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Distribution

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The range of Petaurista elegans extends from Nepal east and southeast across the Malay Peninsula, as far east as Vietnam. Their range also includes the islands of Sumatra, Java and Borneo, as well as a few smaller surrounding islands.

Biogeographic Regions: oriental

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Conservation Status

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Giant flying squirrels (genus Petaurista) were once fairly abundant within their range. However, human destruction of natural habitats, especially of tall trees necessary for nesting sites, and direct hunting pressures have had a negative impact on their breeding success. As a result, there has been a significant decrease in populations over the past several decades. However, the conservation status of P. elegans has not been formally evaluated.

CITES: no special status

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: least concern

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Behavior

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Communication in P. elegans and other members of the genus is not well known. Flying squirrels in general tend to be quiet animals. However, it is likely that they communicate through visual, chemical, auditory, and tactile signals, as do most mammals.

Because they are likely to be nocturnal animals, P. elegans may rely on auditory, tactile, and chemical cues primarily and have especially keen night vision.

Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical

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Benefits

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There are no known adverse affects of P. elegans on humans.

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Benefits

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In some areas species of Petaurista are a food source for the indigenous people, and P. elegans are also hunted for their fur and hides.

Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material

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Associations

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Spotted giant flying squirrels clearly play a role as primary and probably secondary consumers, but specific ecological roles have not been documented. P. elegans are hosts for Atopophthirus emersoni, a species of sucking louse. They may act as seed dispersers of the fruits they eat.

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Trophic Strategy

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Petaurista in general are known to consume soft fruit, nuts, leaves and shoots, and they may also eat eggs, insects, and larvae.

Animal Foods: eggs; insects; terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Plant Foods: leaves; seeds, grains, and nuts; fruit

Primary Diet: omnivore

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Habitat

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Spotted giant flying squirrels, also known as lesser giant flying squirrels, are found in temperate forests. They are arboreal, usually encountered in trees 15-20 meters above ground. They are more common at higher altitudes, 3,000 to 4,000 meters above sea level, though they are sometimes observed at lower elevations in the spring, possibly in search of food not found at higher altitudes during that time of year.

Range elevation: 3,000 to 4,000 m.

Habitat Regions: temperate ; terrestrial

Terrestrial Biomes: forest ; mountains

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Life Expectancy

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Longevity of P. elegans is not known, but a related species, P. petaurista, lived up to 16 years in captivity.

Range lifespan
Status: captivity:
16 (high) years.

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Morphology

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Petaurista elegans individuals are roughly the size of a cat, with adults weighing between 1,138 and 1,362 grams. Head and body length can be 305-585 mm, with a brush-like tail that can exceed the length of the body varying from 356-635 mm. All Petaurista have a furry membrane between their ankles and wrists that is supported by a cartilaginous rod that assists in gliding. Six mammae are located on their abdominal region. Their general coloration is dark on top and light on the underside. There is significant geographic variation in the species, and some authorities recognize multiple subspecies. Variants involve coloration of the back (brown to black), spotting on the back (unspotted to spotted, with spotted individuals varying in the extent of spotting), presence of reddish rump patch and/or a black line running the length of their backs, and the coloration of limbs and tail (black, brown or orange). The presence of intermediates connecting these forms supports recognizing all within a single, variable species.

Range mass: 1,138 to 1,362 g.

Range length: 305 to 585 mm.

Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry ; polymorphic

Sexual Dimorphism: sexes alike

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Associations

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Little is known about the predators of P. elegans and their anti-predator adaptations. They may be most susceptible to volant and arboreal predators, such as owls and civets.

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Reproduction

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The mating systems of P. elegans have not been studied. Studies of a close relative, P. petaurista, suggested that mated pairs remain together throughout the year and are generally observed together.

Little is known about reproduction in P. elegans. They have been observed to produce litters of one or two offspring, and in Nepal, lactating females were collected in October.

Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.

Average number of offspring: 1.

Key Reproductive Features: gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; viviparous

Parental care in P. elegans has not been studied, but if mated pairs remain together throughout the year (as in P. petaurista) suggests that both males and females care for their offspring until independence.

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Petaurista elegans ( Asturian )

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Petaurista elegans ye una especie de royedor de la familia Sciuridae.

Distribución xeográfica

Alcuéntrase en China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malasia, Myanmar, Nepal y Vietnam.

Referencies

  1. Waltson, J., Duckworth, J. W. & Molur, S. (2008). Petaurista elegans. En: UICN 2008. Llista Roxa d'Especies Amenazaes UICN. Consultáu'l 6 Xineru 2009.
  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. Pp. 754-818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. Y. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
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Petaurista elegans: Brief Summary ( Asturian )

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Petaurista elegans ye una especie de royedor de la familia Sciuridae.

