Humans hunt gazelles for their meat and horns.
Positive Impacts: food ; body parts are source of valuable material
Nanger dama controls the spread of Acacia trees by grazing on their leaves. These gazelles are also a source of food for many of the carnivores that live and hunt on the plains.
Nanger dama is a grazer, feeding on shrubs, herbs, coarse desert grasses, and Acacia tree leaves. These gazelles often stand on their hind legs in a bipedal fashion in order to reach the higher leaves of these trees. Members of this species are able to get most of the water they need from the plants they eat.
Plant Foods: leaves
Primary Diet: herbivore (Folivore )
Nanger dama inhabits the countries of the African Sahel and Sahara Desert. At one time, the range of this mammal extended as far as Morocco and Egypt. However, excessive hunting has reduced their range to only the area between Senegal (where it was re-introduced) and Sudan.
Biogeographic Regions: palearctic (Native ); ethiopian (Native )
Generally, Nanger dama is found in arid areas with sparse vegetation. However, its habitat changes slightly throughout the year, as this animal migrates seasonally. Dama gazelles resides on the pastures and plateaus of the Sahara desert during the rainy season, and move to the open bushlands in the dry season. This species avoids the mountains and dunes of the region, instead opting for the flatter, stonier plains. Unfortunately, due to overgrazing by livestock, land development by humans, and long term climate change, the habitat of N. dama has become even drier and somewhat less suitable through the years.
Range elevation: 760 (high) m.
Habitat Regions: tropical ; terrestrial
Terrestrial Biomes: desert or dune ; savanna or grassland
In the wild, members of N. dama generally live up to 12 years. In captivity, they have been known to live into their late teens (18-19).
Range lifespan
Status: captivity: 19 (high) years.
Typical lifespan
Status: wild: 12 (high) years.
Average lifespan
Status: wild: 12 years.
Nanger dama has a body with lean legs and a long slender neck. Its glossy coat is characterized by patches of reddish-brown and white. Its face and undersides are always white, its neck is reddish-brown, and its throat always bares a white patch. However, color varies between sub-species. Nanger dama mohrr, the western sub-species, is almost completely red, excluding its undersides and posterior. It also boasts red cheek patches and black stripes which trace from its eyes to the corner of its mouth. The eastern sub-species, Nanger dama ruficollis is mostly white, with its reddish-brown color only showing on its neck and back.
These animals possess horns that are shaped like the letter S; they point back and curl upwards. The horns generally range from 25 to 35 cm in length, with males possessing slightly larger sets than females. They are also sexually dimorphic in size, with females usually weighing 35 to 40 kg, and males ranging anywhere from 40 to 75 kg in weight.
Their basal metabolic rate is relatively high given their body size, as is often the case for members of Artiodactyla.
Range mass: 35 to 75 kg.
Range length: 140 to 168 cm.
Other Physical Features: endothermic ; homoiothermic; bilateral symmetry
Sexual Dimorphism: male larger; ornamentation
Nanger dama has many predators, including jackals, cheetahs, spotted hyenas, and lions. Fleeing is their main defense, and they are well adapted for running.
When a Dama gazelle spots a predator, it assumes an alert posture, and often stamps its feet, walks in circles, twitches its flank skin, and snorts in order to warn other members of the tribe.
Known Predators:
Grazing by N. dama can take food away from livestock, negatively impacting humans involved in the business of raising animals.
This species was declared vulnerable by the IUCN in 1986, and was later shifted to endangered status in 1990. The continuous decline of N. dama numbers has been attributed to hunting and habitat degradation caused by humans.
Currently, there are efforts in Senegal to increase the Dama gazelle population through semi-captive breedings programs.
US Federal List: endangered
CITES: appendix i
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: critically endangered
Dama gazelles were previously recognized under the name Gazella dama.
Most communication in this species is through body language. For example, erect posture in males demonstrates aggressiveness and high rank, and is also used in sexual displays. Males may also angle their heads or ram bushes so as to draw attention to their horns. Submission, on the other hand, is often represented by lowering of the head, or by jutting of the chin. Turning or moving away are also employed as ways to indicate submission. These animals utilize scent as well, as all members of a tribe urinate and defecate as a way of marking their territory against outsiders. Males have been known to snort or sputter during sexual displays.
