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Lifespan, longevity, and ageing

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Maximum longevity: 9.4 years (captivity)
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Untitled

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As is true with all snakes in the Viperidae family, Bitis nasicornis periodically (every 6-10 weeks), sheds its fangs.

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Morphology

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Bitis nasicornis is a short, heavy-bodied snake. Adults have an average length of 60-90 cm (Lipsett 1999). Females are usually the larger of the two, monomorphic sexes. Maximum sizes of up to 1.2 meters are not uncommon (Lipsett 1999). One of the most distinguishing characteristics of Bitis nasicornis is its small-flattened triangular shaped head. Above each nostril are 2-3 horn-like projections (National 1999). Its brilliant coloration is an adaptive feature, and varies among individuals. The color patterns depend on the snake's habitat. It is often considered one of the most beautiful of all snakes.

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Life Expectancy

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Average lifespan
Sex: female
Status: captivity:
8.3 years.

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Habitat

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Bitis nasicornis inhabits the tropical forests of Central and Western Africa, often near water, or some sort of swampy environment. Because of this habitat preference it is often called the River Jack (Lipsett 1999). It has, however, been reported in relatively dry forest areas. Mainly terrestrial, it will climb trees, in search of food.

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; rainforest

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Distribution

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Bitis nasicornis can be found in the tropical forests throughout Central and Western Africa. Reports as far as Southern Zaire have been documented (Stenstrom 1999).

Biogeographic Regions: ethiopian (Native )

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Trophic Strategy

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Small mammals are the main staple, but they are also reported to eat amphibians and fish. Bitis nasicornis is an ambush predator, relying on cryptic coloration as camouflage to hide from their prey. Once grabbed the prey is injected with a single venom, that primarily contains hemotoxic properties, along with some nerotoxic properties. Once injected, the venom attacks primarily the circulatory system of the prey, destroying tissue and blood vessels, causing massive hemorrhaging.

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Reproduction

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Bitis nasicornis is a viviparous animal, giving birth to 6-35 young, at the start of the rainy season, (March - April). Young are approximately 18-25 cm, brilliantly colored and venomous (Stenstrom 1999).

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Distribution

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Continent: Africa
Distribution: S Sudan, W Kenya, Uganda, Angola, W/C/E Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire), Congo (Brazzaville), Gabon, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Central African Republic, Tanzania, Zambia
Type locality: Inner Africa
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Kərgədan gürzə ( Azerbaijani )

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Kərgədan gürzə (lat. Bitis nasicornis) — Afrika gürzələri cinsinə daxil olan zəhərli ilan növü.

Ümumi uzunluqları 60 sm - 1,2 m arasında dəyişir. Dişilər erkəklərdən iri olur. Başları düz, və üçbucaqdır. Burnun üzərində çıxıntılar vardır. Bədəni kök olub, üzəri gözəl naxışlarla örtülüdür. Bel hissəsində qara rəngli romblar ilə əlaqəli sarı saçaqlı, ikiqat mavi trapeziya vardır. Bu qarışıq rəngləri onun ətraf mühitdə asanlıqla gizlənməsinə səbəb olur. Rütubətli meşələr, bataqlıq əraziləri, meşə çaylarıının sahilləri və bulaqlar olan əraziləri sevirlər. Olduqca yazşı üzə bilirlər. Əsasən gecə aktiv olurlar. Qida rasionuna kiçik məməlilər, qurbağalar, və balıqlar daxildir. Zəhəri kifayət qədər güçlüdür. İnsan üçün təhlükə törədə bilər.

Diri bala doğur. Dişi sayı 38 olan, 18-25 sm uzunluğa malik balalar doğur.

Növ Ekvatorial Afrikada yayılmışdır[1] — Qərbi Keniyadan Qvineya, Sudan və Zambiyaya qədər.

İstinadlar

  1. McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).

Ədəbiyyat

  • Boulenger GA. 1896. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the...Viperidæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers.) xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (Bitis nasicornis, pp. 500–501.)
  • Froesch VP. 1967. Bitis nasicornis, ein Problem-Pflegling? Aquar. U. Terrar. Z. 20: 186–189.
  • Shaw G. 1792. The Naturalist's Miscellany. Volume III. London: F.P. Nodder & Co. (Coluber nasicornis, Plate XCIV.)

Mənbə

Vikianbarda Kərgədan gürzə ilə əlaqəli mediafayllar var.

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Kərgədan gürzə: Brief Summary ( Azerbaijani )

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Kərgədan gürzə (lat. Bitis nasicornis) — Afrika gürzələri cinsinə daxil olan zəhərli ilan növü.

Ümumi uzunluqları 60 sm - 1,2 m arasında dəyişir. Dişilər erkəklərdən iri olur. Başları düz, və üçbucaqdır. Burnun üzərində çıxıntılar vardır. Bədəni kök olub, üzəri gözəl naxışlarla örtülüdür. Bel hissəsində qara rəngli romblar ilə əlaqəli sarı saçaqlı, ikiqat mavi trapeziya vardır. Bu qarışıq rəngləri onun ətraf mühitdə asanlıqla gizlənməsinə səbəb olur. Rütubətli meşələr, bataqlıq əraziləri, meşə çaylarıının sahilləri və bulaqlar olan əraziləri sevirlər. Olduqca yazşı üzə bilirlər. Əsasən gecə aktiv olurlar. Qida rasionuna kiçik məməlilər, qurbağalar, və balıqlar daxildir. Zəhəri kifayət qədər güçlüdür. İnsan üçün təhlükə törədə bilər.

Diri bala doğur. Dişi sayı 38 olan, 18-25 sm uzunluğa malik balalar doğur.

Növ Ekvatorial Afrikada yayılmışdır — Qərbi Keniyadan Qvineya, Sudan və Zambiyaya qədər.

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Zmije pobřežní ( Czech )

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Zmije pobřežní nebo také zmije nosorohá je had z čeledi zmijovití. Tato velká zmije loví ze zálohy savce a velké žáby. Zbarvení je krycí stejně jako u příbuzné zmije gabunské (Bitis gabonica) a zahrnuje pravidelný koberec z šedé, modré, purpurové, oranžové a sametově černé, s velkou černou kresbou ve tvaru šípu na dlouhé hlavě. Rohům podobné výrůstky na nose jsou dokonce delší než ty u zmije gabunské. Přestože je pozemní, dobře plave i šplhá po nízkých keřích.

