Die Gerandete Wasserspinne (Dolomedes plantarius) ist eine Art der Echten Webspinnen aus der Gattung Dolomedes innerhalb der Familie der Jagdspinnen (Pisauridae).
Die Gerandete Wasserspinne kann einschließlich der Beine eine Größe von 70 mm erreichen, wobei der Körper selbst ca. 20 mm groß ist. Andere Quellen geben eine Maximallänge des Weibchens von 25 mm an, womit die Gerandete Wasserspinne die größte in Deutschland vorkommende Spinne wäre. Die Art ist dunkel gefärbt, typischerweise braun oder schwarz. Entlang des Körpers hat sie weißliche Streifen, wodurch sie der eng verwandten Gerandeten Jagdspinne (Dolomedes fimbriatus) zum Verwechseln ähnlich sieht.
Der Lebenszyklus erstreckt sich auf mehr als zwei Jahre. Erst im letzten Frühjahr ihres Lebens sind die Tiere ausgewachsen und können sich paaren. Die Männchen nähern sich auf der Wasseroberfläche langsam und vorsichtig dem Weibchen. Wenn das Männchen nun in der Nähe des Weibchens ist, wippt es mit dem Körper. Akzeptiert das Weibchen das Männchen, dauert der Geschlechtsakt selbst nur wenige Sekunden. Das Weibchen legt mehrere hundert Eier und trägt sie etwa drei Wochen in einem Kokon mit sich. Um die Eier vor dem Austrocknen zu bewahren, taucht es sie in regelmäßigen Abständen ins Wasser. Nach diesen drei Wochen macht sich das Weibchen auf die Suche nach einem Nistplatz. Bevorzugt werden Stellen 10 bis 100 cm über dem Wasser. In der Regel bleibt die Mutter noch 5 bis 9 Tage in der Umgebung des Nestes, um die Jungen zu bewachen. Im Sommer gibt es manchmal eine zweite Eiablage, sie ist aber zahlenmäßig kleiner und meist nicht so erfolgreich.
Sie ernähren sich hauptsächlich von wirbellosen Wassertieren, Wasserläufern, Libellenlarven und kleineren Wasserspinnen. Aber auch Stichlinge und Kaulquappen gehören zu ihrer Beute. Manchmal fangen sie auch wirbellose Landtiere, die sie ertränken, bevor sie sie fressen. In der Regel legen sie ihre Hinterbeine während der Jagd an einen Pflanzenstängel. Ihre mit Sinneshaaren bestückten Vorderbeine liegen auf der Wasseroberfläche, so entgeht ihnen kaum ein Beutetier.
Die Gerandete Wasserspinne ist in fast ganz Europa beheimatet. Sie ist nur in größeren See- und Moorgebieten mit keiner oder nur schwacher Strömung und sauberem Wasser anzutreffen, bevorzugt mit krautiger Umgebung. In vielen Ländern steht diese Art auf der Roten Liste. Im deutschsprachigen Raum ist sie nur vereinzelt anzutreffen. Im Juli 2013 wurde die Art erstmals in Norwegen nachgewiesen.[1]
Im Oktober 2010 startete in England die Wiedereinführung dieser Art. Das gemeinsame Projekt von Natural England und Suffolk Wildlife wird unterstützt vom BBC Wildlife Fund. Bisher konnten im 50 km² großen Naturschutzgebiet um Castle Marshes etwa 3000 Spinnen in die Freiheit entlassen werden.[2]
In Deutschland steht die Gerandete Wasserspinne durch die Bundesartenschutzverordnung unter strengem Schutz.[3]
Die Gerandete Wasserspinne (Dolomedes plantarius) ist eine Art der Echten Webspinnen aus der Gattung Dolomedes innerhalb der Familie der Jagdspinnen (Pisauridae).
The great raft spider or fen raft spider (Dolomedes plantarius) is a European species of spider in the family Pisauridae. Like other Dolomedes spiders, it is semiaquatic, hunting its prey on the surface of water. It occurs mainly in neutral to alkaline, unpolluted water of fens and grazing marsh.