Communication Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
Other Communication Modes: pheromones ; scent marks
Perception Channels: visual ; tactile ; acoustic ; chemical
The mating season can begin as early as August and end as late as October. During this time, males become territorial and engage in behaviors that indicate their aggressiveness and status. They usually urinate or defecate to mark their territory and horn the grass to advertise their strength and high status. Males also herd and chase to keep females in their vicinities and other rival males away.
The courtship behaviors of males usually include prancing, nose-lifting, upright posture, kicking of their forelegs, and touching, nibbling, or licking of the female with their muzzles. Some males may even resort to sputtering or snoring to get the attention of a mate.
A receptive female often walks in circles, makes sharp turns, and holds out her tail to indicate that she is ready to mate. The male mounts by standing behind her on his hind legs, with his forelegs curled in toward his own body. It is common for the female to continue moving during copulation.
Mating System: polygynous ; cooperative breeder
Mating generally occurs between the months of August and October, although it has been known to occur year-round in captivity. The estrous cycle of female N. dama usually lasts about 19 days, although it can be as short as 16 days or as long as 22 days.
Generally, this species gives birth to one offspring at a time, although in rare circumstances, twins are born.
Immediately after birth, mothers keep newborns sequestered from the rest of the herd. After a few days, however, the young are usually strong enough to follow their mothers around the grasslands and be seen by other members of the herd.
Breeding interval: Dama gazelles breed once a year.
Breeding season: In the wild, mating usually occurs between the months of August and October.
Range number of offspring: 1 to 2.
Average number of offspring: 1.
Range gestation period: 5.5 to 6 months.
Range weaning age: 3 to 4 months.
Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female): 1.5 to 2 years.
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male): 1 years.
Key Reproductive Features: iteroparous ; seasonal breeding ; year-round breeding ; gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate); sexual ; fertilization ; viviparous
The mothers of this species invest lots of energy in protecting their young. It is quite common for two females to team up in defending their offspring, as pairs of females can often be observed chasing and attacking jackals that are hunting young gazelles.
Parental Investment: pre-fertilization (Provisioning, Protecting: Female); pre-hatching/birth (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-weaning/fledging (Provisioning: Female, Protecting: Female); pre-independence (Protecting: Female); post-independence association with parents
Gazelenn Dama (Nanger dama, bet Gazella dama) a zo ur c'hazelenn hag a vev er Sahel hag er Sahara.
La gasela dama (Nanger dama) és una gasela en perill d'extinció que viu a diversos països de l'Àfrica Septentrional. El seu hàbitat són els deserts i les estepes nord-africanes. A Espanya és criada en captivitat al Parc de Rescat de la Fauna Sahariana, situat a la província d'Almeria. Anteriorment se la classificava dins del gènere Gazella.
La gasela dama (Nanger dama) és una gasela en perill d'extinció que viu a diversos països de l'Àfrica Septentrional. El seu hàbitat són els deserts i les estepes nord-africanes. A Espanya és criada en captivitat al Parc de Rescat de la Fauna Sahariana, situat a la província d'Almeria. Anteriorment se la classificava dins del gènere Gazella.
Die Damagazelle (Nanger dama, Syn.: Gazella dama) ist eine Gazellenart aus der Familie der Hornträger (Bovidae). Diese große, auffallend rot-weiß gemusterte Gazelle lebt im nördlichen Afrika und ist hochgradig vom Aussterben bedroht.
Die Herkunft des Namens ist umstritten. Während manche den Namen auf den Damhirsch (lateinisch dama) zurückführen, sehen andere eher das arabische dammar („Schaf“) als Vorbild des Namens.
