have on their environment is increased herbivory on the native vegetation of the ecosystem, which can make it harder for other herbivores to find food. The increased herbivory can also lead to a decrease in soil nutrients, such as oxygen, nitrates, and ammonia, resulting in positive feedback loop, making it harder for plants to grow at all. Consequently, the natural fauna of the ecosystem is heavily affected. This increase has also resulted in poor soil quality in many environments occupied by the Himalayan tahr and has severely limited the presence of certain plant species.[34][35] The lack of certain vegetation, in turn, may affect animal species that rely on them as a food source.[34]
Data on the rapid expansion of the tahr are documented by government agencies. Over a time span of 16 years, the Himalayan tahr reached up to 33 tahr/km2 in New Zealand – twice the initial population (2*N0). Without regulated hunting or the presence of natural barriers, the Himalayan tahr can pose a large threat to the indigenous fauna and flora populations within the area.[34]
In 1930, the Himalayan tahr was denied protection by the Animals Protection and Game Act (1921–22) and was recognized as a danger to the environment,[36] although the species is still considered to be endangered in the Himalayas on the IUCN Red List.[1] Since 1937, various government operations have been undertaken to reduce tahr population and/or keep it at fixed numbers. The control of tahr remains ecologically and economically significant because of their widespread destruction of native flora and fauna and their valuable capture for hunters, respectively.
In 1993, the Department of Conservation prepared the Himalayan Tahr Control Plan which lists “aerial game recovery operations, recreational and safari hunting as primary means of control”.[37] Under the plan, the area of the tahr distribution was divided into two exclusion zones and seven management units. The exclusion zones set boundaries on the area that the tahr inhabits, with the official control operations to be employed to prevent them from spreading beyond those zones. The management unit has a fixed maximum density, which varies from 1–2.5 tahr/km2 and is considered to be low enough to have a minimal negative impact on the ecosystem and, even, restore native vegetation. Under these conditions, the plan aimed to keep tahr numbers below 10,000 throughout the South Island.[37] Since then, the Department of Conservation has been actively advertising tahr hunting and has created 59 tahr-hunting areas. Hunting remains the primary means of control.
In 1960, sodium monofluoroacetate (also known as compound 1080) was used to poison tahrs.[36] This derivative of fluoroacetic acid is commonly used in many countries such as Mexico, Australia, the United States, and New Zealand as a pesticide. Compound 1080 is highly water-soluble and is diluted by rainwater and broken down by aquatic microorganisms.[38] Water samples after baiting operations did not reveal dangerous levels of the compound.[39] In the soil, sodium monofluoroacetate is converted by bacteria and fungi to metabolic products, shown to be nonhazardous to the environment.[40]
According to Australia's Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water, and Environment,[38] mammals (particularly cats and dogs) are the most susceptible to compound 1080 poisoning. Fish, birds, and amphibians generally are highly tolerant to the poison.[38] Although compound 1080 is a strong enough pesticide to eradicate the entire tahr population, political pressures from hunter groups hinder its use. Opposition by the general public also contributes to the decreased use of 1080 with concerns that the accumulation of 1080 at higher levels of the food chain will pose danger to mammals such as dogs, deer and pigs.[41]
The Himalayan tahr was introduced to South Africa when in the 1930s, two Himalayan tahrs escaped from a zoo in Cape Town. Subsequent populations of tahrs have descended from the original escaped pair and spread quickly over the Cape Peninsular mountain range.[42] Most of the population has been culled to make way for the reintroduction of the indigenous antelope, the klipspringer.
The Himalayan tahr is present in New Mexico, where it has been introduced. According to the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish news release dated 28 May 2014, "Only one Wildlife Management Area, Water Canyon, allows hunting for nongame species as a management tool for the non-native Himalayan tahr, a large ungulate related to the wild goat." However, outside of Water Canyon Wildlife Management Area, Himalayan tahr may be taken. There is no closed season or bag limit on Himalayan tahr, and they may be hunted even with an airgun.
The Himalayan tahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) is a large even-toed ungulate native to the Himalayas in southern Tibet, northern India, western Bhutan and Nepal. It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List, as the population is declining due to hunting and habitat loss.
A recent phylogenetic analysis indicates that the genus Hemitragus is monospecific, and that the Himalayan tahr is a wild goat.