Výskyt

Žije v západní a střední Africe. Obývá deštné lesy a lesy podél řek.

Pahýl
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Pomozte Wikipedii tím, že jej vhodně rozšíříte. Nevkládejte však bez oprávnění cizí texty.
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Zmije pobřežní: Brief Summary ( Czech )

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Zmije pobřežní nebo také zmije nosorohá je had z čeledi zmijovití. Tato velká zmije loví ze zálohy savce a velké žáby. Zbarvení je krycí stejně jako u příbuzné zmije gabunské (Bitis gabonica) a zahrnuje pravidelný koberec z šedé, modré, purpurové, oranžové a sametově černé, s velkou černou kresbou ve tvaru šípu na dlouhé hlavě. Rohům podobné výrůstky na nose jsou dokonce delší než ty u zmije gabunské. Přestože je pozemní, dobře plave i šplhá po nízkých keřích.

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Næsehornspuffadder ( Danish )

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Næsehornspuffadder (bitis nasicornis) er en 1,25 meter lang, farvet, vestafrikansk yderst giftig slange med to næsehornslignende skæl over næseborene.

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Næsehornspuffadder: Brief Summary ( Danish )

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Næsehornspuffadder (bitis nasicornis) er en 1,25 meter lang, farvet, vestafrikansk yderst giftig slange med to næsehornslignende skæl over næseborene.

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Nashornviper ( German )

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Die Nashornviper (Bitis nasicornis) zählt als Echte Viper (Viperinae) zur Familie der Vipern (Viperidae).

Merkmale

 src=
B. nasicornis, Detail: Kopf

Die Nashornviper weist einen gedrungenen Körperbau auf, die Gesamtlänge beträgt 90 bis 120 cm. Der bei Aufsicht dreieckig geformte Kopf setzt sich deutlich vom Hals ab. Die Pupillen sind bei Lichteinfall senkrecht geschlitzt. Die Schnauzenspitze trägt zwei bis drei paarige Hörner, die von aufgeworfenen Hornschuppen dargestellt werden. Der Schwanz ist kurz. Die Körperfärbung ist variabel. Den Rücken zeichnen braune, gelbe, weiße, blaue, rote, grüne und schwarze Muster verschiedener Formen (z. B. Rhomben, Quader, Dreiecke). Die dunkel gesprenkelte Bauchseite besitzt eine graugrüne Grundfärbung. Es zeigen sich folgende pholidotische Merkmale: 15 bis 19 Oberlippenschilde (Scutum supralabiale), die vom Auge durch 4 bis 5 Schuppenreihen getrennt sind, 19 bis 20 Unterlippenschilde (Scutum sublabiale), von denen die ersten vier bis sechs Schilde mit dem vorderen Kinnschild in Verbindung stehen, stark gekielte Körperschuppen, welche die Körpermitte in 35 bis 41 Reihen umgeben, 117 bis 137 Bauchschilde (Scutum ventrale) und 16 bis 32 Unterschwanzschilde (Scutum subcaudale) sowie ein ungeteiltes Analschild (Scutum anale).

Der Giftapparat ist typisch für alle Vertreter der Viperidae. Seitlich des Schädels befindliche Giftdrüsen, die evolutionsbiologisch von umgebildeten Speicheldrüsen dargestellt werden, stehen in Verbindung mit den Gift- bzw. Fangzähnen im vorderen Oberkiefer. Diese sind röhrenartig aufgebaut und ermöglichen eine Injektion des Giftsekretes wie durch die Kanüle einer Spritze. Bei geschlossenem Maul sind sie eingeklappt, beim Zubeißen werden sie aufgestellt (solenoglyphe Zahnstellung).

Toxikologie

Die Toxinologie des Giftsekrets der Nashornviper ist wenig erforscht. Es ist davon auszugehen, dass das Toxingemisch Substanzen mit einem Einfluss auf die Hämostase enthält. Nach einem Biss beim Menschen können unspezifische Allgemeinsymptome (z. B. Kopfschmerz, Übelkeit, Emesis, Abdominalschmerzen, Diarrhoe, Schwindel, Schock, Krämpfe) auftreten. Lokal können Schmerzen, Schwellung, Ödem und Nekrose auftreten. Ein Giftbiss bewirkt Hämorrhagien mit zum Teil starkem Blutverlust. Eine Störung des Elektrolythaushalts kann unter anderem zu Herzrhythmusstörungen führen. Der Tod kann durch Asystolie im hypovolämischen Schock eintreten.[1]

Die Pressure/Immobilization Technique sollte nicht angewandt werden, da dies zu einer ungleich stärkeren lokaltoxischen Wirkung führt. Es stehen mehrere wirksame Antivenine zur Therapie der Intoxikation zur Verfügung, beispielsweise Polyvalent Snake Antivenom (National Antivenom and Vaccine Production Centre, Saudi-Arabien), Antivipmyn Africa (Instituto Bioclon, Mexiko) oder SAIMR Polyvalent Antivenom (South African Vaccine Producers (Pty) Ltd, Südafrika). Die Therapie erfolgt darüber hinaus weitestgehend symptomatisch.[1]

Lebensweise

Bitis nasicornis führt eine weitgehend nachtaktive Lebensweise. Sie lebt überwiegend auf dem Boden, klettert gelegentlich aber auch im Geäst von Sträuchern und Bäumen. Allgemein ist die Schlange relativ träge und standorttreu. Die Nashornviper ist ein Ansitzjäger, zum Beutespektrum zählen in erster Linie kleinere Säugetiere. Die Fortpflanzung erfolgt durch Ovoviviparie. Zwischen Februar und April kann ein Weibchen 20 bis 40 Jungschlangen gebären, deren Länge 19 bis 26 cm beträgt.

Verbreitung

Das Verbreitungsgebiet erstreckt sich über Süd-Sudan, das westliche Kenia, Uganda, Angola, Demokratische Republik Kongo (westlich, zentral und östlich), Republik Kongo, Gabun, Kamerun, Äquatorialguinea, Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana, Elfenbeinküste, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Zentralafrikanische Republik, Tansania und Sambia.[2] Es werden Gebiete in bis zu 2700 m über dem Meeresspiegel bewohnt. Bitis nasicornis besiedelt feuchte Biotope innerhalb feucht-tropischer Waldgebiete, saisonal überflutete Sumpfwälder und die Uferzone von Flüssen.

