More info for the terms:
density,
fire intensity,
fuel,
litter,
meristem,
rhizome,
tillerFire removes aboveground parts of switchgrass. Switchgrass litter is
resistant to matting down. This standing dead material is apparently a
good fuel source which readily carries fire.
Most switchgrass plants survive fire because of protected underground
rhizomes, but the vigor and extent of postfire tiller growth is
dependent upon season of burning, fire intensity, and plant growth form
(sod- or bunch-forming ecotype). If burned when dormant, switchgrass is
not harmed by fire and, drawing upon stored carbohydrate reserves,
resumes growth in the spring as usual. Regrowth following summer
burning, however, is hampered because (1) switchgrass's apical meristems
are elevated above the soil surface at this time and can be consumed by
fire and (2) carbohydrate reserves for initiation of new growth are low
at this time of year. If the apical meristem is destroyed by fire, new
growth must come from the initiation of new tillers from crown or
rhizome buds [
64]. In Nebraska, switchgrass meristems protrude above
the soil surface beginning in mid-June, and extend more than 1 inch (2.5
cm) above the soil surface by late June [
9,
33].
During summer grass fires, fire intensity is dependent upon fuel
quantity. Where fuel loads are heavy, grass fires can be relatively
intense, resulting in the consumption of switchgrass's aboveground
meristems. Conversely, under light fuel loads, meristems may survive.
For example, during summer prescribed fires in Oklahoma tallgrass
prairie (Andropogon-Sorgastrum-Panicum), fire intensity at the soil
surface (measured by fire temperature and duration) was four times as
high on ungrazed plots (fuel load = 1,031 grams/meter square) than on
grazed plots (fuel load = 443 grams/meter square). Postfire recovery on
grazed plots was quicker, with regrowth coming mostly from tillers free
of apical meristem damage. On ungrazed plots, new growth came from
newly initiated tillers from rhizomes, but was not vigorous, and 2
months after the fire tiller density remained well below preburn levels
[
25].
Both sod- and bunch-forming switchgrass ecotypes were burned annually in
January in Georgia [
7]. No sod-forming types were harmed by fire, but
numerous bunch type clones were killed. Bunch types often had the
center of the bunch elevated above the soil surface, leaving the roots
and rhizomes exposed.