The Asian snail-eating snakes, which are specialized feeders on terrestrial snails and slugs, have long been recognized as a distinct lineage since the early nineteenth century, first as a subfamily (Pareatinae) within the Colubridae and more recently as a distinct family, Pareatidae. These small snakes are relatively homogeneous in color pattern and scalation and the taxonomy of this group at the species level has been very fluid,Guo et al. (2011) undertook a phylogenetic analysis of the Pareatidae using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA sequence data in an attempt to bring some clarity to this situation. Based on their results, Guo et al. concluded that Pareatidae is composed of four major lineages, including two apparently distinct Pareas lineages. Specifically, theyfound that P. carinatus and P. nuchalis are genetically quite divergent from their congeners (these two species also differ from other Pareas in cephalic scalation and distribution pattern, as detailed and illustrated in Guo et al. 2011). Geographically, P. carinatus and P. nuchalis occur mainly throughout the Indochinese Peninsula and the Sunda Islands, whereas most Pareas species are found in central and southern China and the northern Indochinese Peninsula (although P. margaritophorus and P. hamptoni are found in the southern Indochinese Peninsula). Guo et al. suggest that (P. carinatus + P. nuchalis) and the remaining Pareas species may belong in different genera. In another finding, although P. formosensis and P. chinensis are morphologically very similar, the DNA-based phylogeny indicates that they are not even sister taxa, contradicting assertions that these two names are synonyms or belong to a "fomosensis-chinensis" species complex.
(Guo et al. 2011 and references therein)
Because dextral (clockwise) coiling predominates among terrestrial snails and this has apparently resulted in most pareatid snakes have evolved asymmetry in mandibular tooth number, which probably facilitates feeding on dextral snails and possibly facilitated the diversification of these snakes. Hoso et al. (2007, 2010) have argued that predation by pareatid snakes has played an important role in the evolution and speciation in some snail lineages (Hoso et al. 2007, 2010 and references therein)
Götz (2002) noted thatadaptations for snail extraction have arisen in at least five different colubrid snake groups (Dipsadinae, Pareatinae, Tomodon, Storeria and Duberria), but that only some dipsadines (Dipsas, Sibynomorphus) and the genus Pareas are known as specialists feeding exclusively on slugs and snails, using an extraction method based entirely on mandibular transport (Götz 2002 and references therein). Götz (2002) described the feeding behaviour of captive individuals of the nocturnal and arborealPareas carinatus and compare it with feeding behavior of the Dipsadinae obased on published information. Danaisawad et al. (2015) studied the feeding behavior of P. carinatus and found that snakes of this species, which do not show clear asymmetry in their dentition and striking direction, could prey on dextral and sinistral snails with similar efficiency
Ula siput (Pareas carinatus) ya iku sajinis ula cilik anggota suku Colubridae. Dijenengi kaya mangkono amarga mangsa mligi ya iku pira-pira siput cilik, utawa amarga obahé kang alon kaya mangsané iku. Sajeroning basa Inggris ula iki dikenal minangka keeled slug-snake utawa keeled slug-eating snake, ngrujuk marang sisik-sisik vertebrale kang berlunas endèk (keeled).
Ula cilik kang awake ramping, cenderung gering. Dawa total awaké nganti sakiwa-tengené 60 cm. Coklat kusem, coklat enom utawa coklat rodok kekuningan ing sisih pérangan nduwur, kanti belang-belang ireng kang tipis lan samar-samar ing sak dawané awak, kajaba pola X dawa warnané ireng tegas ing nduwur tengkuk.[1] Sisih ngisor awak (ventral) kuning utawa kekuningan, kanti bintik-bintik alus peteng utawa rodok abang. Ndas njendol gedhé kanhi moncong papak rodok janggal. Mata relatif gedhé, kanti iris wernané kuning kecoklatan. Butut cilik lancip.
Ula iki ora duwé celah lurus ing antarané perisai-perisai[2] jangguté (mental groove). Ing antarané perisai nasal (irung) lan mata ana rong perisai, ya iku loreal lan preokular. Perisai labial (lamé) nduwur 7–9 iji, dipisahaké saka mata déning 2–4 sisik cilik-cilik. Sisik-sisik dorsal (geger) sajeroning 15 derèt ing tengah awak, sisik-sisik vertebral (kang paling nduwur, ing nduwur balung geger) rodok gedhi lan berlunas endèk. Perisai-perisai ventral weteng) cacahé 170–184 iji; perisai anal tunggal; perisai subkaudal (ngisor buntut) 60-88 iji, ora berpasangan.[1]
Aktif wyaha wengi (nokturnal), ula siput biyasa ditemui ing alas dataran endèk lan alas pagunungan kang teles, lingkungan perkebunan nganti marang cepak permukiman. Kerep mènèk vegetasi penutup lemah ing panggonan lembap, ula iki mburu lan mangsa anéka siput lan siput kang ora ana thothoké. Akèh uga ula iki tinemu mlaku alon ing alas. Cathetan saka Berastagi nuduhaké yèn ula iki ana nganti keduwurn 1.300 m dpl. Ula siput ngendog nganti 8 iji.[3]
Ula iki ora duwé upas, uga ora bisa nyokot manungsa. Nanging tingkahé nalika ngrasa terancam mèh kaya ula kang duwé upas; gulu lan awak pérangan ngarep ditarik mlengkung mbentuk huruf S, banjur kanti rikat ula iki bakal nothol. Nanging sebeneré cangkemé cilik banget. kanti mangkono sebeneré obahan iku amung berfungsi kanggo medèni pengganguné baé, tanpa bisa nyilakani.