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

  1. a b WCH Clinical Toxinology Resources: Bitis nasicornis, abgerufen am 8. September 2015.
  2. Bitis nasicornis In: The Reptile Database; abgerufen am 8. September 2015.
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Nashornviper: Brief Summary ( German )

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Die Nashornviper (Bitis nasicornis) zählt als Echte Viper (Viperinae) zur Familie der Vipern (Viperidae).

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Bitis nasicornis

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Bitis nasicornis is a viper species belonging to the genus Bitis, part of a subfamily known "puff-adders",[3] found in the forests of West and Central Africa.[1][2][4] This large viper is known for its striking coloration and prominent nasal "horns".[5] No subspecies are currently recognized.[4][6] Its common names include butterfly viper, rhinoceros viper, river jack and many more (see section: common names).[7][5] Like all other vipers, it is venomous.

Common names

Its common and historical names include butterfly viper, rhinoceros viper, river jack,[7][5] rhinoceros horned viper, horned puff adder[8][3] and rhinoceros puff adder.[9] Americo-Liberians apparently call adult "puff-adders", such as the B. nasicornis, but also the B. gabonica (gaboon viper), cassava snakes.[3]

Historically this species was referred to as the rhinoceros viper (for example German: Nashornviper, French: Vipère rhinocéros) but this introduced confusion after the reclassification of the closely related species Bitis rhinoceros. The common name butterfly viper is therefore more distinct and preferred to avoid confusion.

The name "horned puff adder" (in relation to the viper subfamily "puff adders", today synonumous with the genus Bitis) is also a historical name for Bitis caudalis (horned adder)[7] and can cause confusion. Interestingly the dutch name for Bitis nasicornis is "rhinoceros puff adder" (Dutch: neushoornpofadder), while Bitis caudalis (horned adder) is named "horned puff adder" (Dutch: gehoornde pofadder).

Description

Detail of head

Large and stout,[10] it ranges in total length (body + tail) from 72 to 107 cm (about 28 to 42 inches).[7] Spawls et al. (2004) mentioned a maximum total length of 120 cm (47 in), but admitted this is exceptional, quoting an average total length of 60–90 cm (about 24–35 inches).[10] Explorer Harry Johnston (1858 – 1927) mentions in his book 'Liberia' (1906) that adult "puff-adders" of the species B. nasicornis and B. gabonica (gaboon viper) grow to "between four and five feet" (about 120 to 150 cm) in Liberia.[3] He also states that: "in case of the horned puff-adder, the young when born are a foot long" (~30 cm),[3] which is 20 to 65 percent longer than the average birth length given by Spawls et al. (2004): 18–25 cm (7–10 in).[10] Females grow larger than males.[11]

The head is narrow, flat, triangular and relatively small compared to the rest of the body.[7] The neck is thin. It has a distinctive set of two or three horn-like scales on the end of the nose, the front pair of which may be quite long. The eyes are small and set well forward.[10] The fangs are not large: rarely more than 1.5 cm (0.59 in) long.[7]

Midbody there are 31–43 dorsal scale rows.[7] These are so rough and heavily keeled that they sometimes inflict cuts on handlers when the snakes struggle.[5] There are 117–140 ventral scales[7] and the anal scale is single.[10] Mallow et al. (2003) reported the subcaudals number 16–32, with males having a higher count (25–30) than females (16–19).[7] Spawls et al. (2004) stated there are 12–32 subcaudals, paired, and males have the higher numbers of them.[10]

The color pattern consists of a series of 15–18 blue or blue-green, oblong markings, each with a lemon-yellow line down the center. These are enclosed within irregular, black, rhombic blotches. A series of dark crimson triangles run down the flanks, narrowly bordered with green or blue. Many of the lateral scales have white tips, giving the snake a velvety appearance. The top of the head is blue or green, overlaid with a distinct black arrow mark. The belly is dull green to dirty white, strongly marbled and blotched in black and gray.[10] Western specimens are more blue, while those from the east are more green. After they shed their skins, the bright colors fade quickly as silt from their generally moist habitat accumulates on the rough scales.[7]

Distribution and habitat

B. nasicornis in Kibale National Park, Uganda

B. nasicornis is found from southern Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia[3] to Ghana in West Africa, and in Central Africa in the Central African Republic, southern Sudan, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, DR Congo, Angola, Rwanda, Uganda and western Kenya.[2] The type locality is listed only as "interior parts of Africa."[2]

It mainly occurs in forested areas, rarely venturing into woodlands. Its range is therefore more restricted than B. gabonica.[5]

Behavior

Primarily nocturnal, they hide during the day in leaf litter, in holes, around fallen trees or tangled roots of forest trees. Their vivid coloration actually gives them excellent camouflage in the dappled light conditions of the forest floor, making them almost invisible.[7] Although mainly terrestrial, they are also known to climb into trees and thickets, where they have been found up to 3 m (9.8 ft) above the ground.[5] This climbing behavior is aided by a partially prehensile tail.[7] They are sometimes found in shallow pools and have been described as powerful swimmers.[7][5]

They are slow moving, but capable of striking quickly, forwards or sideways, without coiling first or giving a warning. Holding them by the tail is not safe; as it is somewhat prehensile, they can use it to fling themselves upwards and strike.[7]

They have been described as generally placid creatures, less so than B. gabonica, but not as bad-tempered as B. arietans. When approached, they often reveal their presence by hissing,[7] said to be the loudest hiss of any African snake—almost a shriek.[10] These adders also make a sort of hissing noise through their nose as part of their respiratory function.