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Esquirol volador tacat ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'esquirol volador tacat (Petaurista elegans) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu al Bhutan, la Xina, l'Índia, Indonèsia, Laos, Malàisia, Myanmar, el Nepal, Tailàndia i el Vietnam. Els seus hàbitats naturals són les pinedes temperades, els boscos perennifolis tropicals humits i els boscos perennifolis secs. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie, tot i que les poblacions del sud-est asiàtic estan afectades per la tala d'arbres.[1]

Referències

 src= A Wikimedia Commons hi ha contingut multimèdia relatiu a: Esquirol volador tacat Modifica l'enllaç a Wikidata
  1. Walston, J.; Duckworth, J. W.; Molur, S. Petaurista elegans. UICN 2008. Llista Vermella d'espècies amenaçades de la UICN, edició 2008, consultada el 21 setembre 2015.
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Esquirol volador tacat: Brief Summary ( Catalan; Valencian )

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L'esquirol volador tacat (Petaurista elegans) és una espècie de rosegador de la família dels esciúrids. Viu al Bhutan, la Xina, l'Índia, Indonèsia, Laos, Malàisia, Myanmar, el Nepal, Tailàndia i el Vietnam. Els seus hàbitats naturals són les pinedes temperades, els boscos perennifolis tropicals humits i els boscos perennifolis secs. Es creu que no hi ha cap amenaça significativa per a la supervivència d'aquesta espècie, tot i que les poblacions del sud-est asiàtic estan afectades per la tala d'arbres.

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Geflecktes Riesengleithörnchen ( German )

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Das Gefleckte Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista elegans) ist ein Gleithörnchen aus der Unterfamilie der Baum- und Gleithörnchen (Sciurinae). Es gehört zur Gattung der Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista) und lebt in Südostasien.

Merkmale

Das Gefleckte Riesengleithörnchen ist etwa katzengroß und hat eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 30 bis 38 Zentimetern und eine Schwanzlänge von 35 bis 40 Zentimetern. Die Hinterfußlänge beträgt 59 bis 68 Millimeter, die Ohrlänge 44 bis 45 Millimeter.[1] Es gehört damit zu den kleineren Arten der Gattung.[1] Adulte Tiere werden etwa 760 bis 1040 Gramm schwer, wobei die Männchen etwas schwerer als die Weibchen sind.[2]

Die Grundfärbung der Tiere ist sehr variabel und reicht von rötlich-braun bis schwarz. Dabei ist der Rücken in der Regel mit hellen Flecken versehen, die eine unterschiedliche Größe und Dichte haben können. Bei einigen Populationen besitzen die Tiere einen rötlichen Fleck am Rumpf, andere haben eine schwarze Linie, die sich über den Rücken zieht. Die Bauchseite ist in der Regel heller als die Rückenseite. Auch die Farbe der Beine kann von orange-braun über braun bis schwarz variieren. Wie alle anderen Arten der Gleithörnchen besitzt das Gefleckte Riesengleithörnchen eine Gleithaut zwischen den Vorder- und Hinterbeinen, die von Fell bedeckt ist.[3] Die Oberseite der Flughaut ist in der Regel dunkel rot-orange gefärbt.[1]

Verbreitung und Lebensraum

 src=
Verbreitungsgebiet (rotbraunes Gebiet) des Gefleckten Riesengleithörnchens

Das Gefleckte Riesengleithörnchen ist über ein großes Gebiet Süd- und Südostasiens verbreitet. Es reicht vom östlichen und südöstlichen Nepal und Bhutan über Süd- und Zentralchina, Indien, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Thailand und Malaysia bis zur Malaiischen Halbinsel. Auch die malaysischen und indonesischen Inseln Sumatra, Java, Borneo und ein paar kleinere umliegende Inseln werden von der Art besiedelt.[3][4] In China umfasst das Verbreitungsgebiet Teile der Provinzen Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Xizang, Hunan, Hubei, Shaanxi und Gansu.[1][4]

Dabei lebt es im Bereich des Himalaja bis in Höhen von 3000 bis 4000 m, in Südostasien zwischen 1000 und 4000 m (Malaysia). Es lebt meist in den hohen Lagen, wird im Frühjahr jedoch in niedrigeren Höhenlagen beobachtet, möglicherweise auf der Suche nach Nahrung, die in höheren Lagen während dieser Zeit des Jahres nicht zu finden ist.[3] Der Lebensraum besteht dabei aus Kiefernwäldern der gemäßigten Klimazonen bis zu tropischen Regenwäldern.[4]

Lebensweise

Die Riesengleithörnchen sind nachtaktiv und verbringen den Tag in Baumhöhlen. Sie ernähren sich wie andere Hörnchen von Koniferensamen, Nüssen, Früchten, Blättern, Trieben und Knospen. Die Fortbewegung erfolgt durch Klettern an den Bäumen, wobei sie durch die Flughaut allerdings im Vergleich zu anderen Hörnchen behindert sind. Gleitend kann es weite Distanzen zurücklegen. Der Gleitwinkel wird mit den Vorderbeinen verändert, die Steuerung erfolgt mit den Beinen und dem Schwanz.[3] Der Gleitflug erfolgt in der Regel von einem hohen Punkt in einem Baum zu einem niedrigeren in einem anderen Baum statt auf den Boden und dient oft der Flucht.