The species was first described by arachnologist Carl Alexander Clerck in 1757 as Araneus plantarius. Its genus was reclassified by Pierre André Latreille in 1804 to Dolomedes.[3] The species has also been described under the name Aranea viridata by Müller and as Dolomedes riparius by Hahn.[4] The species is currently recognised as Dolomedes plantarius and has two widely recognised common names: the great raft spider and the fen raft spider.[5]
D. plantarius is a large species within its range. Adult females can have bodies of slightly over 20mm in length with a span of 70mm including their legs. It is typically black or brown in colouration with white or cream stripes along the sides of the body.[6] It is very similar in appearance to the closely related raft spider Dolomedes fimbriatus with which it is often misidentified.
The great raft spider, as with most other Dolomedes species, is a semi-aquatic spider. It inhabits lowland fen and grazing marsh areas and is dependent on the presence of standing or slow moving neutral to alkaline water. Within these areas it can be found on the margins of pools or ditches. Emergent vegetation is highly important for use as perches for hunting and basking and to support nursery webs. As a warmth loving species they avoid areas where water surfaces are shaded.[5]
Great raft spiders are predatory and hunt from perches at the water's edge. They primarily feed on aquatic invertebrates such as pond skaters, dragonfly larvae, small fish and smaller aquatic spiders. They will also feed on drowning terrestrial invertebrates and have been known to catch small vertebrates such as sticklebacks and tadpoles.[6] To hunt aquatic prey they have developed a sensory system of chaetae, a covering of sensory hairs on its legs. These are used to detect the vibrations made as prey hits the surface or moves through the water. It will typically position itself with the back legs on a plant stem and the front legs on the water surface to be able to detect any prey. When prey is found the spider is able to run across the surface of the water to reach it by use of surface tension. They are also known to hunt underwater by running down the stems of plants to reach prey, this can also be used to avoid capture by predators.[6]
Water is essential to the whole life cycle of the great raft spider. The spiders will live for two and a half years. As juveniles they will hibernate over the winter and will mature into adults during their final spring. In the UK, adults will usually have two breeding attempts between July and September.
The chaetae sensory system is used to help find a mate and courtship is carried out on the water. The male will slowly and carefully approach the female while tapping the water surface with its legs. When they are close they perform a slow bobbing of the body. If accepted the mating is brief and over in seconds.[6]
The female will lay several hundred eggs in a silk sac, about 10mm across, which they carry under their bodies for around three weeks. During this time she will periodically dip the sac into water to prevent the eggs from drying out. She will also locate a suitable nest site amongst the emergent vegetation, this will usually be between 10 and 100 cm above the water. Shortly prior to hatching she will construct a tent-like nursery web within which she can guard the young until they disperse into the surroundings, usually five to nine days after hatching.
If a second brood is attempted later in the summer these are usually smaller and less likely to be successful. Courtship and mating usually takes place early in the season and adult males will die shortly after with most dead by late July. Females will survive until the end of the summer.[7]
Populations of the great raft spider are found throughout Europe and Russia,[2] in Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia (country), Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.[1][8][9]
In 1956 an outlying population was discovered for the first time in the United Kingdom at Redgrave and Lopham Fen by arachnologist Eric Duffey. A further two populations have since been identified at the Pevensey Levels in East Sussex by Peter Kirby in 1988 and near Swansea, South Wales, by Mike Clark in 2003.[10][11] The species was also recorded in the 1960s at Sound Heath in Cheshire.[12] The lack of historical record makes it very difficult to estimate the extent of its decline or explain the widely separated current distribution in the UK.