Feeding

Preferring to hunt by ambush, it probably spends much of its life motionless, waiting for prey to wander by.[10] Froesch (1967) described a captive specimen that would hardly ever leave its hide box, even when hungry, and once waited for three days for a live mouse to enter its hide box before striking. Feeding mainly on small mammals, but in wetland habitats, it is also known to take toads, frogs and even fish. One long-term captive specimen, regularly fed killed mice and frogs, always held on to its prey for several minutes after a strike before swallowing. It generally feeds on smaller prey than the closely related Gaboon viper (Bitis gabonica).[7]

Reproduction

Juvenile B. nasicornis

Like most vipers, Bitis nasicornis are viviparous (producing their young alive).[3] In West Africa, the species gives birth to between six and 38 young in March–April at the beginning of the rainy season. Each neonate is 18–25 cm (7–10 in)[10] to a 1 foot (0.30 m)[3] in total length when born. In eastern Africa, the breeding season is indefinite.[5]

Venom

Small doses of the snake's primarily hemotoxic venom can be deadly. This is unlike the Gaboon viper, the largest of the vipers, which uses a considerably larger amount of venom. Bitis nasicornis has both neurotoxic, as well as hemotoxic venom, as do most other venomous snakes. The hemotoxic venom in rhinoceros vipers is much more dominant. This venom attacks the circulatory system of the snake's victim, destroying tissue and blood vessels. Internal bleeding also occurs.

When not in use, the rhino viper's fangs are folded up into the roof of the snake's mouth. The snake has the ability to control the movement of its fangs. When a rhino viper opens its mouth, it does not necessarily mean that the fangs will flip down into place. The fangs penetrate deep into the victim and the venom flows through the hollow fangs into the wound.

Because of its restricted geographic range, few bites have been reported. No statistics are available.[5]

Relatively little is known about the toxicity and composition of the venom. In mice, the intravenous LD50 is 1.1 mg/kg. The venom is supposedly slightly less toxic than those of B. arietans and B. gabonica. The maximum wet venom yield is 200 mg.[5] One study reported this venom has the highest intramuscular LD50 value—8.6 mg/kg—of five different viperid venoms tested (B. arietans, B. gabonica, B. nasicornis, Daboia russelii and Vipera aspis). Another showed little variation in the venom potency of these snakes, whether they were milked once every two days or once every three weeks. In rabbits, the venom is apparently slightly more toxic than that of B. gabonica.[7]

In only a few detailed reports of human envenomation, massive swelling, which may lead to necrosis, had been described.[5] In 2003, a man in Dayton, Ohio, who was keeping a specimen as a pet, was bitten and subsequently died.[12] At least one antivenom protects specifically against bites from this species: India Antiserum Africa Polyvalent.[13]

References

  1. ^ a b Penner, J.; Rödel, M.-O.; Luiselli, L.; Trape, J.-F.; Spawls, S.; Malonza, P.K.; Beraduccii, J.; Chippaux, J.-P.; LeBreton, M.; Kusamba, C.; Gonwouo, N.L. (2021). "Bitis nasicornis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2021: e.T13300910A13300919. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T13300910A13300919.en. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Johnston, Harry (1906). "Chapter XXV, Fauna: reptiles, amphibians, and fish". Liberia (pdf). London: Hutchinson & Co. pp. 807–808. ISBN 1166209008. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  4. ^ a b Bitis nasicornis at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 3 February 2022.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  6. ^ "Bitis nasicornis". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  8. ^ U.S. Navy. 1991. Poisonous Snakes of the World. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.
  9. ^ Johnston, Harry (1906). "Chapter XXV, Fauna: reptiles, amphibians, and fish". Liberia (pdf). London: Hutchinson & Co. p. 809. ISBN 1166209008. Retrieved 2023-05-09. black and white illustration no. 306: Examples of the principal poisonous snakes of Liberia, (Rhinoceros puff-adder)
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Spawls S, Howell K, Drewes R, Ashe J. 2004. A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. London: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. 543 pp. ISBN 0-7136-6817-2.
  11. ^ Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  12. ^ Firefighter Dies After Bite From Pet Snake Archived April 1, 2006, at the Wayback Machine at channelcincinnati.com Archived 2006-09-04 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 5 September 2006.
  13. ^ Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Venom Response Unit Archived 2008-12-20 at the Wayback Machine at VenomousReptiles.org Archived 2008-04-09 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 5 September 2006.
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Bitis nasicornis: Brief Summary

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Bitis nasicornis is a viper species belonging to the genus Bitis, part of a subfamily known "puff-adders", found in the forests of West and Central Africa. This large viper is known for its striking coloration and prominent nasal "horns". No subspecies are currently recognized. Its common names include butterfly viper, rhinoceros viper, river jack and many more (see section: ). Like all other vipers, it is venomous.

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Ninasarvik-aafrikarästik ( Estonian )

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Ninasarvik-aafrikarästik (Bitis nasicornis) on rästiklaste sugukonda kuuluv maoliik.

Kirjeldus

Ninasarvik-aafrikarästiku keha on üpris suur ja jäme, üldpikkus (keha + saba) jääb vahemikku 72–107 cm. 2004. aastal on mainitud isendi maksimaalseks üldpikkuseks 120 cm. Emased ninasarvik-aafrikarästikud kasvavad pikemaks kui isased.

Ninasarvik-aafrikarästiku pea on lame ja kolmnurgakujuline ning ülejäänud kehaga võrreldes väike. Ninamiku eesotsal on neil 2 või 3 suurt ogalaadset soomust, nn sarvekest. Kael on peenike. Silmad on väikesed. Mürgihambad ei ole suured, harva on need pikemad kui 1,5 cm.

Keskkehal on 31–43 seljakilbise rida. Seljakilbised on nii jämedakoelised, et võivad maopüüdjatele, kes neid käsitleda soovivad, haavu tekitada. Kõhukilbiseid on 117–140, anaalkilbis on paaritu.

Paljunemine

Suguküpsete emaste ninasarvik-aafrikarästikute sugulise paljunemise vormiks on vivipaaria – graviidne emane võib eduka kandluse korral sünnitada 3–38 maopoega (märtsis-aprillis, Lääne-Aafrikas), Ida-Aafrikas kestab paljunemisperiood aastaringselt.

Levila

Ninasarvik-aafrikarästikuid võib kohata Guineas, Sierra Leones, Libeerias, Elevandiluurannikul, Ghanas, Togol, Béninis, Nigeerias, Kesk-Aafrika Vabariigis, Kamerunis, Ekvatoriaal-Guineas, Gabonis, Kongo Vabariigis, Kongo Demokraatlikus Vabariigis, Lõuna-Sudaanis, Ugandas, Keenias, Tansaanias, Angolas ja Sambias.