Über die Fortpflanzung dieser Art liegen nur wenige Daten vor. Es wird angenommen, dass sie ähnlich wie der Taguan (Petaurista petaurista) das gesamte Jahr paarweise leben und in der Regel gemeinsam beobachtet werden. Sie bekommen nur einmal im Jahr Nachwuchs und bringen dabei ein bis zwei Jungtiere zur Welt, säugende Weibchen wurden im Oktober gefangen.[3]

Systematik

Das Gefleckte Riesengleithörnchen wird als eigenständige Art innerhalb der Gattung der Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista) eingeordnet, die insgesamt acht[5] bis neun Arten[2] enthält. Die wissenschaftliche Erstbeschreibung stammt von Salomon Müller aus dem Jahr 1840 anhand eines Individuums von der Insel Java, Indonesien.[5]

Innerhalb der Art werden je nach Systematik fünf bis acht Unterarten unterschieden (Beschreibungen nach [2]):

Die ehemals als Unterarten betrachteten P. e. caniceps aus Nepal, dem indischen Sikkim und Bhutan sowie P. e. sybilla in Indien und Myanmar gelten heute gemeinsam als eigenständige Art Petaurista caniceps,[6][7] wobei auch der eigene Artstatus von P. sybilla diskutiert wird.[2]

Das aktuelle Verbreitungsgebiet des Gefleckten Riesengleithörnchens wird – wie beim Taguan (P. petaurista) – auf den um etwa 200 Meter niedriger liegenden Meeresspiegel sowie die tektonische Aktivität während der Übergangszeit vom Pliozän zum Pleistozän vor etwa 2,6 Millionen Jahren zurückgeführt.[2]

Gefährdung und Schutz

Die Art wird von der International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) aufgrund der Bestandsgröße und des großen Verbreitungsgebietes als „nicht gefährdet“ (Least concern) eingeschätzt. Ein Rückgang des Bestandes und eine größere Bedrohung sind nicht bekannt, allerdings gibt es auch nur wenige Forschungsberichte zu der Art.[4]

Belege

  1. a b c d Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel. In: Andrew T. Smith, Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; S. 178. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.
  2. a b c d e Richard W. Thorington Jr., John L. Koprowski, Michael A. Steele: Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2012; S. 112. ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1
  3. a b c d e Eva Ryckman: Petaurista elegans im Animal Diversity Web der University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Abgerufen: 26. Februar 2012.
  4. a b c d Petaurista elegans in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN 2010.4. Eingestellt von: J. Walston, J.W. Duckworth, S. Molur, 2008. Abgerufen am 26. Februar 2012.
  5. a b Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (Hrsg.): Petaurista elegans in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed).
  6. Gray-Headed Flying Squirrel. In: Andrew T. Smith, Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; S. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.
  7. Richard W. Thorington Jr., John L. Koprowski, Michael A. Steele: Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2012; S. 111. ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1

Literatur

  • Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel. In: Andrew T. Smith, Yan Xie: A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press, 2008; S. 178. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.
  • Richard W. Thorington Jr., John L. Koprowski, Michael A. Steele: Squirrels of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore MD 2012; S. 112. ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1

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Geflecktes Riesengleithörnchen: Brief Summary ( German )

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Das Gefleckte Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista elegans) ist ein Gleithörnchen aus der Unterfamilie der Baum- und Gleithörnchen (Sciurinae). Es gehört zur Gattung der Riesengleithörnchen (Petaurista) und lebt in Südostasien.

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थोप्ले राजपंखी लोखेर्के ( Nepali )

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थोप्ले राजपंखी लोखेर्के नेपाल, चीन, भारत, इन्डोनेसिया, मलेसिया तथा म्यानमारमा पाइने लोखर्केको एक प्रजाति हो ।

सन्दर्भ सूची

  1. Waltson, J., Duckworth, J. W. & Molur, S. (2008). Petaurista elegans. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 6 January 2009.
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थोप्ले राजपंखी लोखेर्के: Brief Summary ( Nepali )

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थोप्ले राजपंखी लोखेर्के नेपाल, चीन, भारत, इन्डोनेसिया, मलेसिया तथा म्यानमारमा पाइने लोखर्केको एक प्रजाति हो ।

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Spotted giant flying squirrel

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The spotted giant flying squirrel (Petaurista elegans), also known as the lesser giant flying squirrel, is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae.[1][2] It is found in hill and mountain forests at altitudes of 200–4,000 m (660–13,120 ft) in Southeast Asia north to central China and the east Himalayan region,[1] although the northern populations sometimes are regarded as separate species as the grey-headed giant flying squirrel (P. caniceps), Chindwin giant flying squirrel (P. sybilla) and P. marica. Two of these, as well as a few other populations, lack the white spots on the upperparts for which it is named.[2][3] Although a large flying squirrel, it is a relatively small giant flying squirrel.[2]

Like other flying squirrels, it is nocturnal and able to glide (not actually fly like a bat) long distances between trees by spreading out its patagium, skin between its limbs.[4][5] A rather noisy species that has a drawn-out cry that often can be heard at night, it spends the day in a tree hollow, or, less often, on a cliff ledge or in a nest made of vegetation in a tree. It feeds on fruits, seeds, leaves, buds and flowers, and has one, occasionally two, young per litter.[3][4][6]