Although the species is widely distributed in Europe, under-recording and confusion over identification make assessment of its status difficult. Populations are known to have declined substantially throughout its range particularly in western and central areas but remaining populations are believed to be well established in Scandinavia and the Baltic States.[13] These reductions in population are primarily due to the degradation and loss of habitat. The great raft spider is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List.[1]
The great raft spider has only been identified at three sites in the UK. Due to this extreme rarity it is listed as vulnerable, and was listed as endangered prior to discovery of the third site and reassessment of its status following changes to assessment criteria. It is classified as Nationally Rare. It is protected under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 in England and Wales, and the Nature Conservation (Scotland) Act 2004 in Scotland, and was provided a Species Action Plan in 1999.[13] Revised targets were published in 2006 with reports on targets published in 2002, 2005 and 2008.[14] When the UK Biodiversity Action Plan was succeeded by the UK Post-2010 Biodiversity Framework, the great raft spider was listed as a 'species of principal importance' under Section 41 of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities Act 2006. Principal threats to the species in the UK are identified as water abstraction, inappropriate ditch management, deterioration in water quality and the loss of suitable wetland habitat.
Original targets aimed to: Increase the range of the population by ten-fold and to increase the population density to a mean maximum of around 15 individuals per pool at Redgrave and Lopham Fen. To maintain the density and range of the fen raft spider on the Pevensey Levels and to introduce populations to two suitable new sites by 2010.[13] In 2006, these were revised to: Increase the range of the spider to 13 Ha of habitat occupied 3 years in 5 by 2010 and to 65 Ha by 2020 at Redgrave & Lopham Fen. To prevent an overall decrease in range at Pevensey Levels at any time from levels recorded in 1990 and to increase sites with sustainable populations by 6 by 2010 and 12 by 2020.[14]
The spider was first identified in the UK in 1956, at Redgrave and Lopham Fen. Following their discovery, a number of new pools were dug to encourage population expansion. However, water extraction from the nearby borehole and a series of droughts in the 1980s reduced the population to only two isolated areas on the reserve. Throughout this period irrigation of the pools inhabited by the spider enabled the continuation of the population. The removal of the borehole in 1999 was expected to trigger an increase in population as water levels returned to normal. However, a study carried out in 2006 showed that no noticeable change had occurred. The population of the fen raft spider at the site remains small and restricted in distribution, but stable. Recommendations for future management of the population include increasing the depths of turf pool, creating more pool habitats and greater, more focused use of water management in the reserve.[15]
A second population, which had previously been believed to be the similar Dolomedes fimbriatus, was identified in 1988 at the Pevensey Levels in East Sussex. A 1992 survey estimated the population at over 3000 adult females in summer. This population is considered stable and conservation efforts at the site have focused on maintaining this level.[14] A population has been found at a small artificial pond site which derived from Pevensey material. A review of the Pevensey population since its last count has been recommended.[16]
The spider was first found in South Wales in 2003 in the disused Tennant Canal at Pant-y-Sais Fen.[17] Surveying found a stable population as well as identifying further occurrences at the nearby Crymlyn Bog and in connecting wetlands[11] but the full range of the spider is not fully known. This due to the difficulty of surveying work in wetland terrain and problems with identification. The habitat at the site is considered good enough for the population not to be declining.[18]
In October 2010 the first introduction of a great raft spider population into a new site in the UK was carried out in a joint project by Natural England and Suffolk Wildlife Trust and supported by a grant from the BBC Wildlife Fund.[19] The project saw around 3000 spiderlings bred and reared by Dr. Helen Smith and the John Innes Centre, 1600 of which were released into suitable dykes at the Suffolk Wildlife Trust Castle Marshes nature reserve. The site is part of the Suffolk Broads and lies 50 kilometres (31 mi) downstream, from Redgrave and Lopham fen, between Lowestoft and Beccles. Work was carried out to improve the ditch network at the site to prepare for the reintroduction and provide optimal habitat for the new spider population.[20][21]
The spiderlings were bred from adults from both the Redgrave and Lopham fen and Pevensey Levels subpopulations. This was to increase the genetic variability of the new population and increase its chances of survival. Each spiderling was hand reared in separate test tubes and fed with fruit flies. If the new population successfully establishes itself it will be one of only four great raft spider populations in the UK. Another population of spiders was also introduced at the same time to Redgrave and Lopham fen to support the small population already present.[10][22]
In July 2013, a wildlife enthusiast found a suspected specimen in Rakkestad, Østfold County in Norway. Several experts have confirmed the descriptions as belonging to the great raft spider. This would make it the first confirmed sighting of the species within Norway.[23]
{{cite web}}: External link in |publisher={{cite web}}: External link in |publisher=The great raft spider or fen raft spider (Dolomedes plantarius) is a European species of spider in the family Pisauridae. Like other Dolomedes spiders, it is semiaquatic, hunting its prey on the surface of water. It occurs mainly in neutral to alkaline, unpolluted water of fens and grazing marsh.