Kokkupuuted inimestga

Inimestega kohtuvad need peamiselt öise eluviisiga maod harva. Neid on kirjeldatud kui häirimatuid, kuid kui vaja siis ründavad äkisti, ette hoiatamata, nii ees- kui külgsuunas.

Kui paljude madudega saab inimene kuidagimoodi hakkama neid sabast hoides, siis ninasarvik-aafrikarästikutega ilmselt mitte – nad on võimelised sabaseisust tõusma ja seejärel vajadusel hammustama (mürgihambad püstiasendis).

Ninasarvik-aafrikarästikute süljes olevad hemo- ja neurotoksilised ained on väiksema potentsiga (vähem mürgised) kui lärmakal ja gabooni aafrikarästikul.

Kirjandus

Viited

  1. Bitis nasicornis (SHAW, 1802), Roomajate andmebaasi veebiversioon (vaadatud 8.05.2015)(inglise keeles)

Selles artiklis on kasutatud prantsuskeelset artiklit fr:Vipère rhinocéros ja ingliskeelset artiklit en:Bitis nasicornis seisuga 8.05.2015.

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Ninasarvik-aafrikarästik: Brief Summary ( Estonian )

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Ninasarvik-aafrikarästik (Bitis nasicornis) on rästiklaste sugukonda kuuluv maoliik.

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Bitis nasicornis ( Basque )

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(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Bitis nasicornis: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Bitis nasicornis Bitis generoko animalia da. Narrastien barruko Viperidae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Vipère rhinocéros ( French )

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Bitis nasicornis

Bitis nasicornis, la Vipère rhinocéros, est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Viperidae[1].

On la trouve dans la forêt humide de l'Ouest et du centre de l'Afrique. C'est une grosse vipère venimeuse, pouvant dépasser le mètre, caractérisée par sa robe colorée et surtout un appendice nasal en forme de cornes. On ne connaît pas de sous-espèces.

Description

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Bitis nasicornis
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Bitis nasicornis

Sa longueur varie de 72 à 107 cm, avec un maximum exceptionnel enregistré de 120 cm[2], la longueur moyenne étant de 60 à 90 cm[2]. Les femelles deviennent plus grandes que les mâles.

La tête est étroite, plate, triangulaire et relativement petite comparée au reste du corps. Le cou est fin. Elle possède un ensemble caractéristique de 2 ou 3 écailles semblables à des cornes sur l'extrémité de son nez, et la paire antérieure peut être très longue. Les yeux sont petits et projetés en avant. Les crochets à venin sont courts, atteignant rarement plus de 1,5 cm de longueur.

Au milieu du corps on trouve de 31 à 43 rangées d'écailles dorsales, si rugueuses et si puissamment carénées qu'ellent infligent quelquefois des blessures aux soigneurs quand le serpent se débat[3]. Il y a de 117 à 140 écailles ventrales et une seule écaille anale. On dénombre entre 12[2] ou 16[4] (selon les auteurs) à 32 vertèbres subcaudales, avec les mâles en ayant davantage (de 25 à 30) que les femelles (de 16 à 19). Il semble qu'elles aillent par paires et que les mâles en aient un plus grand nombre[2].

Le dessin des couleurs consiste en une série de 15 à 18 taches oblongues bleues ou bleu-vert, chacune présentant une ligne jaune citron au bas de son centre. Ces taches sont incluses à l'intérieur de taches rhombiques noires et irrégulières. Une série de triangles sombres cramoisis court le long des flancs, bordés de vert ou de bleu. Beaucoup d'écailles latérales ont des terminaisons blanches, ce qui donne au serpent une apparence veloutée. Le haut de la tête est bleu ou vert, surmonté d'une marque distincte en forme de flèche noire. L'abdomen va du vert terne au blanc sale, fortement marbré et taché de noir et de gris. Les spécimens occidentaux sont plus bleus, alors que ceux de l'Est sont plus verts. Après la mue, leurs couleurs brillantes se ternissent rapidement du fait que la boue de leur habitat, généralement humide, s'accumule sur les écailles rugueuses.

Répartition

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Aire de répartition

Cette espèce se rencontre en Afrique[1] centrale, et de l'Ouest, tout autour du Golfe de Guinée :

Habitat

Elle vit dans les aires forestières mais s'aventure rarement à l'intérieur des bois. Son habitat est donc plus restreint que celui de Bitis gabonica.

Comportement

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Bitis nasicornis
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Bitis nasicornis

Essentiellement nocturne, elle se cache pendant le jour dans les détritus de feuillage, dans les trous, autour des arbres tombés ou des racines enchevêtrées des arbres de forêt. Sa coloration vive lui est un excellent camouflage dans la lumière tachetée du sol de la forêt, la rendant presque invisible. Bien qu'elle soit surtout terrestre, on s'est rendu compte qu'elle grimpe dans les arbres et les buissons où on l'a trouvée jusqu'à 3 m au-dessus du sol. Pour grimper elle s'aide de sa queue qui est préhensile jusqu'à un certain point. On la trouve quelquefois dans les mares peu profondes et on l'a décrite comme un nageuse puissante.

Son mouvement est lent, mais elle est capable de frapper vite, en avant ou de côté, sans serpenter d'abord ni donner un avertissement. La prendre par la queue est risqué ; comme cette queue est un peu préhensile, elle peut l'utiliser pour se redresser vers le haut et mordre.

On l'a décrite comme un animal généralement calme ; moins que Bitis gabonica, mais pas aussi irascible que Bitis arietans. Quand on l'approche, elle révèle souvent sa présence en sifflant. Il est dit qu'elle émet un sifflement plus fort que celui de n'importe quel serpent africain — presque un cri aigu.