The Himalayan tahr has been introduced to Argentina, New Zealand, South Africa and the United States.
El tar del Himalaya (Hemitragus jemlahicus) es un mamífero artiodáctilo emparentado con la cabra salvaje. Habita en las montañas del Himalaya, desde la India al Tíbet.
Es la única especie del género Hemitragus, que estaba conformado hasta 2005 por los actuales Arabitragus jayakari y Nilgiritragus hylocrius, además de H. jemlahicus. Un análisis filogenético demostró que pertenecían a géneros diferentes.[2]
Mide entre 120 y 170 cm y entre 60 y 100 cm de altura. Pesa entre 135 y 180 kg. El tar posee cuernos, que van hasta atrás de la cabeza y tiene un abrigo magnífico de invierno, y su melena como la de un león. Un thar maduro es un animal realmente imponente.
Su capacidad de subir sobre la roca y la nieve es magnífica. El tar anda sobre la roca sin ninguna preocupación. Cuando es molestado o lo asustan simplemente se escapan, por las rocas sin medir ningún peligro perceptible. Es herbívoro y se alimenta de los árboles y la hierba.
Los machos viven solos y las hembras con su cría y se reúnen solamente en la época de celo. La gestación dura 7 meses, las hembras pare una sola cría que amamantan durante 6 meses: la madurez sexual ocurre a los 18 meses. Puede vivir hasta 15 años, aunque en promedio viven 10 años.
El tar del Himalaya es considerado vulnerable por el World Conservation Union (IUCN). En áreas de introducción, como Nueva Zelandia, Nuevo México, California, Sudáfrica, y Ontario, sus únicos predadores son los humanos que lo cazan para alimento, deporte, y trofeos.
El tar del Himalaya (Hemitragus jemlahicus) es un mamífero artiodáctilo emparentado con la cabra salvaje. Habita en las montañas del Himalaya, desde la India al Tíbet.
Es la única especie del género Hemitragus, que estaba conformado hasta 2005 por los actuales Arabitragus jayakari y Nilgiritragus hylocrius, además de H. jemlahicus. Un análisis filogenético demostró que pertenecían a géneros diferentes.
Hemitragus jemlahicus Hemitragus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Caprinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago
Hemitragus jemlahicus Hemitragus generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Caprinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago
Himalajanpuolivuohi eli tari[2] (Hemitragus jemlahicus) on Himalajalla elävä vuohieläin. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on himalajantari.[3]
Laji elää luonnonvaraisena Pohjois-Intiassa ja Nepalissa, mutta sitä on istutettu metsästettäväksi Uuteen Seelantiin, Pohjois-Amerikkaan ja Etelä-Afrikkaan.[4]
Himalajanpuolivuohi eli tari (Hemitragus jemlahicus) on Himalajalla elävä vuohieläin. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on himalajantari.
Laji elää luonnonvaraisena Pohjois-Intiassa ja Nepalissa, mutta sitä on istutettu metsästettäväksi Uuteen Seelantiin, Pohjois-Amerikkaan ja Etelä-Afrikkaan.
Hemitragus jemlahicus
Le jharal (Hemitragus jemlahicus) ou tahr de l'Himalaya est un caprin de l'Himalaya. Le jharal a une sous-espèce le Jharal du Népal
Caractéristiques Masse 36 - 90 kg Longueur 90 - 140 cm Hauteur 65 - 100 cm Queue 9-12 cm Cornes 45 cm Robe brun roux Saison des amours oct à janv Gestation ~210 jours Petit(s) 1, rarement 2 / an Sevrage 6 mois Maturité sexuelle 2-3 ansIl est recouvert de longs poils sur toute la surface du corps (hors la face). Les cornes incurvées vers l'arrière puis l'intérieur, sont peu spiralées. La robe est rousse ou brunâtre.
Des populations de jharals ont été implantées en Afrique du Sud et en Nouvelle-Zélande.
Ovibos, Capricornis, Nemorhaedus
(…)
N.B. les positions phylogénétiques d'Ammotragus, Arabitragus, Oreamnos ou Rupicapra restent incertaines.
Il est recouvert de longs poils sur toute la surface du corps (hors la face). Les cornes incurvées vers l'arrière puis l'intérieur, sont peu spiralées. La robe est rousse ou brunâtre.