Dolomedes plantarius est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Pisauridae[1].
Cette espèce se rencontre en Europe[1], de la France à la Sibérie occidentale en Russie .
Cette espèce est inféodée aux zones humides.
Les mâles mesurent de 10 à 16 mm et les femelles de 13 à 20 mm[2]. Cette espèce est très similaire à D. fimbriatus, leur principale différence est visible aux organes génitaux.
Cette araignée, rare en Grande-Bretagne (2 localisations), a fait l'objet d'un lâcher massif en octobre 2010 dans la réserve naturelle de Castle Marshes au Suffolk[3],[4].
En France, cette espèce est considérée comme vulnérable par l'IUCN, et en danger d'extinction dans le Nord-pas de Calais (Critique)[5] et en Picardie (En danger)[6].
Dolomedes plantarius est une espèce d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Pisauridae.
Didysis plūdvoris (lot. Dolomedes plantarius) – guolininkų šeimos voras.
Patelė iki 2 cm, patinėlis – 1,0-1,6 cm. Labai panašus į juostuotąjį plūdvorį (Dolomedes fimbriatus), bet šviesesnis ir su neryškiom juostomis. Patelės epigyna centrinėje dalyje be šviesių plaukelių. Vorų kūnas rudas, su šilkiniu blizgesiu ir keletu mažų baltų taškelių.
Pusiau vandens voras, gyvena vandens telkinių pakrantėse, pelkėtose pievose ir užpelkėjusiuose miškuose. Vikriai bėgioja vandens paviršiumi, esant pavojui, paneria. Gaudo įvairius, į vandenį įkritusius nariuotakojus.
Kiaušinėlių kokonas rudas, jame būna iki 350 kiaušinių. Iš pradžių patelė kokoną nešiojasi su savim, prieš išsiritant jaunikliams, gerokai padidėjusį kokoną patelė prikabina prie augalų ir aprezga voratinkliu. Išsiritę voriukai pirmą savaitę dar laikosi kartu, sudarydami purų kamuolį. Lytiškai subręsta antraisiais metais.
Aptiktas daugumoje Europos šalių, tačiau, nepaisant plataus paplitimo, labai sunku įvertinti rūšies gausumą dėl dažno maišymo su juostuotuoju plūdvoriu. Žinoma, kad populiacijos mažėja dėl buveinių nykimo. Pasaulinė gamtos apsaugos organizacija (IUCN) didįjį plūdvorį priskyrė pažeidžiamų kategorijai.[1]
Lietuvoje taip pat retas, įrašytas į Lietuvos raudonąją knygą.
Didysis plūdvoris (lot. Dolomedes plantarius) – guolininkų šeimos voras.
Krastu medniekzirneklis (latīņu: Dolomedes plantarius) ir liels zirneklis, kurš ir sastopams Eiropas centrālajos reģionos. Zirneklis mīt pie nepiesārņotām ūdenskrātuvēm un ūdentecēm. Tā tipiskais ķermeņa garums 2 cm, kāju plētums — 7 cm.
Krastu medniekzirneklis ir lielākais Latvijā sastopamais zirneklis, un tas ir ierakstīts arī Latvijas Sarkanās grāmatas 3. kategorijā.[1]
Krastu medniekzirneklis (latīņu: Dolomedes plantarius) ir liels zirneklis, kurš ir sastopams Eiropas centrālajos reģionos. Zirneklis mīt pie nepiesārņotām ūdenskrātuvēm un ūdentecēm. Tā tipiskais ķermeņa garums 2 cm, kāju plētums — 7 cm.