Damagazellen zählen zu den größten Gazellen. Sie erreichen eine Kopfrumpflänge von 140 bis 165 Zentimeter, eine Schulterhöhe von 90 bis 120 Zentimeter und ein Gewicht von 40 bis 75 Kilogramm. Die Fellfärbung ist variabel: das Gesicht, der Bauch und die Gesäßregion sind weiß, der Nacken ist rotbraun, stets ist ein charakteristischer weißer Fleck an der Kehle vorhanden. Bei den westlichen Populationen (Mhorrgazelle, N. d. mhorr) ist der Rumpf überwiegend rotbraun gefärbt, während bei den östlichen Populationen (Rothalsgazelle, N. d. ruficollis) der Körper überwiegend weiß gefärbt ist und lediglich der Nacken und der Rücken bräunlich sind. Auch die Gesichtsfärbung ist variabel: bei östlichen Damagazellen ist es rein weiß, bei weiter westlichen lebenden Tieren ist ein schwarzer Streifen vorhanden, der von den Augen zur Schnauze führt. Die Hörner sind S-förmig gebogen und 20 bis 45 Zentimeter lang, wie bei allen Gazellen sind die Hörner der Männchen größer als die der Weibchen.
Das ursprüngliche Verbreitungsgebiet der Damagazellen umfasste den ganzen Norden Afrikas und erstreckte sich von Marokko und Senegal bis zum Sudan. Vor allem aufgrund der starken Bejagung ging ihr Lebensraum drastisch zurück, heute leben nur mehr wenige Tausend Tiere zwischen dem Senegal (wo die Art wiedereingeführt wurde) und dem Tschad. Ihr Lebensraum sind trockene, offene Gebiete, wie Grasländer, Halbwüsten und Wüstenregionen. Sie unternehmen jahreszeitliche Wanderungen zwischen der Sahara und der Sahelzone.
Damagazellen leben in Gruppen zusammen, deren Größe sich nach der Jahreszeit ändert. In der Regenzeit, wenn sie in Wüstenregionen wandern, bilden sie Gruppen von manchmal mehreren hundert Tieren; in der Trockenzeit, wenn sie sich in feuchtere Regionen begeben, bilden sie kleinere Gruppen von meist 15 bis 20 Tieren. Solche Gruppen sind oft Haremsgruppen, die aus einem Männchen, mehreren Weibchen und dem gemeinsamen Nachwuchs bestehen; man findet aber auch Gruppen, die sich nur aus Weibchen und Jungtieren zusammensetzen sowie Zusammenschlüsse von Männchen, sogenannte Junggesellengruppen. Während der Paarungszeit etabliert das Männchen ein Paarungsrevier, aus dem es andere Männchen vertreibt.
Damagazellen sind wie alle Gazellen Pflanzenfresser und ernähren sich von Blättern und Kräutern. Manchmal erheben sie sich zur Nahrungsaufnahme ähnlich den Giraffengazellen auf die Hinterbeine.
Die Paarung erfolgt in den Monaten August bis Oktober, nach einer fünf- bis sechsmonatigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen meist ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt. Dieses wird nach drei bis vier Monaten entwöhnt und erreicht mit einem bis zwei Jahren die Geschlechtsreife. Die Lebenserwartung in freier Wildbahn beträgt maximal zwölf Jahre, Tiere in Gefangenschaft können knapp 20 Jahre alt werden.