Pareas carinatus duwé rong anak jinis[3][4]:
Ula siput belang (Pareas nuchalis) duwé ciri-ciri, wujud awak lan perilaku kang mèh padha karo Pareas carinatus. kaloroné angèl kanggo dibédakaké, kajaba kanti ngétung jumlah sisik-sisiké. P. nuchalis nduwè 8-9 perisai labial nduwur, 207–218 perisai ventral, lan 105–108 perisai subkaudal. Ula iki tinemu kawates (endemik) ing Borneo, ing alas-alas dataran endèk ora punjul keduwuran 500 m dpl.[5]
Ula siput (Pareas carinatus) ya iku sajinis ula cilik anggota suku Colubridae. Dijenengi kaya mangkono amarga mangsa mligi ya iku pira-pira siput cilik, utawa amarga obahé kang alon kaya mangsané iku. Sajeroning basa Inggris ula iki dikenal minangka keeled slug-snake utawa keeled slug-eating snake, ngrujuk marang sisik-sisik vertebrale kang berlunas endèk (keeled).
The keeled slug-eating snake (Pareas carinatus) is a species of snake in the family Pareidae . It is relatively widespread in Southeast Asia, from southern China (Yunnan) to Burma and Indochina to the Malay Archipelago (Borneo, Java, Lombok, Sumatra, Bali).[1][2] Two subspecies are recognized: P. c. carinatus and P. c. unicolor, the latter being confined to Cambodia.[2]
Keeled slug-eating snakes live in or near forests. They are nocturnal and mostly arboreal, and as the common name suggests, they feed exclusively on snails and slugs. They are oviparous.[1]
While the species is negatively affected by forest destruction, IUCN considers these effects to be localized and not threatening the species.[1]
Khao Sok National Park
Kaeng Krachan District, Thailand
The keeled slug-eating snake (Pareas carinatus) is a species of snake in the family Pareidae . It is relatively widespread in Southeast Asia, from southern China (Yunnan) to Burma and Indochina to the Malay Archipelago (Borneo, Java, Lombok, Sumatra, Bali). Two subspecies are recognized: P. c. carinatus and P. c. unicolor, the latter being confined to Cambodia.
Keeled slug-eating snakes live in or near forests. They are nocturnal and mostly arboreal, and as the common name suggests, they feed exclusively on snails and slugs. They are oviparous.
While the species is negatively affected by forest destruction, IUCN considers these effects to be localized and not threatening the species.
Pareas carinatus Pareas generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Pareatidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Pareas carinatus Pareas generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Pareatidae familian sailkatuta dago.
Pareas carinatus est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Pareatidae[1].
Cette espèce se rencontre[1] :
Selon Reptarium Reptile Database (19 février 2014)[2] :
Pareas carinatus est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Pareatidae.
Ular siput (Pareas carinatus) adalah sejenis ular kecil anggota suku Colubridae. Dinamai demikian baik karena mangsa utamanya adalah aneka siput kecil, maupun karena gerakannya yang lamban seperti mangsanya itu. Dalam bahasa Inggris ular ini dikenal sebagai keeled slug-snake atau keeled slug-eating snake, merujuk pada sisik-sisik vertebralnya yang berlunas rendah (keeled).
Ular kecil yang bertubuh ramping, cenderung kurus. Panjang tubuh total hingga sekitar 60 cm. Coklat kusam, coklat muda atau coklat agak kekuningan di sisi sebelah atas, dengan belang-belang hitam yang tipis dan samar-samar di sepanjang tubuhnya, kecuali pola X memanjang berwarna hitam tegas di atas tengkuk.[1] Sisi bawah tubuh (ventral) kuning atau kekuningan, dengan bintik-bintik halus gelap atau kemerahan. Kepala menjendol besar dengan moncong tumpul agak janggal. Mata relatif besar, dengan iris berwarna kuning kecoklatan. Ekor kurus meruncing.