Des populations de jharals ont été implantées en Afrique du Sud et en Nouvelle-Zélande.
Il tahr (o thar) dell'Himalaya (Hemitragus jemlahicus) è un grosso ungulato strettamente imparentato con la capra selvatica. È originario delle colline rocciose e boscose e delle pendici montuose dell'Himalaya, dall'Asia Centrale e dal Kashmir settentrionale fino alla Cina. Trascorre i mesi estivi pascolando ad altitudini più elevate, per poi scendere ad altitudini inferiori e formare gruppi misti di maschi e femmine in inverno. La sua scoperta si deve a Charles Hamilton Smith ed una sua prima descrizione compare già nella monumentale opera Regne animal di Cuvier (1827).
In passato, tutte e tre le specie di tahr venivano classificate nel genere Hemitragus. Tuttavia, recenti studi genetici hanno dimostrato che queste specie non sono così imparentate tra loro come ritenuto in precedenza. Di conseguenza, il tahr del Nilgiri è stato incluso nel genere Nilgiritragus e quello dell'Arabia in Arabitragus; nel genere Hemitragus è rimasto il solo tahr dell'Himalaya[2].
La testa del tahr è piuttosto piccola, con occhi grandi e piccole orecchie appuntite. Gli zoccoli presentano un nucleo flessibile e gommoso che permette all'animale di fare presa anche sulle rocce più lisce, mentre i margini duri e aguzzi possono infilarsi anche nelle più piccole fessure. I maschi sono più grandi delle femmine e presentano colorazione e struttura delle corna differenti. Gli esemplari adulti pesano 135 – 180 kg, misurano 120 – 170 cm di lunghezza e 60 – 90 cm di altezza al garrese. Il tahr è un animale erbivoro e si nutre di erba, arbusti e alberelli. La gestazione dura sette mesi, dopo i quali nasce solitamente un unico piccolo. Questo viene allattato fino all'età di sei mesi, ma può rimanere in compagnia della madre fino ai due anni. In natura, i tahr possono vivere fino a 15 anni, ma generalmente la durata media della loro vita è sui dieci anni.
Il tahr dell'Himalaya è stato introdotto nell'Isola del Sud della Nuova Zelanda ed ora è molto diffuso sulle Alpi meridionali, dove viene considerato un animale nocivo, dato che si nutre in buona parte della vegetazione originaria. La caccia al tahr a scopo sportivo è molto diffusa e costituisce un'attività commerciale ben remunerata. Proprio per questo scopo l'animale è stato introdotto anche in Nuovo Messico, California, Sudafrica ed Ontario.
Il tahr (o thar) dell'Himalaya (Hemitragus jemlahicus) è un grosso ungulato strettamente imparentato con la capra selvatica. È originario delle colline rocciose e boscose e delle pendici montuose dell'Himalaya, dall'Asia Centrale e dal Kashmir settentrionale fino alla Cina. Trascorre i mesi estivi pascolando ad altitudini più elevate, per poi scendere ad altitudini inferiori e formare gruppi misti di maschi e femmine in inverno. La sua scoperta si deve a Charles Hamilton Smith ed una sua prima descrizione compare già nella monumentale opera Regne animal di Cuvier (1827).
Kitos reikšmės – Taras (reikšmės).
Himalajinis taras (lot. Hemitragus jemlahicus, angl. Himalayan tahr) – dykaraginių (Bovidae) šeimos žinduolis, priklausantis ožkų (Caprinae) pošeimiui. Iš pradžių tarai gyveno nedideliame plote Himalajuose. Vėliau žmonės juos nuvežė į pietinę Afriką ir Naująją Zelandiją. Ten jie sėkmingai prisitaikė. Tarų patelės yra gerokai smulkesnės negu patinai.
Taro patelės kūno ilgis – 90 centimetrų, o patino – 140 centimetrų. Patelė sveria apie 50 kilogramų, patinas – 105. Gyvena apie 15 metų.
Tarai yra paplitę keliose viena nuo kitos visiškai atskirtose teritorijose, esančiose 2500 – 4400 metrų aukštyje virš jūros lygio. Šie gyvūnai gyvena ir vešlių lapuočių miškuose, ir kalnų pievose. Tarai – būdingi kalnų gyventojai, mėgstantys žole apaugusius kalnų šlaitus. Aptikę didelę vešlią pievą gyvūnai užsibūna ilgėliau. Tarai labai lengvai karstosi uolomis, norėdami paskabyti žolės gali užsiropšti stačiausiais šlaitais.