Le "Venin [est] cytotoxique, neurotoxique et principalement hémotoxique. [Il] est très virulent et lors d'une morsure on constate : douleurs abdominales, fièvre, diarrhées abondantes, nausées, transpiration abondante, œdème compressif et dur pouvant amener à un syndrome des loges, gonflement de la langue, hypotension , tachycardie et dyspnée (son venin ayant des capacités neurotoxiques), embolie pulmonaire, phlyctènes, ischémie musculaire, tissus nécrosés et extensifs, hémorragies internes à la suite des graves problèmes de coagulation, circulation sanguine instable, thrombopénie, une hyponatrémie sévère accompagnant un blocage et une insuffisance rénale, hématurie, choc anaphylactique. Sans soins appropriés, la mort peut survenir." [5]

Nourriture

Elle préfère se tenir en embuscade pour chasser, et passe probablement une grande partie de sa vie immobile, attendant qu'une proie passe à proximité. Des auteurs ont décrit qu'un spécimen en captivité qui abandonnait rarement la boîte où elle se cachait, même quand elle avait faim et qui a une fois attendu pendant trois jours qu'une souris vivante entrât dans sa boîte avant de la saisir[6]. Elle se nourrit surtout sur de petits mammifères, mais dans les habitats de zone humide elle est aussi connue pour attraper des amphibien et même pour pêcher. Un spécimen en captivité de longue durée, que l'on nourrissait régulièrement de souris et de grenouilles déjà tuées, avait l'habitude de s'agripper à sa proie pendant quelques minutes et de simuler une bataille avant de l'ingurgiter[4].

Reproduction

Dans l'Afrique de l'Ouest, l'espèce donne naissance de 6 à 38 jeunes en mars-avril au début de la saison des pluies. Les vipéreaux qui éclosent ont de 18 à 25 centimètres de long. Dans l'Afrique de l'Est on ne sait pas bien la saison où elle se reproduit.

Venin

Du fait que son habitat est restreint, peu de cas de morsures ont été signalés. On ne dispose d'aucune statistique.

On sait peu de choses sur la toxicité du venin et sa composition. Chez les souris, la DL50 par voie intraveineuse est de 1,1 mg/kg. On suppose que le venin est légèrement moins toxique que ceux de B. arietans et de B. gabonica. La production maximale de venin liquide est de 200 mg. Une étude a établi que ce venin a la DL50 i.m. la plus élevée — 8,6 mg/kg — sur cinq différents venins de vipéridés évalués (B. arietans, B. gabonica, Bitis nasicornis, Daboia russelii et Vipera aspis). Une autre a montré une faible variation dans la virulence du venin de ces serpents, que l'on prélève le venin une fois tous les deux jours ou une fois toutes les trois semaines. Pour les lapins, son venin semble effectivement un peu plus toxique que celui de B. gabonica[4].

Il n'existe que quelques rapports détaillés sur l'envenimation chez l'homme. On a décrit une enflure massive, susceptible de causer une nécrose. À Dayton, dans l'Ohio, en 2003, un homme qui gardait chez lui un spécimen comme animal de compagnie, a été mordu et en est mort. Il existe au moins un antivenin qui protège spécialement contre les morsures de cette espèce : l'India Antiserum Africa Polyvalent.

Publication originale

  • Shaw, 1802 : The Naturalists's Miscellany: or coloured figures of natural objects, drawn and described immediately from Nature. Nodder & Co. , London, vol. 3, part. 2 (texte intégral).

Notes et références

  • (en) Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé .
  1. a et b Reptarium Reptile Database, consulté lors d'une mise à jour du lien externe
  2. a b c et d Spawls, Howell, Drewes & Ashe, 2004 : A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa. London, A & C Black Publishers Ltd, p. 1-543.
  3. Spawls & Branch, 1995 : The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai, Oriental Press, p. 1-192.
  4. a b et c Mallow, Ludwig & Nilson, 2003 : True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida, Krieger Publishing Company, p. 1-359.
  5. Flandroit Patrik, « Bitis nasicornis », sur http://www.snakevipera-reptiles.com/
  6. Froesch, 1967 : Bitis nasicornis, ein Problem-Pflegling? Deutsche Aquarien- und Terrarien-Zeitschrift, vol. 20, p. 186–189.
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Vipère rhinocéros: Brief Summary ( French )

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Bitis nasicornis

Bitis nasicornis, la Vipère rhinocéros, est une espèce de serpents de la famille des Viperidae.

On la trouve dans la forêt humide de l'Ouest et du centre de l'Afrique. C'est une grosse vipère venimeuse, pouvant dépasser le mètre, caractérisée par sa robe colorée et surtout un appendice nasal en forme de cornes. On ne connaît pas de sous-espèces.

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Bitis nasicornis ( Italian )

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La vipera nasicorne (Bitis nasicornis) (SHAW, 1802) o vipera rinoceronte è una specie di vipera velenosa che si trova in Africa.[1] Questa vipera è conosciuta per le sue due tipiche "corna" sopra agli occhi.

Al momento non sono riconosciute sottospecie.[2]

Descrizione

Linee e forme elaborate ricoprono il corpo tozzo di questa vipera, che mostra macchie azzurre, rosse e giallo limone. Questa livrea la aiuta a mimetizzarsi tra le foglie cadute. In media questa vipera misura dai 70 ai 180 cm e le femmine sono più grandi dei maschi. Come la maggior parte dei serpenti, la vipera nasicorne usa le scaglie per mantenere la presa. Grazie alla lingua biforcuta la vipera riesce a rintracciare facilmente le prede, usandola per sentirne l'odore nell'aria e trasmettendone le particelle all'organo di Jacobson per essere analizzate. Le corna sono scaglie modificate che formano le caratteristiche "ciglia" sopra la testa della vipera e possono essere 2 o 3. Nonostante molte altre vipere abbiano le corna sul naso, la funzione di queste particolari appendici resta ancora un mistero.

Abitudini e dieta

La vipera nasicorne è prevalentemente notturna e solitamente caccia piccoli mammiferi, uccelli, lucertole, rane e pesci.

Durata della vita

Questo serpente può vivere fino a 15 anni.

Distribuzione ed habitat

La vipera nasicorne vive principalmente nelle foreste pluviali dell'Africa centrale e occidentale, dal Kenya occidentale al Senegal. Questo serpente preferisce il terreno umido vicino a fiumi, laghi e paludi. Sebbene si sappia arrampicare, trascorre la maggior parte del tempo al suolo.

Veleno

Il veleno di questa vipera è molto potente, e viene iniettato da zanne lunghe fino a 1,5 cm. Il veleno è emotossico, quindi in grado di attaccare le cellule sanguigne e il sistema circolatorio, portando emorragie interne, necrosi dei tessuti e collasso degli organi interni. È talvolta letale per l'uomo. Il morso però non risulta sempre velenoso, perché questa vipera può controllare il movimento delle zanne retrattili e non sempre le estrae quando morde.