Taxonomy

Considerable taxonomic uncertainty surrounds the northern subspecies caniceps, sybilla and marica of the spotted giant flying squirrel. Especially the distinctive caniceps (grey-headed giant flying squirrel) and less often sybilla (Chindwin giant flying squirrel) have been regarded as separate species.[2][3][4][7] In 2005, Mammal Species of the World opted to regard all as subspecies of the spotted giant flying squirrel.[8] In 2012, it was proposed that caniceps should be regarded as a separate species, but with sybilla as its subspecies, while leaving marica as a subspecies of P. elegans.[9] However, in addition to their distinctive appearance, caniceps, sybilla and marica occur together in a small part of southern China.[7][10] A genetic study has revealed that caniceps is distantly related to all of these, being closer to some other species like the red giant flying squirrel. Although sybilla, marica and P. elegans are closer to each other than they are to any other giant flying squirrel, they are quite deeply split. It is estimated that sybilla split from marica about 1.87 million years ago, and they split from P. elegans even earlier.[7] Another study that compared north Vietnam specimens (either sybilla or marica based on appearance and location) with P. elegans also revealed a relatively deep genetic split between them.[11] This has resulted in the recommendation of recognizing caniceps, sybilla and marica as separate species, but some unresolved issues remain. Both genetic studies were based on P. elegans of the subspecies sumatrana from Sumatra.[7][11] The subspecies punctata of the Thai-Malay Peninsula has not been sampled. In appearance it quite resembles sumatrana,[5] but intermediates between punctata and marica may occur in the area where their ranges come into contact in Thailand.[2]

A secondary problem is related to certain Chinese and Nepali populations, by some authorities recognize as the subspecies clarkei and gorkhali,[6][10] but others consider both as synonyms of caniceps.[8] Additionally, populations in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan and Shaanxi appear to belong to two undescribed taxa.[10]

Appearance

A grey-headed giant flying squirrel (P. e. caniceps) above, but incorrectly showing the upperparts and tail as almost the same colour as the head (a gliding Bhutan giant flying squirrel below)

The spotted giant flying squirrel has a head-and-body length of about 29.5–40 cm (11.5–15.5 in), tail length of 34–40.5 cm (13.5–16 in) and weighs 760–1,560 g (1.68–3.44 lb). This makes it a large species of flying squirrel, but the smallest giant flying squirrel in its range.[2][4][12]

The underparts are light orange-brown to pale rufous, but especially the colour of the head, upperparts and tail vary considerably depending on subspecies. The first group of subspecies has a black tail with only the base rufous-brown. In P. e. punctata of the Thai-Malay Peninsula, the head and upperparts are rufous-brown, somewhat darker on the midback. The upperparts from the top of the head and shoulders to the rump have many relatively large white spots, although on occasion they are more restricted.[2][13] P. e. banksi of highlands of northern Borneo is similar, except that its upper head, nape and back are black, resulting in a clear contrast with the rich rufous-brown flanks and tail base. It has white spots above as in P. e. punctata, but these can be absent in young.[14] The Sumatran P. e. sumatrana resembles P. e. punctata, but has fewer white spots that mostly are distributed on the mid-back. The Javan P. e. elegans and P. e. slamatensis (the latter likely is a synonym of the former[9]) resemble P. e. banksi, but the upperparts often are more grizzled-black and white spots can be entirely absent.[2][5]

The second group of subspecies has an entirely (P. e. marica and P. e. sybilla) or mostly (P. e. caniceps) orangish-brown or reddish-brown tail. P. e. marica from Mainland Southeast Asia (except the Thai-Malay Peninsula) and southern Yunnan and westernmost Guangxi in China is lighter brown above than P. e. punctata and has less white spots that mostly are distributed on the top of the head to the central back. P. e. sybilla of northern Myanmar, southern Sichuan and Yunnan in China and easternmost Arunachal Pradesh in India is orangish-brown or reddish-brown above with a slightly more grey-brown back that completely lacks white spots. The final subspecies, P. e. caniceps from Uttarakhand in India and Nepal to Arunachal Pradesh in India and southern Xizang, Guizhou and Sichuan in China, has a body-colouration similar to P. e. sybilla and also lacks white spots, but is unique in its black tail-tip and all grey head, except for a white throat and an orange-brown ring around each eye.[2][5][6][10][15]