Tarai gyvena nedidelėmis bandomis, ne daugiau kaip po 10 gyvūnų. Aiškaus lyderio bandoje nebūna. Bet kuris gyvūnas panorėjęs gali bet kada atsiskirti nuo bandos. Pavasarį suaugę patinai dažniausiai palieka bandą ir ganosi atskirai. Atgal sugrįžta tik prasidėjus dauginimosi periodui. Tarai – taikūs gyvūnai. Peštynių tarp patinų pasitaiko retai – tik tuomet, kai prasideda ruja.
Tarai maitinasi žole ir krūmokšnių, augančių kalnų šlaituose, lapais. Gyvūnų, gyvenančių lapuočių miškuose, maistas įvairesnis – jie ėda ir medžių lapus. Šie kanopiniai žinduoliai ganosi du kartus per dieną – švintant ir temstant. Tarų dienotvarkė priklauso nuo metų laiko. Žiemą tarai būna ne tokie aktyvūs, maitinimosi laikas sutrumpėja nuo 8 iki 6 valandų. Šaltais žiemos mėnesiais šie gyvūnai taupo energiją ilsėdamiesi. Kaip ir daugelis kitų kalnų žinduolių, gyvenančių Pietų Azijoje, tarai pavasarį migruoja į Himalajų aukštikalnes, o rudenį nusileidžia į 2500 metrų aukštį, į vidutinio klimato miškus.
Tarai poruojasi žiemą, spalio – sausio mėnesiais. Pietų Afrikoje ir Naujojoje Zelandijoje gyvenantys gyvūnai poruojasi gegužės – liepos mėnesiais. Nors tarai yra ramūs gyvūnai, rujodami patinai dažnai dėl patelių kaunasi dvikovose. Jie suremia ragus ir bando išmušti vienas kitą iš pusiausvyros. Nors gyvūnai labai smarkiai daužosi kaktomis, rimtų sužalojimų dažniausiai išvengiama. Kovą pralaimėjęs patinas bėgdamas palieka mūšio lauką. Patinas nugalėtojas rodo susižavėjimą patele vaikščiodamas aplink ją ratais išpūsta krūtine ir pašiauštu „apykaklės“ kailiu. Toks jis atrodo stambesnis ir kartu nubaido konkurentus.
Po nėštumo, trunkančio maždaug 180–240 dienų, likus iki gimdymo vienai dienai, patelė pasitraukia nuo bandos į nuošalesnę vietą ir atsiveda vieną jauniklį. Beveik iš karto po gimdymo jaunikliai stojasi ant kojų, o jau po dviejų valandų gali sekti paskui motiną. Prie bandos jiedu prisijungia po dviejų dienų. Tarai mažyliais rūpinasi ilgai – dvejus metus, kol šie tampa visiškai savarankiški. Paprastai jauniklis gyvena su motina tol, kol ji susilaukia kito mažylio.
Tarai ir šiandien gyvena savo tėvynėje Azijoje. Dėl vietinių gyventojų kaltės jų palaipsniui mažėja. Tačiau yra vilties, jog naujos žmonių sukurtos tarų populiacijos Pietų Afrikoje ir Naujojoje Zelandijoje ne tik išliks, bet ir didės, nes čia gyvūnams daug geresnės sąlygos negu gimtose jų gyvenamose vietose. Vikiteka
Himalajinis taras (lot. Hemitragus jemlahicus, angl. Himalayan tahr) – dykaraginių (Bovidae) šeimos žinduolis, priklausantis ožkų (Caprinae) pošeimiui. Iš pradžių tarai gyveno nedideliame plote Himalajuose. Vėliau žmonės juos nuvežė į pietinę Afriką ir Naująją Zelandiją. Ten jie sėkmingai prisitaikė. Tarų patelės yra gerokai smulkesnės negu patinai.