Riproduzione

La vipera nasicorne è ovovivipara. I cuccioli appena nati misurano 18-25 cm.

Note

  1. ^ Rhinoceros Viper: WhoZoo, su www.whozoo.org. URL consultato il 7 aprile 2021.
  2. ^ ITIS Standard Report Page: Bitis nasicornis, su www.itis.gov. URL consultato il 7 aprile 2021.

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Bitis nasicornis: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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La vipera nasicorne (Bitis nasicornis) (SHAW, 1802) o vipera rinoceronte è una specie di vipera velenosa che si trova in Africa. Questa vipera è conosciuta per le sue due tipiche "corna" sopra agli occhi.

Al momento non sono riconosciute sottospecie.

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Żmija rogatonosa ( Polish )

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Żmija rogatonosa (Bitis nasicornis) – gatunek jadowitego węża z rodziny żmijowatych.

Występowanie:zachodnia, środkowa i wschodnia Afryka[2].

Przypisy

  1. Bitis nasicornis, w: Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ang.).
  2. Bitis nasicornis (ang.). The Reptile Database. [dostęp 6 września 2010].
p d e
Węże (Serpentes) Scolecophidia Kingbrownsnake.jpgAlethinophidia
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Żmija rogatonosa: Brief Summary ( Polish )

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Żmija rogatonosa (Bitis nasicornis) – gatunek jadowitego węża z rodziny żmijowatych.

Występowanie:zachodnia, środkowa i wschodnia Afryka.

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Bitis nasicornis ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Bitis nasicornis[5] este o specie de șerpi din genul Bitis, familia Viperidae, descrisă de Tsen-Hwang Shaw în anul 1802.[6][7] Conform Catalogue of Life specia Bitis nasicornis nu are subspecii cunoscute.[6]

Referințe

  1. ^ Lenk,P.; Herrmann,H. W.; Joger,U. & Wink,M. (1999) Phylogeny and taxonomic subdivision of Bitis (Reptilia: Viperidae) based on molecular evidence., Kaupia (Darmstadt) (8): 31-38
  2. ^ Hallowell,E. (1857) Notes of a collection of reptiles from the Gaboon country, West Africa, recently presented to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, by Dr. Herny A. Ford., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 9: 48-72
  3. ^ Duméril, A. M. C., BIBRON, G. & DUMÉRIL, A. H. A., (1854) Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie, comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux., Paris, Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret: i-xii + 781-1536
  4. ^ Gray, J. E. (1842) Monographic Synopsis of the Vipers or the family Viperidae., Zool. Miscell., 1842: 68-71
  5. ^ a b Shaw,G. & NODDER,F.P. (1802) The Naturalists's Miscellany: or coloured figures of natural objects, drawn and described immediately from Nature., Nodder & Co. , London, Vol. 3: pl. 94
  6. ^ a b Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (2011). „Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Accesat în 24 september 2012. Verificați datele pentru: |access-date= (ajutor)Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (link)
  7. ^ TIGR Reptile Database . Uetz P. , 2007-10-02


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Bitis nasicornis: Brief Summary ( Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan )

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Bitis nasicornis este o specie de șerpi din genul Bitis, familia Viperidae, descrisă de Tsen-Hwang Shaw în anul 1802. Conform Catalogue of Life specia Bitis nasicornis nu are subspecii cunoscute.

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Bitis nasicornis ( Vietnamese )

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Bitis nasicornis là một loài rắn trong họ Rắn lục. Loài này được Shaw mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1802.[2]

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ Bitis nasicornis. The Reptile Database. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 5 năm 2013.

Tham khảo


Hình tượng sơ khai Bài viết về họ Rắn lục này vẫn còn sơ khai. Bạn có thể giúp Wikipedia bằng cách mở rộng nội dung để bài được hoàn chỉnh hơn.
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Bitis nasicornis: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Bitis nasicornis là một loài rắn trong họ Rắn lục. Loài này được Shaw mô tả khoa học đầu tiên năm 1802.

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犀噝蝰 ( Chinese )

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二名法 Bitis nasicornis
Shaw, 1792

犀噝蝰學名Bitis nasicornis)是蛇亞目蝰蛇科蝰亞科噝蝰屬下的一種毒蛇,主要分布於西非中非地區。[1]犀噝蝰最為人所知的是其鼻端上的尖長鱗角,形狀如犀牛角,因此得名。[2]目前未有任何亞種被確認。[3]

特徵

犀噝蝰體型碩大胖壯,體長約達72至107公分[4][5]雌性犀噝蝰的身體一般較雄蛇為大。[6]犀噝蝰頭部扁平,呈三角形,與軀體相比顯得較小。[5]頸部狹細,鼻端有2至3片角狀的長鱗,雙眼細小並分布於頭部前方。[4]尖牙並不長大,甚少長逾1.5公分。[5]犀噝蝰的背鱗約有31至43排[5],鱗片尖突,甚為粗糙,當牠們與外物衝突時容易令對方受傷。[2]腹鱗約有117至140片[5],有單片肛鱗。[4]

地理分布

犀噝蝰主要分布於西非畿內亞加納地區,與及中非中非共和國蘇丹共和國喀麥隆加蓬剛果共和國剛果民主共和國安哥拉盧旺達烏干達肯雅。其標準產地為「非洲以內地區」。[1]

棲息及行為

犀噝蝰多棲息於樹林地區,甚少出沒於木林,其棲息地比加蓬噝蝰更受限制。[2]牠們屬於夜行性蛇類,日間時多躲藏於樹木底下、洞穴中或地上的枯木縫間。犀噝蝰的體紋讓牠們便於藏起蹤跡,能起保護作用。[5]另外,雖然犀噝蝰屬於陸行型蛇類,但牠們亦能攀爬樹木,最高紀錄者更曾攀上離地3之高。[2]犀噝蝰之所以擅長攀樹,是因為牠們擁有強而有力的尾巴,可以抓緊樹木枝幹。[5]有時候,牠們也會於淺灘地區出沒,因此亦被認為是威力超群的泳手。[5][2]