In den Quellen werden meist zwei bis fünf Unterarten unterschieden,[1] von denen in jüngerer Zeit drei allgemein anerkannt sind: die Nominatform (Nanger d. dama), die Mhorrgazelle (N. d. mhorr) und die Rothalsgazelle (N. d. ruficolis).[2][3] Molekulargenetische Untersuchungen widersprechen aber einer Aufspaltung der Damagazelle in mehrere Unterarten. Die zahlreichen Farbvarianten, die häufig als Kriterien für diese einzelnen Unterarten herangezogen werden, sind demnach möglicherweise eher auf klinale Anpassungen zurückzuführen.[4]
Hauptgrund für den drastischen Rückgang der Bestände war die Bejagung, insbesondere seit der Einführung von motorisierten Jagdmethoden. Hinzu kommt, dass ihr Verbreitungsgebiet häufig in Viehweiden umgewandelt wird und die Tiere gezwungen sind, sich in trockenere, weniger geeignete Habitate zurückzuziehen. Die einzigen größeren Populationen leben heute im Tschad, in Niger und in Mali. In Senegal gibt es heute eine kleine, wiederangesiedelte Population, in anderen Ländern (wie Sudan und Algerien) könnte es ebenfalls noch kleine Bestände geben. Der Gesamtbestand wird auf weniger als 500 Tiere geschätzt, die IUCN listet die Art als „vom Aussterben bedroht“ (critically endangered).[5]
In einigen Tiergärten wird versucht, durch Nachzuchten der traditionell anerkannten Unterarten Mhorrgazelle und Rothalsgazelle den Bestand der Art zu sichern; erstere ist in freier Wildbahn bereits ausgestorben.[4][6]
Der Spitzname der nigrischen Fußballnationalmannschaft ist Ména, die Bezeichnung der Damagazelle in der Nationalsprache Hausa.[7] Die Fédération Nigérienne de Football, der nationale Fußballverband Nigers, verwendet die Damagazelle als ihr Emblem und in ihrem Logo.[8]
Die Damagazelle (Nanger dama, Syn.: Gazella dama) ist eine Gazellenart aus der Familie der Hornträger (Bovidae). Diese große, auffallend rot-weiß gemusterte Gazelle lebt im nördlichen Afrika und ist hochgradig vom Aussterben bedroht.
Газель-дама (латин кылын Gazella dama) – Bovidae семьяысь уйпал Африкалэн пичи антилопа.
The dama gazelle (Nanger dama), also known as the addra gazelle or mhorr gazelle, is a species of gazelle. It lives in Africa, in the Sahara desert and the Sahel. A critically endangered species, it has disappeared from most of its former range due to overhunting and habitat loss, and natural populations only remain in Chad, Mali, and Niger. Its habitat includes grassland, shrubland, semi-deserts, open savanna and mountain plateaus.[1] Its diet includes shrubs, herbs, grasses, leaves (especially Acacia leaves), shoots, and fruit.[4]
In Niger, the dama gazelle has become a national symbol. Under the Hausa name meynacode: hau promoted to code: ha or ménascode: hau promoted to code: ha ,[5] the dama gazelle appears on the badge of the Niger national football team, who are popularly called the Ménas.[6][7]
The dama gazelle is white with a reddish-brown head and neck. Both sexes usually have medium-length ringed horns curved like an "S". Males' horns are about 35 cm (14 in) long, while females' horns are much shorter. The head is small with a narrow muzzle, and the eyes are relatively large. It has a longer neck and longer legs than most gazelles. It is between 90 and 95 cm (35 and 37 in) tall at the shoulder,[8] weighs between 35 and 75 kg (77 and 165 lb), and has a lifespan up to 12 years in the wild or 18 in captivity.[9] A few days following birth, dama young are strong enough to follow the herd, and after a week, they are able to run as fast as the adults. The dama gazelle is considered the largest species of gazelle, with incredibly long legs, which provide extra surface area to dissipate heat, one of the many ways it stays cool in its hot desert environment. It also tends to need more water than some of its desert relatives, but it can withstand fairly long periods of drought. Unlike many other desert mammals, the dama gazelle is a diurnal species, meaning it is active during the day. Always on the alert, the dama gazelle uses a behavior called pronking to warn herd members of danger. Pronking involves the animal hopping up and down with all four of its legs stiff, so that its limbs all leave and touch the ground at the same time. Males also establish territories, and during breeding season, they actively exclude other mature males. They mark their territories with urine and dung piles and secretions from glands near their eyes.