References

  1. ^ a b c Molur, S. (2016). "Petaurista elegans". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T16719A22272724. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T16719A22272724.en. Retrieved 25 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Francis, C.M. (2008). A Guide to the Mammals of Southeast Asia. Princeton University Press. pp. 150–153, 341–342. ISBN 978-0-691-13551-9.
  3. ^ a b c Datta, R.; R. Nandini (2015). "Sciurids". In A.J.T. Johnsingh; N. Manjrekar (eds.). Mammals of South Asia. Vol. 2. Universities Press, India. pp. 513–573. ISBN 9788173715891.
  4. ^ a b c d Jackson, S.M. (2012). Gliding Mammals of the World. CSIRO Publishing. pp. 112–135. ISBN 9780643092600.
  5. ^ a b c d Thorington, Jr., R.W.; J.L. Koprowski; M.A. Steele; J.F. Whatton (2012). Squirrels of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 111–113. ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ a b c Thapa, S.; H.B. Katuwal; S. Koirala; B.V. Dahal; B. Devkota; R. Rana; H. Dhakal; R. Karki; H. Basnet (2016). Sciuridae (Order: Rodentia) in Nepal. Small Mammals Conservation and Research Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal. pp. 15–18.
  7. ^ a b c d Li, S.; K. He; F.-H. Yu; Q.-S. Yang (2013). "Molecular Phylogeny and Biogeography of Petaurista Inferred from the Cytochrome b Gene, with Implications for the Taxonomic Status of P. caniceps, P. marica and P. sybilla". PLOS ONE. 8 (7): e70461. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...870461L. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070461. PMC 3724786. PMID 23922995.
  8. ^ a b Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). "Species Petaurista elegans". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 754–818. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  9. ^ a b Jackson, S.M.; R.W. Thorington Jr. (2012). "Gliding Mammals – Taxonomy of Living and Extinct Species". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 638 (638): 1–117. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.638.1.
  10. ^ a b c d Smith, A.T.; Y. Xie, eds. (2008). A Guide to the Mammals of China. Princeton University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 978-0-691-09984-2.
  11. ^ a b Oshida, T.; et al. (2010). "Phylogenetics of Petaurista in light of specimens collected from northern Vietnam". Mammal Study. 35: 85–91. doi:10.3106/041.035.0107. S2CID 85670447.
  12. ^ Hayssen, V. (2008). "Patterns of Body and Tail Length and Body Mass in Sciuridae". Journal of Mammalogy. 89 (4): 852–873. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-217.1.
  13. ^ "Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel". ecologyasia.com. Retrieved 19 November 2019.
  14. ^ Payne, J.; C.F. Francis (1998). A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo (3 ed.). The Sabah Society. pp. 102–103, 249. ISBN 967-99947-1-6.
  15. ^ Krishna, M.C.; A. Kumar (2017). "Occurrence of Grey-headed Gliding Squirrel (Petaurista caniceps) in Arunachal Pradesh, India with a Note on Its Taxonomy". Proc Zool Soc. 70 (1): 97–99. doi:10.1007/s12595-015-0158-3. S2CID 6114318.
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Spotted giant flying squirrel: Brief Summary

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The spotted giant flying squirrel (Petaurista elegans), also known as the lesser giant flying squirrel, is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in hill and mountain forests at altitudes of 200–4,000 m (660–13,120 ft) in Southeast Asia north to central China and the east Himalayan region, although the northern populations sometimes are regarded as separate species as the grey-headed giant flying squirrel (P. caniceps), Chindwin giant flying squirrel (P. sybilla) and P. marica. Two of these, as well as a few other populations, lack the white spots on the upperparts for which it is named. Although a large flying squirrel, it is a relatively small giant flying squirrel.

Like other flying squirrels, it is nocturnal and able to glide (not actually fly like a bat) long distances between trees by spreading out its patagium, skin between its limbs. A rather noisy species that has a drawn-out cry that often can be heard at night, it spends the day in a tree hollow, or, less often, on a cliff ledge or in a nest made of vegetation in a tree. It feeds on fruits, seeds, leaves, buds and flowers, and has one, occasionally two, young per litter.

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Petaurista elegans ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Petaurista elegans es una especie de roedor de la familia Sciuridae.

Distribución geográfica

Se encuentran en China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Malasia, Birmania, Nepal y Vietnam.

Referencias

  1. Waltson, J., Duckworth, J. W. & Molur, S. (2008). «Petaurista elegans». Lista Roja de especies amenazadas de la UICN 2008 (en inglés). ISSN 2307-8235. Consultado el 6 de enero de 2009.
  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman. 2005. Family Sciuridae. Pp. 754-818 in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
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Petaurista elegans: Brief Summary ( Spanish; Castilian )

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Petaurista elegans es una especie de roedor de la familia Sciuridae.

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Petaurista elegans ( Basque )

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Petaurista elegans Petaurista generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Sciurinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

Erreferentziak

  1. (Ingelesez)Mammals - full taxonomy and Red List status Ugaztun guztien egoera 2008an
  2. Müller (1840) Sciuridae In Temminck.

Ikus, gainera

(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget "ErrefAurrebista" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetaku003E.");});
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Petaurista elegans: Brief Summary ( Basque )

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Petaurista elegans Petaurista generoko animalia da. Karraskarien barruko Sciurinae azpifamilia eta Sciuridae familian sailkatuta dago.

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Petaurista elegans ( Italian )

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Il petaurista macchiato (Petaurista elegans Müller, 1840), noto in cinese come Baiban Xiaowushu, è uno scoiattolo volante originario del Sud-est asiatico.

Tassonomia

Attualmente, gli studiosi riconoscono sette sottospecie di petaurista macchiato[1]:

Descrizione

Con una lunghezza testa-corpo di 29,6-37,5 cm e una coda di 34,7-40,5 cm, il petaurista macchiato è una delle specie più piccole del genere Petaurista. La colorazione varia molto a seconda delle sottospecie. Sul dorso la pelliccia può essere di colore grigio scuro, giallo scuro o ruggine, con molti peli dall'estremità bianca che le danno un aspetto brizzolato o macchiato; il patagio è di colore arancio-rossastro scuro; la coda è dello stesso colore del dorso; il posteriore e la base della coda sono di colore rossiccio scuro uniforme; i margini laterali del patagio sono marrone-rossiccio scuro; l'interno delle orecchie e la zona oculare è di colore ruggine; il ventre è bruno-arancio brillante.