犀噝蝰行動緩慢,但能向前方或兩側發動快速的咬擊,而且並不會將身體緊縮以向對手發出咬擊前的預警。而且,要抓起犀噝蝰的尾巴也是一件危險的事,因為牠們的尾巴相當有力,足以令牠們撐起身體向對手作出噬咬。[5]相對於鼓腹噝蝰B. arietans)而言,犀噝蝰的性情比較鎮定;如果有人類接近犀噝蝰,牠們一般會假定對方看不到牠們的存在,而向對方發出嘶叫聲,以警告對方別再作進一步的接近。[5]根據一些說法,犀噝蝰是所有非洲蛇類中能發出最響亮嘶叫聲的蛇,其聲音幾乎類近於尖叫。[4]

攝食及繁殖

犀噝蝰是伏擊型獵者,平日不常四處移動,只會選擇一個理想的埋伏地,然後等待獵物自投羅網。[4]根據學者佛洛斯徹(Froesch, 1967)觀察,一條由人類所飼養的犀噝蝰甚少離開其作為居所的箱子,當牠感到飢餓時也不會輕離箱子,牠守候了三天,才等到一頭老鼠自己鑽進箱子中成為其食物。

犀噝蝰多捕食小型哺乳動物,若是居於濕地的犀噝蝰也會捕食蟾蜍類甚至魚類。根據犀噝蝰養育者所言,即使犀噝蝰面對一些已經被殺死的獵物時,牠們仍會向獵物使出咬擊,並保持咬緊一段時間,才會進行吞食。[5]

西非,雌性犀噝蝰每次能生產6至38條幼蛇,其生產期約為每年的三月四月。初生幼蛇體長已達18至25公分。[4]

毒性

由於犀噝蝰的分布地甚為稀疏,因此關於被犀噝蝰咬傷的事件亦較少被紀錄,故未有較為全面的相關數據。[2]犀噝蝰毒素在老鼠身上的靜脈注射LD50 為1.1 mg/kg,其毒性比鼓腹噝蝰及加蓬噝蝰稍弱。犀噝蝰最高毒素分泌量為200毫克[2]一項研究指出,犀噝蝰毒素的肌肉注射LD50值(8.6 mg/kg)是五種受測試蝰蛇(其他四種包括鼓腹噝蝰、加蓬噝蝰、山蝰與及毒蝰)中最高的。

目前只有許少人類被犀噝蝰毒素所害的紀錄,據目前資料可知,如果被犀噝蝰所咬,至少傷口會出現腫脹及壞疽。[2]在2003年,一位居於美國俄亥俄州代頓的男性,就曾飼養一條犀噝蝰而因被其咬傷中毒,最終導致死亡。[7]目前世界上至少有一種專門針對犀噝蝰蛇毒的血清[8]

備註

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Spawls S, Branch B. 1995. The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Ralph Curtis Books. Dubai: Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.
  3. ^ Bitis nasicornis. Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 2006 [27 July, 2006] (英语). 请检查|access-date=中的日期值 (帮助)
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Spawls S, Howell K, Drewes R, Ashe J. 2004. A Field Guide To The Reptiles Of East Africa. London: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. 543 pp. ISBN 0-7136-6817-2.
  5. ^ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  6. ^ Mehrtens JM. 1987. Living Snakes of the World in Color. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. ISBN 0-8069-6460-X.
  7. ^ Firefighter Dies After Bite From Pet Snake 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2006-04-01. at channelcincinnati.com 互联网档案馆存檔,存档日期2006-09-04.
  8. ^ Miami-Dade Fire Rescue Venom Response Unit 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆 at VenomousReptiles.org 页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆

外部連結

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犀噝蝰: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

犀噝蝰(學名:Bitis nasicornis)是蛇亞目蝰蛇科蝰亞科噝蝰屬下的一種毒蛇,主要分布於西非中非地區。犀噝蝰最為人所知的是其鼻端上的尖長鱗角,形狀如犀牛角,因此得名。目前未有任何亞種被確認。

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维基百科作者和编辑

ライノセラスアダー ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語
ライノセラスアダー ライノセラスアダー
ライノセラスアダー Bitis nasicornis
分類 : 動物界 Animalia : 脊索動物門 Chordata 亜門 : 脊椎動物亜門 Vertebrata : 爬虫綱 Reptilia : 有鱗目 Squamata 亜目 : ヘビ亜目 Serpentes : クサリヘビ科 Viperidae 亜科 : クサリヘビ亜科 Viperinae : アフリカアダー属 Bitis : ライノセラスアダー
B. nasicornis 学名 Bitis nasicornis (Shaw, 1792) 和名 ライノセラスアダー 英名 Rhinoceros viper

ライノセラスアダー学名Bitis nasicornis)は、クサリヘビ科アフリカアダー属に分類されるヘビ

分布[編集]

アフリカ大陸中部[1][2]

形態[編集]

全長50-100センチメートル[1]。体形は太短い[1]。吻端には角状の突起がある[1][2]。種小名nasicornisは「鼻に角のある」の意。鱗には鋭い隆起(キール)がある[1]。頭部背面には矢印模様[2]、胴体には複雑な斑紋が入る[1]

[編集]

毒性は出血毒[2]

生態[編集]

熱帯雨林に生息し、水辺を好む[1]

食性は動物食で、鳥類哺乳類などを食べる[2]

繁殖形態は胎生。1回に30頭以上の幼蛇を産む[1]

画像[編集]

  •  src=

    頭部

参考文献[編集]

[ヘルプ]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h 千石正一監修 長坂拓也編著 『爬虫類・両生類800種図鑑 第3版』、ピーシーズ、2002年、134頁。
  2. ^ a b c d e 山田和久『爬虫・両生類ビジュアルガイド ヘビ』、誠文堂新光社2005年、109頁。

関連項目[編集]

 src= ウィキメディア・コモンズには、ライノセラスアダーに関連するメディアがあります。  src= ウィキスピーシーズにライノセラスアダーに関する情報があります。

外部リンク[編集]

執筆の途中です この項目は、動物に関連した書きかけの項目です。この項目を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めていますPortal:生き物と自然プロジェクト:生物)。
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ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
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wikipedia 日本語

ライノセラスアダー: Brief Summary ( Japanese )

provided by wikipedia 日本語

ライノセラスアダー(学名:Bitis nasicornis)は、クサリヘビ科アフリカアダー属に分類されるヘビ

license
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copyright
ウィキペディアの著者と編集者
original
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wikipedia 日本語