Krastu medniekzirneklis ir lielākais Latvijā sastopamais zirneklis, un tas ir ierakstīts arī Latvijas Sarkanās grāmatas 3. kategorijā.
De grote oeverspin of vlotspin (Dolomedes plantarius) is een spin uit de familie Pisauridae. De spin komt voor in grote delen van Europa, onder andere in Nederland en België. Een andere bekende soort is de gerande oeverspin (Dolomedes fimbriatus). De Rode Lijst van de IUCN kwalificeert de soort als kwetsbaar.
De soort eet vooral insecten, maar ook andere spinnen en af en toe ook vis en kikkervisjes. De spin vangt de vissen en kikkervisjes vanaf het oppervlakte van het water.
De grote oeverspin of vlotspin (Dolomedes plantarius) is een spin uit de familie Pisauridae. De spin komt voor in grote delen van Europa, onder andere in Nederland en België. Een andere bekende soort is de gerande oeverspin (Dolomedes fimbriatus). De Rode Lijst van de IUCN kwalificeert de soort als kwetsbaar.
Bagnik nadwodny (Dolomedes plantarius) – gatunek dużego europejskiego pająka z rodziny darownikowatych (Pisauridae).
Osiąga do 22 mm długości (wraz z odnóżami do 7 cm). Samice nieco większe od samców. Ubarwienie brązowe z niewielkimi biało-kremowymi kropkami. Zakończenia odnóży pokryte wypłowiałym czarnym kolorem. Białe pasy po bokach ciała – charakterystyczne dla bagnika przybrzeżnego – są bardzo słabo widoczne lub brak ich wcale.
Żyje w bezpośredniej bliskości wody (brzegi rzek i jezior, podmokłe łąki, lasy bagienne), umie poruszać się po jej powierzchni oraz nurkować.
Żywi się wodnymi owadami oraz rybami (do wielkości ciernika), kijankami, a nawet niewielkimi dorosłymi żabami. Nie buduje sieci, poluje aktywnie.
Zasięg jego występowania obejmuje praktycznie całą Europę i Azję, jednak wszędzie jest on rzadki lub – jak w wielu rejonach na zachodzie Europy – wymarły. W Polsce nieliczny.
Pokrewnym gatunkiem jest bagnik przybrzeżny (Dolomedes fimbriatus), osiągający takie same rozmiary i żyjący w zbliżonych biotopach, lecz znacznie pospolitszy. Łatwy do odróżnienia ze względu na wyraźnie widoczne białe pasy po bokach karapaksu.
Bagnik nadwodny (Dolomedes plantarius) – gatunek dużego europejskiego pająka z rodziny darownikowatych (Pisauridae).
Nhện bè khổng lồ hay nhện ăn cá khổng lồ (Danh pháp khoa học: Dolomedes plantarius) là một loài nhện trong họ Pisauridae[1] Chúng sống tại các khu vực tại Norfolk và Suffolk, Anh, đang là nơi trú ngụ của hàng nghìn con nhện. Loài nhện lớn nhất nước Anh tăng vọt về số lượng sau khi được đưa tới môi trường sống mới. Trước đó, chúng từng nằm trong danh sách động vật có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng cho đến năm 2010. Những con nhện phát triển tốt ở khu bảo tồn.
Những con nhện khổng lồ ăn cá to bằng lòng bàn tay hay một con chuột xuất hiện ở nước Anh trong thời gian gần đây. Loài nhện khổng lồ ăn cá có đặc điểm là cơ thể không có lông, chân dài, thân đen và có vạch sọc màu kem đặc trưng dọc trên cơ thể. Chúng thích sống trong những mương rãnh và hồ nước ở vùng đất ngập. Mặc dù sở hữu thân hình khổng lồ đáng sợ, nhưng loài nhện lưỡng cư này không gây ra nguy hại cho con người. Chúng thường ăn các côn trùng như bọ nước và bọ dừa, nòng nọc sa giông gần trưởng thành và cá nhỏ.