Distribuzione e habitat

Il petaurista macchiato è una specie molto comune, diffusa nelle regioni settentrionali dell'Asia meridionale, in Cina meridionale e centrale e nel Sud-est asiatico. Nell'Asia meridionale, è presente in Nepal, Bhutan e India nord-orientale, a quote di 3000–4000 m. In Cina, ove è molto diffuso, vive in Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Xizang, Hunan, Hubei, Shaanxi e Gansu. Nel Sud-est asiatico, è presente un po' ovunque, in Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos, Malaysia, Thailandia e Indonesia (Sumatra, Giava e Borneo). Nella penisola malese si incontra tra i 1000 e i 4000 m di quota.

Biologia

Il petaurista macchiato vive nelle foreste montane, sia di conifere che di latifoglie. In Cina è presente soprattutto nelle foreste di querce e rododendri a 2100–3600 m, ma si incontra anche nelle foreste di conifere temperate e alpine, a 3000–3600 m. Questa specie è rigorosamente arboricola e notturna e si nutre di foglie di rododendro, gemme e coni di abete. Sebbene talvolta sia stato avvistato in coppie, nelle foreste di querce e abeti, a 30–40 m dal suolo, generalmente conduce vita solitaria. Nidifica nelle cavità delle querce o costruisce un proprio nido fatto di felci tra i rododendri più alti o gli abeti. Di notte questo animale si può individuare grazie al richiamo continuo che emette, simile a una sorta di piagnisteo. Conosciamo ben poco riguardo alle abitudini riproduttive. Le femmine di solito partoriscono uno o due piccoli. Una femmina che stava allattando è stata catturata nel mese di ottobre.

Conservazione

La principale minaccia per questa specie è la deforestazione (in particolar modo nel Sud-est asiatico), ma essa è ancora molto diffusa e la IUCN la colloca tra le specie a rischio minimo.

Note

  1. ^ a b (EN) D.E. Wilson e D.M. Reeder, Petaurista elegans, in Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3ª ed., Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
  2. ^ (EN) Walston, J., Duckworth, J.W. & Molur, S. 2008, Petaurista elegans, su IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Versione 2020.2, IUCN, 2020.

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Petaurista elegans: Brief Summary ( Italian )

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Il petaurista macchiato (Petaurista elegans Müller, 1840), noto in cinese come Baiban Xiaowushu, è uno scoiattolo volante originario del Sud-est asiatico.

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Tupai Terbang Bintang ( Malay )

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Tupai Terbang Bintang (bahasa Inggeris: Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel) ialah salah satu daripada haiwan yang terdapat di Malaysia. Nama sainsnya Petaurista elegans.[2]

Malaysia merupakan salah satu daripada 12 negara yang telah diiktiraf sebagai kepelbagaian raya "mega diversity" dari segi bilangan dan kepelbagaian flora dan fauna dengan 15,000 spesies pokok berbunga yang diketahui, 286 spesies mamalia, lebih 1,500 vertebrat darat, lebih 150,000 spesies invertebrat, lebih 1000 spesies rama-rama dan 12,000 spesies kupu-kupu, dan lebih 4,000 spesies ikan laut.

Taburan

Tupai Terbang Bintang boleh didapati di Malaysia.

Ciri-ciri

Tupai Terbang Bintang adalah haiwan yang tergolong dalam golongan benda hidup, alam haiwan, bertulang belakang (vertebrat), kelas Mamalia. Dalam aturan : , tergolong dalam keluarga : . Tupai Terbang Bintang adalah haiwan berdarah panas, melahirkan anak, menjaga anak, dan mempunyai bulu di badan.

Jantung Tupai Terbang Bintang terdiri daripada 4 kamar seperti manusia. Kamar atas dikenali sebagai atrium, sementara kamar bawah dikenali sebagai ventrikel.

Pembiakan

Sebagai mamalia, Tupai Terbang Bintang berdarah panas, melahirkan anak, menjaga anak, dan mempunyai bulu di badan. Tupai Terbang Bintang akan menjaga anaknya sehingga mampu berdikari.

Pengekalan

Tupai Terbang Bintang merupakan haiwan yang dilindungi and memerlukan lesen pemburuan.

Rujukan

  1. ^ Waltson, J., Duckworth, J. W. & Molur, S. (2008). Petaurista elegans. Senarai Merah Spesies Terancam IUCN 2008. IUCN 2008. Dicapai pada 6 January 2009.
  2. ^ Protection of Wild Life Act 1972
    LAWS OF MALAYSIA
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Tupai Terbang Bintang: Brief Summary ( Malay )

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Tupai Terbang Bintang (bahasa Inggeris: Spotted Giant Flying Squirrel) ialah salah satu daripada haiwan yang terdapat di Malaysia. Nama sainsnya Petaurista elegans.

Malaysia merupakan salah satu daripada 12 negara yang telah diiktiraf sebagai kepelbagaian raya "mega diversity" dari segi bilangan dan kepelbagaian flora dan fauna dengan 15,000 spesies pokok berbunga yang diketahui, 286 spesies mamalia, lebih 1,500 vertebrat darat, lebih 150,000 spesies invertebrat, lebih 1000 spesies rama-rama dan 12,000 spesies kupu-kupu, dan lebih 4,000 spesies ikan laut.

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Grote vliegende eekhoorn ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De grote vliegende eekhoorn (Petaurista elegans) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Müller in 1840.