De Himalayathargeit (Hemitragus jemlahicus) is een hoefdier uit de familie van holhoornigen (Bovidae). Het is de enige nog levende vertegenwoordiger van het geslacht Hemitragus en de Himalayathargeit is verwant aan de geiten (geslacht Capra). De Arabische thargeit en de Nilgirithargeit werden tot 2005 ook tot Hemitragus gerekend, maar blijken genetisch nauwer verwant te zijn aan andere geslachten. Dit hoefdier komt voor in het Himalaya-gebergte en is verder geïntroduceerd in verschillende bergachtige streken op andere continenten.
De Himalayathargeit heeft een schofthoogte van 60 tot 90 cm en een lichaamslengte van 110 tot 170 cm. De staart is slechts 9 cm lang. Het gewicht bedraagt 135 tot 180 kg. Dit dier kenmerkt zich door een dikke, ruigharige bruine vacht, die rond de schoften, de hals en de borst manen vormt. De Himalayathargeit heeft verder lange hoorns, relatief korte poten en een smalle kop met kleine puntige oren. Mannelijke thargeiten zijn over het algemeen groter dan vrouwelijke dieren hebben bovendien een andere vachtkleur en hoornstructuur.
De Himalayathargeit leeft in groepen van dertig tot veertig dieren en voedt zich met plantaardig materiaal zoals grassen en bladeren. Na een draagtijd van ongeveer zeven maanden wordt gewoonlijk één jong geboren. In het wild wordt de Himalayathargeit tien tot vijftien jaar oud.
Van oorsprong bewoont de Himalayathargeit de beboste berghellingen van de Himalaya in Tibet, India (deelstaten Sikkim, Punjab en Kasjmir) en Nepal.
In de loop der jaren is de Himalayathargeit geïntroduceerd in Nieuw-Zeeland, de Amerikaanse staten New Mexico en Californië, Zuid-Afrika en de Canadese provincie Ontario. In Nieuw-Zeeland bewoont de Himalayathargeit de hogere delen van het Zuidereiland, waar het in 1904 en 1909 is geïntroduceerd. De soort komt in dusdanig grote aantallen voor dat het beschouwd wordt als schadelijk voor de inheemse flora en fauna. In zijn natuurlijke verspreidingsgebied wordt de Himalayathargeit als kwetsbaar beschouwd, maar in Nieuw-Zeeland wordt dit hoefdier afgeschoten voor de plezierjacht. De Himalayathargeit geldt als geliefde trofee onder jagers.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe Himalayathargeit (Hemitragus jemlahicus) is een hoefdier uit de familie van holhoornigen (Bovidae). Het is de enige nog levende vertegenwoordiger van het geslacht Hemitragus en de Himalayathargeit is verwant aan de geiten (geslacht Capra). De Arabische thargeit en de Nilgirithargeit werden tot 2005 ook tot Hemitragus gerekend, maar blijken genetisch nauwer verwant te zijn aan andere geslachten. Dit hoefdier komt voor in het Himalaya-gebergte en is verder geïntroduceerd in verschillende bergachtige streken op andere continenten.
Multimedia w Wikimedia Commons Tar himalajski[3] (Hemitragus jemlahicus) - ssak z rodziny wołowatych, jedyny gatunek rodzaju Hemitragus (tar)[3][4].
Długość głowy i tułowia 1,3-1,7 m; ogona 10-20 cm; wysokość w kłębie 60-100 cm. Sierść brązowa, na szyi i kłębie długa srebrzystobiała grzywa. Rogi u obu płci masywne, spłaszczone i łukowato wygięte ku tyłowi.
Himalaje od Kaszmiru po Sikkim oraz wschodni Tybet. Wprowadzony również do Afryki Południowej i Nowej Zelandii. Gatunek narażony.
Lesiste i trawiaste, skaliste, strome górskie stoki.
Tworzy stada liczące zwykle 30-40 zwierząt, dorosłe samce często żyją pojedynczo. Ze względu na bardzo trudno dostępny teren, w jakim żyje, niewiele wiadomo o jego zachowaniach terytorialnych i społecznych.
Po ciąży trwającej 6-8 miesięcy samica rodzi jedno lub dwa młode.
Trawy i inne rośliny zielne, liście oraz owoce krzewów górskich.
Tar himalajski (Hemitragus jemlahicus) - ssak z rodziny wołowatych, jedyny gatunek rodzaju Hemitragus (tar).