Ular ini tidak memiliki celah lurus di antara perisai-perisai[2] dagunya (mental groove). Di antara perisai nasal (hidung) dan mata terdapat dua buah perisai, yakni loreal dan preokular. Perisai labial (bibir) atas 7–9 buah, dipisahkan dari mata oleh 2–4 sisik kecil-kecil. Sisik-sisik dorsal (punggung) dalam 15 deret di tengah badan, sisik-sisik vertebral (yang paling atas, di atas tulang punggung) sedikit membesar dan berlunas rendah. Perisai-perisai ventral (perut) berjumlah 170–184 buah; perisai anal (dubur) tunggal; perisai subkaudal (bawah ekor) 60-88 buah, tak berpasangan.[1]
Aktif di malam hari (nokturnal), ular siput biasa ditemui di hutan-hutan dataran rendah dan hutan pegunungan yang basah, lingkungan perkebunan hingga ke dekat permukiman. Sering memanjat vegetasi penutup tanah di tempat-tempat lembap, ular ini memburu dan memangsa aneka siput dan siput tak bercangkang. Tak jarang pula ular ini ditemukan menjalar perlahan di lantai hutan dan di dekat batang air. Catatan dari Berastagi menunjukkan bahwa ular ini didapati hingga ketinggian 1.300 m dpl. Ular siput bertelur hingga 8 butir.[3]
Ular ini tidak berbisa, bahkan tak dapat menggigit manusia. Akan tetapi perilakunya ketika merasa terancam mirip dengan ular berbisa; leher dan tubuh bagian depan ditarik melengkung membentuk huruf S, kemudian secepat kilat ular ini mematuk ke depan. Namun sesungguhnya mulutnya terlampau sempit untuk membuka dan menggigit ujung jari sekalipun. Dengan demikian sebetulnya gerakan itu hanya berfungsi untuk menakut-nakuti si pengganggu belaka, tanpa dapat melukai sedikitpun.
Celakanya, karena perilakunya itu ular siput kerap dibunuh orang. Karena lambannya, ular ini juga tidak jarang tergilas kendaraan ketika menyeberang jalan atau bahkan tidur bergelung di jalan yang hangat di waktu malam.
Pareas carinatus memiliki dua anak jenis[3] [4]:
Ular siput belang (Pareas nuchalis) memiliki ciri-ciri, bentuk tubuh dan perilaku yang amat serupa dengan Pareas carinatus. Keduanya sulit untuk dibedakan, kecuali dengan menghitung jumlah sisik-sisiknya. P. nuchalis memiliki 8-9 perisai labial atas, 207–218 perisai ventral, dan 105–108 perisai subkaudal. Ular ini ditemukan terbatas (endemik) di Borneo, di hutan-hutan dataran rendah tidak lebih dari ketinggian 500 m dpl.[5]
Ular siput (Pareas carinatus) adalah sejenis ular kecil anggota suku Colubridae. Dinamai demikian baik karena mangsa utamanya adalah aneka siput kecil, maupun karena gerakannya yang lamban seperti mangsanya itu. Dalam bahasa Inggris ular ini dikenal sebagai keeled slug-snake atau keeled slug-eating snake, merujuk pada sisik-sisik vertebralnya yang berlunas rendah (keeled).
Rắn hổ mây gờ (Danh pháp khoa học: Pareas carinatus) là một loài rắn theo truyền thống xếp trong họ Rắn nước (Colubridae), nhưng gần đây đã được phân loại lại và xếp trong họ Pareatidae[2][3].
Loài rắn này phổ biến tương đối rộng tại Đông Nam Á, từ miền nam Trung Quốc (Vân Nam) tới Myanmar và Đông Dương cũng như quần đảo Mã Lai (Borneo, Java, Lombok, Sumatra, Bali)[1][4]. Hai phân loài được công nhận là P. c. carinatus và P. c. unicolor, với phân loài thứ hai chỉ có ở Campuchia[4].
Rắn hổ mây gờ sống trong môi trường rừng hay gần rừng, gần những nơi ẩm ướt hay suối. Chúng là động vật sống ăn đêm và chủ yếu sống trên cây. Nguồn thức ăn chủ yếu của chúng là các loài ốc sên hay sên. Chúng là động vật noãn sinh, mỗi lần có thể đẻ tới 8 trứng[1].
Loài này rất ít gặp ban ngày nhưng rất dễ nhận diện loài rắn không độc này trong đêm với lớp vảy màu nâu nhạt, lớp vảy nằm sát phần bụng có màu nâu đậm, viền mắt ngoài màu đỏ rực khi ánh đèn phản chiếu trong đêm tối. Là loài rắn có kích thước nhỏ, nhút nhát, phân bố rộng nhưng số lượng cá thể của loài này không còn nhiều trong tự nhiên ở Việt Nam.
Rắn hổ mây gờ (Danh pháp khoa học: Pareas carinatus) là một loài rắn theo truyền thống xếp trong họ Rắn nước (Colubridae), nhưng gần đây đã được phân loại lại và xếp trong họ Pareatidae.
棱鳞钝头蛇（学名：Pareas carinatus）为游蛇科钝头蛇属的爬行动物。分布于中南半岛、马来半岛、缅甸、印度尼西亚以及中国大陆的云南等地，主要栖息于平原及丘陵地区。其生存的海拔范围为530至700米。该物种的模式产地在印度尼西亚爪哇。[1]
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