The dama gazelle is generally divided into three subspecies based on the colour of the animal's back, flanks and haunches. These three subspecies occupied three blocks running along the east–west axis of the gazelle's range. The easternmost is the N. dama ruficollis (common name addra gazelle) whose historical range was to the east of 15°E. The westernmost is the N. dama mhorr (common name mohor or mhorr gazelle) whose historical range was to the west of 7°E. Between the two was the historical range of the N. dama dama. Genetic studies have raised questions over the validity of these subspecies and the variation in colour (phenotype) appears to be clinal.[10]
The numbers of this species in the wild have fallen by 80% over the last decade. The IUCN now lists it as critically endangered with a wild population of less than 500 (the most recent review suggests c. 300). It occurs in poor countries and little action is taken to protect the species. The national parks are not well guarded, and poaching still occurs. It has been extirpated from Libya, Mauritania, Morocco and Nigeria. Populations remain in Chad, Mali and Niger, and it has been reintroduced in Senegal and Tunisia.[1][10]
The Dama gazelle does not need a lot of water, but it needs more than other desert animals. It is not as resistant and perishes from a lack of water during the drought season. The environment has become ill-suited for it. Habitat pressure from pastoral activity is another reason for decline, as are introduced diseases from livestock.[13]
Another reason for the decline of the dama gazelle is habitat destruction. Humans cut down the branches of the trees on which this gazelle feeds. As a result, the trees die and the gazelle cannot eat.[14] Human threats are the most dangerous of threats to the dama gazelle. The main reason this species of gazelle is endangered is because of mechanized hunting; hunters using vehicles increase its decline. Civil unrest, for instance in Sudan, also negatively affects the life of the dama gazelle. Since the gazelle is already having a hard time surviving, these conditions have made its habitat unsuitable.[15] A potential threat the dama gazelle faces is tourism. Tourists want to take pictures of this endangered species, and in doing so, may be perceived as a threat, especially during the hot season.[14] Gazelles will run away from perceived danger, and in the hot season may overheat and die of stress.
Relatively few actions have been taken in the conservation of the dama gazelle.[1][13] The few measures that have been taken are reserves so the animal can live in a peaceful environment and captive breeding to help rebuild the populations.
A reserve for mhorr gazelles was set up in 1971 to help avoid extinction. This reserve, Parque de Rescate de la Fauna Sahariana (Rescue Park for Saharan Fauna) of the Estación Experimental de Zonas Áridas (Experimental Station of Arid Zones), is in Spain. The reserve has been a success and is still around today.[16]
Another reserve for the mhorr subspecies was set up in Chad, the Ouadi Rime-Ouadi Achime Faunal Reserve.[14] This reserve was effective from 1978–1987, but due to civil war, it was abandoned.[13]
Captive breeding is a very popular way to help an endangered species repopulate. The species reproduces in captivity, but the small founder population potentially presents a problem and may result in inbreeding.[10][16] The primary focus of European EAZA zoos is the mhorr gazelle (N. d. mhorr), while the primary focus of North American AZA zoos is the addra gazelle (N. d. ruficollis). Mhorr gazelles are also kept in North African facilities and both subspecies are kept in the Middle East.[10] These are maintained as part of the European Endangered Species Programme and Species Survival Plan. The studbooks include 293 mhorr (2014) and 168 addra gazelles (2012). One participant in the addra gazelle plan, White Oak Conservation in Yulee, Florida, has bred the gazelles since 1983, resulting in nearly 300 births.[17] Several hundred additional animals that are not managed as part of the studbooks are kept privately, especially in Texas.[10]
Small population size and inbreeding are a serious concern in this population due to the increased parasite load and reduced reproductive viability.[18] Few substantial in situ conservation efforts have been mounted due to the political situation in their currently fragmented habitat. The survival of this species in the wild depends on more reserves being created in the Sahelian and Saharan zones and better protection in the reserves that do exist.[1][14] As the population deteriorates, researchers in 2008 stressed the need for healthy captive population and for help to preserve their habitats in the wild.[13]
In 2015, a reintroduction project was conducted in the Western Saharan territory of Morocco, in the Safia Natural Reserve close to the border with Mauritania.[19] 24 gazelles were released in a semi-enclosed facility, seven of which were monitored with telemetry collars. During the course of the project, animals experienced a poaching event, resulting in the deaths of three animals. Additionally, seven animals were killed by domestic dogs from nearby military outposts, suggesting that the animals do not recognize potential predators. This milestone project proved that reintroduction of wild animals in this part of the world is extremely difficult despite the favorable sentiment of the majority of local communities.