Hemitragus jemlahicus é uma espécie de mamífero da família Bovidae. É a única espécie descrita para o gênero Hemitragus. Pode ser encontrado nos Himalaias na Índia, Nepal e China.[2]
Hemitragus jemlahicus é uma espécie de mamífero da família Bovidae. É a única espécie descrita para o gênero Hemitragus. Pode ser encontrado nos Himalaias na Índia, Nepal e China.
Himalayatahr (Hemitragus jemlahicus) är en art i underfamiljen getdjur som lever i Himalaya.
Djuret liknar getter i utseende och har en robust kropp med jämförelsevis korta kraftiga extremiteter. Den når en kroppslängd mellan 90 och 140 centimeter samt en vikt mellan 35 och 90 kilogram. Den långa pälsen har en rödbrun till gråbrun färg. Under vintern har djuret en påfallande man vid halsen, som täcker även de övre delarna av de främre extremiteterna. Sommarpälsen är tydlig kortare.
Himalayatahr har små spetsiga öron och nosen saknar hår. Horn finns hos bägge kön. Hörnen är böjd bakåt och kan vara upp till 45 centimeter långa. Honornas horn är oftast kortare.
Arten lever i Asien i Himalaya och regionen omkring från Kashmir till Bhutan. Habitatet utgörs av bergstrakter med skogar.
Individerna är främst aktiva tidigt på morgonen och sent på eftermiddagen. Under dagen vilar de gömd bland klippor eller tät vegetation. De har bra förmåga att klättra uppför slänter och anses som skygg. Under vintern vandrar de ner till lägre områden. De lever i grupper av 2 till 23 individer. Gruppen består antingen av flera honor med deras ungar eller av individer från olika kön. Äldre hannar lever oftast ensam.
Under parningstiden mellan oktober och januari uppstår strider mellan hannarna för rätten att para sig. Dessa strider är inte lika intensiv som hos andra partåiga hovdjur. Efter dräktigheten som varar i cirka sju månader föder honan ett eller två ungdjur. Honan sluter efter ungefär 6 månader att ge di och ungarna är efter två till tre år könsmogna.
Arten har ett jämförelsevis stort utbredningsområde men den hotas av förstöringen av utbredningsområdet. IUCN listar djuret som missgynnad (Near Threatened).
Djuret infördes på Nya Zeelands södra ö där den utvecklade en stor population. Där jagas den även av sportjägare. Mindre grupper blev införda i USA, Kanada och Sydafrika.
Himalayatahr är en av tre arter i släktet Hemitragus. Enligt molekylärgenetiska undersökningar som utfördes 2005 av Ropiquet och Hassanin är dessa arter inte tydlig släkt med varandra och släktet blir troligen upplöst. Enligt dessa analyser är himalayatahr närmare släkt med getter (Capra).
Wikimedia Commons har media som rör Himalayatahr.
Країни поширення: Китай, Індія, Непал. Введений: Нова Зеландія, ПАР. Висота проживання: від 1500 до 5200 м. Мешкає на крутих скелястих схилах гір, особливо між 3000-4000 м над рівнем моря, з рідколіссям і рододендроновими чагарниками.
Споживає трави і деякі фрукти. Гімалайський тар є денним, і живе невеликими групами по 2-20 осіб, за винятком поодиноких старших самців. Парування відбувається з жовтня по січень. Один або іноді двоє дітей народжуються в червні і липні, після вагітності 180-242 днів залежно від затримки імплантації. Статева зрілість настає в 1,5 роки, в неволі тварина доживала до 21 року й 9 місяців.
До недавнього часу рід включав три види: Hemitragus hylocrius — Тар нілгірійский; Hemitragus jayakari — Тар аравійський; Hemitragus jemlahicus — Тар гімалайський. Але згідно з Ropiquet and Hassanin (2005) Тар аравійський віднесений до монотипного роду Arabitragus jayakari, Тар нілгірійский віднесений до монотипного роду Nilgiritragus hylocrius
Довжина тіла 900—1400 мм, висота — 610—1060 мм, довжина хвоста 90—120 мм, вага до 50—100 кг. Тривалість життя в природі — 10-14 років, у неволі один H. jemlahicus досяг віку 21 рік і 9 місяців. Забарвлення H. jemlahicus від червонуватого до темно-коричневого і він має кошлату гриву навколо шиї і плечей аж до колін. Хоча Hemitragus походять на Capra, вони відрізняються тим що самці не мають борід, писок оголений, ноги мають залози, роги не викривлені, але дещо сплюснуті. Самиця має чотири молочні залози.