Kenmerken

De vachtkleur is wisselend, maar de rugkleur is meestal geel- of roodbruin, de buikzijde vaal- of geelbruin. De grote ogen worden omringd door zwarte kringen. De oren bevatten geen haren. Dit dier heeft een grote vlieghuid. De lichaamslengte bedraagt 30 tot 45 cm, de staartlengte 32 tot 61 cm en het gewicht 0,5 tot 2 kg.

Leefwijze

Dit ’s nachts actieve dier leeft in paren en voedt zich met zaden van naaldbomen, noten, vruchten, bladeren, jonge scheuten en knoppen.

Zweefvermogen

Deze eekhoorn heeft behaarde huidplooien tussen voor- en achterpoten, die een soort valscherm vormen. Dit kan het dier uitspannen, door alle vier de poten uit te strekken. Het zweefbereik bedraagt ongeveer 400 meter, bij een daalsnelheid van 1 op 3, dat wil zeggen: 1 meter hoogteverlies per 3 meter afstand. Met zijn voorpoten kan het de dalingshoek bepalen. Meestal zweeft het van de ene hoge boom naar de andere lagere boom, maar komt zelden op de grond wegens eventueel dreigend gevaar.

Voorkomen

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Leefgebied

De soort komt voor in de tropische wouden van Bhutan, Nepal, India, China, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Maleisië en Indonesië.

Bronnen, noten en/of referenties
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Grote vliegende eekhoorn: Brief Summary ( Dutch; Flemish )

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De grote vliegende eekhoorn (Petaurista elegans) is een zoogdier uit de familie van de eekhoorns (Sciuridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort werd voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd door Müller in 1840.

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Flekket kjempeflygeekorn ( Norwegian )

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Flekket kjempeflygeekorn (Petaurista elegans) er et ekorn som har sin utbredelse i Sør- og Sørøst-Asia. Den kan glidefly avstander på over 400 meter – tre ganger så langt som høyden den mister under flukten. Den veier mellom 0,5 og 2,0 kg, lengden er 30–45 cm og halen 32–61 cm. I motsetning til de fleste ekorn er denne arten nattaktiv. Den kommer ut fra bolet i et hult tre om natta for å finne bartrefrø, nøtter, frukt, blader, skudd og knopper. Pelsen er vanligvis gulbrun til rødbrun på ryggen,med svarte ringer rundt de store, lysfølsomme «nattsyn»-øynene og de hårløse ørene.

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Utbredelse

Referanser

  1. ^ a b Molur, S. 2016. Petaurista elegans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T16719A22272724. Petaurista elegans. Downloaded on 10 November 2018.

Eksterne lenker

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Flekket kjempeflygeekorn: Brief Summary ( Norwegian )

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Flekket kjempeflygeekorn (Petaurista elegans) er et ekorn som har sin utbredelse i Sør- og Sørøst-Asia. Den kan glidefly avstander på over 400 meter – tre ganger så langt som høyden den mister under flukten. Den veier mellom 0,5 og 2,0 kg, lengden er 30–45 cm og halen 32–61 cm. I motsetning til de fleste ekorn er denne arten nattaktiv. Den kommer ut fra bolet i et hult tre om natta for å finne bartrefrø, nøtter, frukt, blader, skudd og knopper. Pelsen er vanligvis gulbrun til rødbrun på ryggen,med svarte ringer rundt de store, lysfølsomme «nattsyn»-øynene og de hårløse ørene.

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Fläckig jätteflygekorre ( Swedish )

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Fläckig jätteflygekorre (Petaurista elegans[2][3][4]) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Müller 1840. Petaurista elegans ingår i släktet jätteflygekorrar, och familjen ekorrar.[5][6] IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.[1]

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.[5] Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 7 underarter.[3]

Utseende

Fläckig jätteflygekorre är med en kroppslängd (huvud och bål) av 30,5 till 59 cm, en svanslängd av 35,5 till 63,5 cm och en vikt mellan 1,14 och 1,36 kg en av de största flygekorrarna. Artens svans är bra täckt med hår och även på flygmembranen förekommer päls. Pälsfärgen varierar mellan olika populationer men den är allmänt mörk på ovansidan och ljusare vid buken. Ryggen kan vara brun, svart eller rödaktig och ibland finns en mörk linje på ryggens mitt. Dessutom har många individer mer eller mindre stora fläckar på ovansidan. Extremiteterna kan vara brun, svart eller orange.[7]

Utbredning och habitat

Denna flygekorre förekommer i Asien från östra Nepal och centrala Kina söderut till Borneo och Java (se karta). Arten vistas där i kulliga regioner och i bergstrakter där den når 4000 meter över havet. Habitatet utgörs av olika slags skogar och av angränsande områden med buskar.[1]

Ekologi

Arten är aktiv på natten. Den vilar på dagen i trädens håligheter. Med hjälp av flygmembranen kan den sväva längre sträckor. Individerna lever troligen i par (liksom rödbrun jätteflygekorre) och reviren av olika par kan överlappa varandra. Fläckig jätteflygekorre äter frukter, nötter, blad och unga växtskott och troligen insekter samt ägg. Per kull föds en eller två ungar. I Nepal dokumenterades honor som gav i oktober di till ungarna.[7]