Một số con nhện đẻ trứng hai lần mỗi năm. Những con nhện cái lớn có cơ thể dài 2,3 cm trong khi sải chân đạt 7 cm. Điểm đặc trưng của chúng là những vạch sọc màu kem trên cơ thể. Loài nhện khổng lồ này có thể đẻ tới 700 trứng mỗi lần dù rất ít trứng tồn tại. Chúng nuôi con non trong những chiếc mạng giống như pha lê. Chúng có môi trường thực vật phù hợp cùng với mương rãnh giúp ích cho việc tạo mạng nuôi con bên cạnh nguồn mồi săn dồi dào. Những con nhện đang mở rộng phạm vi sinh sống sang các mương rãnh mới[2].
Người dân tại thị trấn Cheshire, Anh đang lo lắng và hoảng sợ khi thấy sự xuất hiện của những con nhện khổng lồ. Loài nhện khổng lồ này có chân rất dài và khiến những người nhìn thấy nó lần đầu phải sợ hãi. Một số con nhện thậm chí có kích thước lớn như chuột. Thời tiết ẩm ướt trong mùa hè vừa qua đã làm tăng số lượng nhện. Chúng xuất hiện trong các căn nhà, nhà tắm và có thể xuất hiện ở bất cứ khu vực nào trong nhà. Người dân được cảnh báo không đụng trực tiếp vào những con nhện xâm lấn này[3].
Nhện bè khổng lồ hay nhện ăn cá khổng lồ (Danh pháp khoa học: Dolomedes plantarius) là một loài nhện trong họ Pisauridae Chúng sống tại các khu vực tại Norfolk và Suffolk, Anh, đang là nơi trú ngụ của hàng nghìn con nhện. Loài nhện lớn nhất nước Anh tăng vọt về số lượng sau khi được đưa tới môi trường sống mới. Trước đó, chúng từng nằm trong danh sách động vật có nguy cơ tuyệt chủng cho đến năm 2010. Những con nhện phát triển tốt ở khu bảo tồn.
Dolomedes plantarius (Clerck, 1757)
Синонимы
Охотник полосатый[1] (лат. Dolomedes plantarius) — распространённый в Европе вид пауков из семейства Pisauridae.
Самцы длиной от 10 до 12 мм, самки — до 20 мм. Головогрудь коричневая, с широкой жёлтой полосой вдоль боковых сторон. Брюшко овальное. Глаза расположены в два ряда. Ноги длинные и толстые с большими шипами, лапки снабжены скопулой.
Полосатого охотника можно встретить в разных странах Европы. Больше всего особей наблюдается в Литве. Пауки обитают недалеко от воды: на пойменных лугах и в низинных болотах. Могут быстро бегать по воде, погружаться в неё. Чтобы тело при этом не намокало, на нём имеются специальные гидрофобные волоски.
Во время охоты пауки долго и неподвижно сидят, при этом их задние ноги находятся на растительности, а передние — на поверхности воды.
Размножение происходит два раза в год. Половозрелость наступает в возрасте 2-х лет. Кокон с яйцами (в коконе их около 500—600) носит на себе самка. Перед появлением паучков она делает на пучках растений на высоте от 10 см до одного метра от воды сеть диаметром до 25 см. Молодые паучки появляются и находятся в ней около недели. Всё это время мать остаётся рядом с ними.
Вид занесён в Красные книги Беларуси и Литвы[2].
Охотник полосатый (лат. Dolomedes plantarius) — распространённый в Европе вид пауков из семейства Pisauridae.
植狡蛛（学名：Dolomedes plantarius）为盗蛛科狡蛛属的动物。分布于欧洲以及中国大陆的新疆等地。该物种的模式产地在欧洲。[1]
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这是一篇與蜘蛛相關的小作品。你可以通过编辑或修订扩充其内容。 