Основні загрози в Китаї це неконтрольоване полювання і вирубування лісів. В Індії на гімалайського тара іноді полюють заради м'яса, а є очевидною значна конкуренція з домашньою худобою на літніх пасовищах в деяких областях. У Непалі загрози походять від розширення людської популяції і супроводжуючим зростанням худоби, втратою середовища існування, браконьєрством. У результаті цих факторів, популяції тара стають все більш ізольованими. Лавини протягом зими з високими снігопадами також можуть бути суттєвим фактором смертності тар. Мешкає на природоохоронних територіях.
Hemitragus jemlahicus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được C. H. Smith mô tả năm 1826.[2]
Trước đây, chi Hemitragus được xem là gồm có 3 loài. Tuy nhiên về sau các loài Hemitragus hylocrius được chuyển thành Nilgiritragus hylocrius và Hemitragus jayakari chuyển thành Arabitragus jayakari, thì chi này chỉ còn mỗi loài Hemitragus jemlahicus.
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Bài viết về chủ đề Bộ Guốc chẵn này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn. Hemitragus jemlahicus là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được C. H. Smith mô tả năm 1826.
Hemitragus jemlahicus (Smith, 1826)
Охранный статус
Гималайский тар[1][2], или тар[1][3] (лат. Hemitragus jemlahicus) — животное из семейства полорогих. Тар относится к крупным диким животным.
Ареал таров состоит из трёх участков: в Гималаях, горы Нилгири (нилгирийский тар) и на северо-восточной оконечности Аравийского полуострова (аравийский тар) — в Омане. Держатся тары небольшими группами до 20—40 голов.
Ранее считалось, что все три вида тара относятся к одному роду, однако результаты недавних генетических исследований заставили пересмотреть эту точку зрения[4]. Вид, живущий в Аравии, был отнесён к роду Arabitragus, а вид живущий в горах Нилгири — к роду Nilgiritragus.
Длина тела самца тара 130—170 см, высота — 60—100 см, масса до 105 кг. Продолжительность жизни тара 10—14 лет. Тар внесён в Красную книгу Международного союза охраны природы.
Самка
Молодой тар
Это заготовка статьи по зоологии. Вы можете помочь проекту, дополнив её. Гималайский тар, или тар (лат. Hemitragus jemlahicus) — животное из семейства полорогих. Тар относится к крупным диким животным.
Ареал таров состоит из трёх участков: в Гималаях, горы Нилгири (нилгирийский тар) и на северо-восточной оконечности Аравийского полуострова (аравийский тар) — в Омане. Держатся тары небольшими группами до 20—40 голов.
Ранее считалось, что все три вида тара относятся к одному роду, однако результаты недавних генетических исследований заставили пересмотреть эту точку зрения. Вид, живущий в Аравии, был отнесён к роду Arabitragus, а вид живущий в горах Нилгири — к роду Nilgiritragus.
Длина тела самца тара 130—170 см, высота — 60—100 см, масса до 105 кг. Продолжительность жизни тара 10—14 лет. Тар внесён в Красную книгу Международного союза охраны природы.