Källor

  1. ^ [a b c] 2008 Petaurista elegans Från: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2 <www.iucnredlist.org>. Läst 2012-10-24.
  2. ^ Wilson, Don E., and DeeAnn M. Reeder, eds. (1992) , Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 2nd ed., 3rd printing
  3. ^ [a b] (2005) , website Petaurista elegans, Mammal Species of the World
  4. ^ Wilson, Don E., and F. Russell Cole (2000) , Common Names of Mammals of the World
  5. ^ [a b] Bisby F.A., Roskov Y.R., Orrell T.M., Nicolson D., Paglinawan L.E., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., Baillargeon G., Ouvrard D. (red.) (16 april 2011). ”Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist.”. Species 2000: Reading, UK. Arkiverad från originalet den 18 juni 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120618223324/http://www.catalogueoflife.org/services/res/2011AC_26July.zip. Läst 24 september 2012.
  6. ^ ITIS: The Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Orrell T. (custodian), 2011-04-26
  7. ^ [a b] E. Ryckman (16 april 2004). Petaurista elegans (på engelska). Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Petaurista_elegans/. Läst 26 september 2015.

Externa länkar

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Fläckig jätteflygekorre: Brief Summary ( Swedish )

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Fläckig jätteflygekorre (Petaurista elegans) är en däggdjursart som först beskrevs av Müller 1840. Petaurista elegans ingår i släktet jätteflygekorrar, och familjen ekorrar. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig.

Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life. Wilson & Reeder (2005) skiljer mellan 7 underarter.

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Sóc bay sao ( Vietnamese )

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Sóc bay sao (Petaurista elegans) là loài động vật gặm nhấm thuộc họ Sóc. Loài này phân bố ở Trung Quốc, Ấn Độ, Indonesia, Lào, Malaysia, Myanma, NepalViệt Nam.

Hình ảnh

Chú thích

  1. ^ Waltson, J., Duckworth, J. W. & Molur, S. (2008). Petaurista elegans. 2008 Sách đỏ IUCN. Liên minh Bảo tồn Thiên nhiên Quốc tế 2008. Truy cập ngày 6 tháng 1 năm 2009.

Tham khảo



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Sóc bay sao: Brief Summary ( Vietnamese )

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Sóc bay sao (Petaurista elegans) là loài động vật gặm nhấm thuộc họ Sóc. Loài này phân bố ở Trung Quốc, Ấn Độ, Indonesia, Lào, Malaysia, Myanma, NepalViệt Nam.

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小鼯鼠 ( Chinese )

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二名法 Petaurista elegans
(Muller, 1839)[1] Petaurista elegans distribution (gray, filled).png

小鼯鼠学名Petaurista elegans)为松鼠科鼯鼠属的动物。在中国大陆,分布于西藏云南四川等地,多生活于热带、亚热带森林。该物种的模式产地在爪哇。[1]

亚种

  • 小鼯鼠廓尔喀亚种学名Petaurista elegans gorkhali),Lindsay于1929年命名。在中国大陆,分布于西藏等地。该物种的模式产地在尼泊尔°N,84°8'E)]。[2]
  • 小鼯鼠白斑亚种学名Petaurista elegans marica),Thomas于1912年命名。在中国大陆,分布于云南(南部)等地。该物种的模式产地在云南蒙自。[3]
  • 小鼯鼠棕足亚种学名Petaurista elegans clarkei),Thomas于1922年命名。在中国大陆,分布于云南四川等地。该物种的模式产地在云南澜沧江河谷°N)。[4]

参考文献

  1. ^ 1.0 1.1 中国科学院动物研究所. 小鼯鼠. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
  2. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 小鼯鼠廓尔喀亚种. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
  3. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 小鼯鼠白斑亚种. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
  4. ^ 中国科学院动物研究所. 小鼯鼠棕足亚种. 《中国动物物种编目数据库》. 中国科学院微生物研究所. [2009-03-27]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-05).
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小鼯鼠: Brief Summary ( Chinese )

provided by wikipedia 中文维基百科

小鼯鼠(学名:Petaurista elegans)为松鼠科鼯鼠属的动物。在中国大陆,分布于西藏云南四川等地,多生活于热带、亚热带森林。该物种的模式产地在爪哇。

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반점자이언트날다람쥐 ( Korean )

provided by wikipedia 한국어 위키백과

반점자이언트날다람쥐(Petaurista elegans)는 다람쥐과에 속하는 설치류의 일종이다.[2] 중국인도, 인도네시아, 라오스, 말레이시아, 미얀마, 네팔, 베트남에서 발견된다.[1]

아종

7종의 아종이 알려져 있다.[2]

  • P. e. elegans
  • P. e. banksi
  • P. e. caniceps
  • P. e. marica
  • P. e. punctatus
  • P. e. sumatrana
  • P. e. sybilla

각주

  1. “Petaurista elegans”. 《멸종 위기 종의 IUCN 적색 목록. 2008판》 (영어). 국제 자연 보전 연맹. 2008. 2009년 1월 6일에 확인함.
  2. Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). 〈Family Sciuridae〉 [다람쥐과]. Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. 《Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference》 (영어) 3판. 존스 홉킨스 대학교 출판사. 754–818쪽. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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