Rotterdam Zoo, the Netherlands
Marwell Zoo, Hampshire, England, the U.K.
Addra gazelle at Binder Park Zoo, Battle Creek, Michigan, U.S.
The dama gazelle (Nanger dama), also known as the addra gazelle or mhorr gazelle, is a species of gazelle. It lives in Africa, in the Sahara desert and the Sahel. A critically endangered species, it has disappeared from most of its former range due to overhunting and habitat loss, and natural populations only remain in Chad, Mali, and Niger. Its habitat includes grassland, shrubland, semi-deserts, open savanna and mountain plateaus. Its diet includes shrubs, herbs, grasses, leaves (especially Acacia leaves), shoots, and fruit.
In Niger, the dama gazelle has become a national symbol. Under the Hausa name meynacode: hau promoted to code: ha or ménascode: hau promoted to code: ha , the dama gazelle appears on the badge of the Niger national football team, who are popularly called the Ménas.
La gacela dama, gacela Mhorr o gacela adra (Nanger dama, antes Gazella dama) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Bovidae. Esta gacela está en peligro de extinción. Habita diversos países del Norte de África y su hábitat son los desiertos y estepas norteafricanos.
En España se cría en cautividad dentro del Parque de Rescate de la Fauna Sahariana, situado en la provincia de Almería. Entre los intentos de conservación de esta especie destaca su introducción en el Parque nacional de Souss-Massa, en Marruecos, con el objeto de aclimatarlo a condiciones naturales y proceder, posteriormente, a su liberación en su antigua área de distribución cuando se pueda garantizar su supervivencia.
La gacela dama, gacela Mhorr o gacela adra (Nanger dama, antes Gazella dama) es una especie de mamífero artiodáctilo de la familia Bovidae. Esta gacela está en peligro de extinción. Habita diversos países del Norte de África y su hábitat son los desiertos y estepas norteafricanos.
Nanger dama Nanger generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Antilopinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago
Nanger dama Nanger generoko animalia da. Artiodaktiloen barruko Antilopinae azpifamilia eta Bovidae familian sailkatuta dago
Punakaulagaselli (Nanger dama, aiemmin Gazella dama[1]) on Saharassa elävä erittäin harvinainen gasellilaji. Sen määrä on romahtanut jopa 80 prosentilla kymmenen vuoden sisällä.[1] Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on valkopäägaselli.[2]
Punakaulagasellilla on antilooppimaisen suuret korvat ja silmät, pienet terävät suorat tummat sarvet. Itäinen alalaji on punaista kaulaa lukuun ottamatta valkoinen, mutta levinneisyysalueensa länsiosassa laji on lähes kokonaan punaruskea valkoista kinkkua ja vatsanalusta lukuun ottamatta.[3]
Punakaulagaselli (Nanger dama, aiemmin Gazella dama) on Saharassa elävä erittäin harvinainen gasellilaji. Sen määrä on romahtanut jopa 80 prosentilla kymmenen vuoden sisällä. Nisäkäsnimistötoimikunnan ehdotus lajin uudeksi suomenkieliseksi nimeksi on valkopäägaselli.
A gacela dama (Nanger dama, anteriormente Gazella dama) é unha especie de mamífero artiodáctilo da familia dos bóvidos. Esta gacela está en perigo de extinción. Habita diversos países do norte de África e o seu hábitat son os desertos e estepas norteafricanos.
A gacela dama (Nanger dama, anteriormente Gazella dama) é unha especie de mamífero artiodáctilo da familia dos bóvidos. Esta gacela está en perigo de extinción. Habita diversos países do norte de África e o seu hábitat son os desertos e estepas norteafricanos.