喜瑪拉雅塔爾羊（学名：Hemitragus jemlahicus），羊亞科的一個物種，舊屬於塔爾羊屬，現時獨立成為一個單種屬。
主要分佈在喜瑪拉雅山的中段，除中國外目前原生種分佈在不丹、錫金、尼泊爾、印度的旁遮普地區直到喀什米爾區。牠是所有中國土生的羊中發現最晚，亦是最為少見的一種。
喜瑪拉雅塔爾羊（学名：Hemitragus jemlahicus），羊亞科的一個物種，舊屬於塔爾羊屬，現時獨立成為一個單種屬。
主要分佈在喜瑪拉雅山的中段，除中國外目前原生種分佈在不丹、錫金、尼泊爾、印度的旁遮普地區直到喀什米爾區。牠是所有中國土生的羊中發現最晚，亦是最為少見的一種。
分類 界 : 動物界 Animalia 門 : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata 綱 : 哺乳綱 Mammalia 目 : ウシ目 Artiodactyla 亜目 : ウシ亜目 Ruminantia 科 : ウシ科 Bovidae 亜科 : ヤギ亜科 Caprinae 属 : タール属 Hemitragus 種 : ヒマラヤタール H. jemlahicus 学名 Hemitragus jemlahicus (Smith, 1826) 和名 ヒマラヤタール 英名 Himalayan tahr ヒマラヤタール（Hemitragus jemlahicus）は、ウシ科タール属に分類される偶蹄類。
インド北部、中華人民共和国南西部、ネパールのヒマラヤ山脈[1][2][3][a 1]
アメリカ合衆国（カリフォルニア州）、ニュージーランド、南アフリカ共和国へ移入・定着[1][2][3][a 1]
体長オス150-175センチメートル[2][3]。尾長オス15-20センチメートル[2]。肩高オス90-100センチメートル、メス80-90センチメートル[2]。体重オス80-90キログラム、メス60-70キログラム[2]。顔や四肢前面の毛衣は暗褐色や黒褐色[2]。眼上部や吻端に白い斑紋が入る[2][3]。胴体の毛衣は赤褐色や暗褐色で、背面の正中線上に沿って暗色の縦縞が入る[2][3]。
角はやや短い三日月状で、先端が内側へ向かう[2]。角長オス30-38.8センチメートル、メス20-25センチメートル[2]。角の断面は三角形[2]。角の前端内側に稜線状の隆起（稜）があり[3]、稜には疣がある[2]。吻端は体毛で被われ、板状の皮膚（鼻鏡）がない[2]。
オスの成獣は頸部から胸部にかけての体毛が非常に伸長し、鬣状になる[1][2][3]。鬣の毛衣は淡黄褐色[2]。乳頭の数は4個[2][3]。
標高2,000-5,300メートルにある断崖や斜面にある森林などに生息する[3]。小規模な群れを形成して生活する[3]。
食性は植物食で、主に木の枝などを食べる[3]。
繁殖形態は胎生。10-翌1月に交尾を行い、妊娠期間は177-242日[3]。1回に1頭（まれに2頭）の幼獣を産む[3]。
開発による生息地の破壊、食用の狩猟、家畜との競合などにより生息数は減少している[3]。
この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（Portal:生き物と自然／プロジェクト:生物）。
히말라야타르 또는 히말라야타알(Himalayan tahr, 학명: Hemitragus jemlahicus)는 우제목/경우제목 소과에 속하는 유제류의 일종이다. 티베트 남부와 인도 북부 그리고 네팔의 히말라야 지역에서 서식하는 타르(tahr)의 일종이다. 세계 자연 보전 연맹(IUCN)은 사냥과 서식지 감소로 인한 개체수 감소때문에 이 종을 멸종 취약종으로 분류하고 있다.[1] 계통분류학 연구 결과에 의하면, 이 종은 야생 염소와 근연 관계에 있다. 이전에는 히말라야타르속(Hemitragus)에 여러 종을 포함시켰지만, 현재는 히말라야타르만을 이 속의 유일종으로 분류한다.[2] 뉴질랜드와 남아프리카에 외래족으로 도입된 적이 있다.[3] 천적은 눈표범이다.
다음은 2019년 주라노(Zurano) 등의 연구에 기초한 양족의 계통 분류이다.[4]
양족히말라야타르 또는 히말라야타알(Himalayan tahr, 학명: Hemitragus jemlahicus)는 우제목/경우제목 소과에 속하는 유제류의 일종이다. 티베트 남부와 인도 북부 그리고 네팔의 히말라야 지역에서 서식하는 타르(tahr)의 일종이다. 세계 자연 보전 연맹(IUCN)은 사냥과 서식지 감소로 인한 개체수 감소때문에 이 종을 멸종 취약종으로 분류하고 있다. 계통분류학 연구 결과에 의하면, 이 종은 야생 염소와 근연 관계에 있다. 이전에는 히말라야타르속(Hemitragus)에 여러 종을 포함시켰지만, 현재는 히말라야타르만을 이 속의 유일종으로 분류한다. 뉴질랜드와 남아프리카에 외래족으로 도입된 적이 있다. 천적은 눈표범이다.