La gazzella dama (Nanger dama Pallas, 1766) è una grossa gazzella dal caratteristico manto di colore bianco e rosso; diffusa nel Nordafrica, è ormai divenuta rarissima. Il significato del nome «dama» è controverso. Mentre alcuni ritengono che derivi dal latino dama («daino»), altri vedono piuttosto una correlazione con l'arabo dammar («pecora»). In Niger, dove è nota con il nome hausa Meyna o Ménas[3], questa specie è divenuta un simbolo nazionale: compare anche sullo stemma della nazionale di calcio, i cui giocatori sono noti, appunto, come Ménas[4][5].
Sebbene in passato ne venissero riconosciute cinque, o perfino sette, sottospecie, quelle riconosciute attualmente sono solo tre[1]:
Con 140–165 cm di lunghezza, 90–120 cm di altezza al garrese e 40–75 kg di peso, la gazzella dama è la più grande delle gazzelle, con tronco proporzionalmente breve ma con zampe e collo molto lunghi. Ha corna brevi (29–43 cm di lunghezza) e sottili, fortemente incurvate all'indietro, quasi parallele al dorso con punte rivolte in alto; presentano 18-23 anelli. Il pelo è corto e folto e il colore varia con l'età, la stagione e la distribuzione geografica. La maschera facciale è molto pallida o assente e le zone bianche su groppa, natiche e fianchi sono molto estese. A metà del collo, nella parte anteriore, vi è una macchia bianca a mezzaluna; anche le spalle e il petto sono sempre bianchi. La sottospecie occidentale (N. d. mhorr, praticamente estinta allo stato naturale) ha parti superiori e zampe esterne castano-rosso. La sottospecie centrale e meridionale (N. d. dama) ha parti bianche molto estese a scapito del color rosso bruno che, sulle cosce, è ridotto a una linea mediana. Infine nella sottospecie orientale (N. d. ruficollis) il bianco è predominante e solo il collo e il garrese sono color rossastro; il colore, comunque, varia gradualmente da est a ovest. Guance e fronte sono sempre bianchi, specie negli adulti.
In passato la gazzella dama era diffusa in tutto il Sahara e il Sahel, ma la caccia e le attività umane ne hanno drasticamente ridotto la popolazione e l'areale. Nel Nordafrica, la specie è probabilmente estinta, sebbene possa sopravvivere nella regione del fiume Drâa (dove dei nomadi ne osservarono alcuni esemplari nel 1993). Forse, altri esemplari esistono ancora, in numero estremamente ridotto, lungo il confine tra Marocco meridionale e Mauritania e nella regione del Tassili de Tin Rehror, nell'Algeria meridionale. Si ritiene che in passato la specie popolasse anche il sud della Tunisia, da dove è scomparsa prima del XX secolo[2].
A sud del Sahara, la gazzella dama è ancora presente nel Mali orientale, nelle regioni nigerine dell'Aïr e del Termit/Tin Toumma, e in Ciad, nell'ovest del Paese e nella Riserva Naturale di Ouadi Rimé-Ouadi Achim; tuttavia, dei rilevamenti aerei e terrestri effettuati nel 2007 nella zona del Termit-Tin Toumma non hanno riscontrato la presenza dell'animale nell'area. Si ritiene che la gazzella dama sia del tutto scomparsa in Mauritania e, probabilmente, anche in Nigeria, Burkina Faso e Libia. Ormai non giungono più voci di avvistamenti neppure dal Sudan, malgrado alcuni studiosi sostengano che alcuni esemplari possano ancora sopravvivere nelle regioni settentrionali del Darfur e del Kordofan[2].
Vive in aree aride e aperte, come praterie, deserti e regioni semidesertiche. Effettua migrazioni stagionali tra il Sahara e il Sahel.
Le gazzelle dama vivono in gruppi la cui dimensione varia a seconda della stagione[6]. Durante la stagione delle piogge, quando vagano nelle regioni desertiche, a volte formano gruppi composti da diverse centinaia di esemplari, mentre nella stagione secca, quando si spostano in aree umide, formano generalmente piccoli gruppi di 15-20 animali[6]. Tali gruppi sono spesso harem costituiti da un maschio, da diverse femmine e dai loro piccoli, ma si possono trovare anche gruppi composti solo da femmine e da piccoli, e gruppi di soli maschi, noti come gruppi di scapoli. Durante la stagione degli amori il maschio stabilisce un'area di accoppiamento dalla quale espelle gli altri maschi.
Come tutte le gazzelle, anche questa specie è esclusivamente erbivora, e si nutre di foglie ed erbe. A volte, per brucare dai rami degli alberi, si solleva sulle zampe posteriori come l'antilope giraffa.
L'accoppiamento ha luogo da agosto a ottobre e, dopo cinque-sei mesi di gestazione, la femmina partorisce di solito un unico piccolo. Questo è svezzato dopo tre o quattro mesi e raggiunge la maturità sessuale a 1-2 anni. L'aspettativa di vita in natura raggiunge al massimo i dodici anni, ma negli esemplari in cattività può essere di quasi venti anni[7].
La drastica diminuzione della gazzella dama è da attribuire soprattutto alla caccia, specialmente dopo l'introduzione di mezzi motorizzati. Inoltre, dato che il suo habitat è stato spesso convertito in zone da pascolo per il bestiame, questa specie talvolta è stata costretta a ritirarsi in zone aride, meno adatte alla sua sopravvivenza[8]. Attualmente le popolazioni più numerose si trovano in Ciad, Niger e Mali. In Senegal vi è ora una piccola popolazione reintrodotta, ma sparuti gruppetti potrebbero trovarsi ancora in altri Paesi (come il Sudan e l'Algeria). Dal momento che la popolazione totale è stimata a meno di 500 esemplari, la IUCN inserisce la gazzella dama tra le specie in pericolo critico. Alcuni zoo sono attualmente all'opera per cercare di garantirne la sopravvivenza in cattività[9], 14 in Europa, 1 negli Emirati Arabi Uniti e 3 negli Stati Uniti (Gazzella di Mhorr):
La gazzella dama (Nanger dama Pallas, 1766) è una grossa gazzella dal caratteristico manto di colore bianco e rosso; diffusa nel Nordafrica, è ormai divenuta rarissima. Il significato del nome «dama» è controverso. Mentre alcuni ritengono che derivi dal latino dama («daino»), altri vedono piuttosto una correlazione con l'arabo dammar («pecora»). In Niger, dove è nota con il nome hausa Meyna o Ménas, questa specie è divenuta un simbolo nazionale: compare anche sullo stemma della nazionale di calcio, i cui giocatori sono noti, appunto, come Ménas.
Sacharinė gazelė (lot. Gazella dama) – tikrųjų antilopių (Antilopinae) pošeimio dykaraginis (Bovidae) žinduolis.
Stambi gazelė. Kūno aukštis 90-120 cm, masė 50-85 kg. Viršutinė kūno dalis rausvai ruda. Galva, pilvas, pasturgalis balti. Balta dėmė pakaklėje. Ragus turi patinai ir patelės. Patinų ragai vidutiniškai 33 cm ilgio su ryškiais skersiniais žiedais, nuo pat pamato išlinkę atgal, po to į viršų, o jų viršūnės - šiek tiek į priekį. Patelių ragai trumpesni ir plonesni.
Gyvena dykumose. Laikosi pavieniui arba nedideliais būriais. Migracijų metu telkiasi į didesnius būrius. Minta dykumų augalais. Gali ilgai apsieiti be vandens. Nėštumas trunka 6-6,5 mėnesio. Gimsta 1 jauniklis. Gyvena iki 12 metų.
Paplitusi Afrikoje, Sacharos pietinėje dalyje nuo Maroko iki Nilo vidurupio.
Sacharinė antilopė įrašyta į Tarptautinę raudonąją knygą.
De damagazelle (Nanger dama syn. Gazella dama) is de grootste soort gazelle die we kennen en tevens één van de minst talrijke.
Er zijn meerdere ondersoorten met variabele vachten. De rugzijde is meestal kastanjebruin, terwijl de onderzijde, de poten en het gezicht wit zijn. Bij sommige ondersoorten dringt de witte kleur ver door in de bruine vacht. Ze hebben tamelijk korte en S-vormige hoorns. De schofthoogte bedraagt ongeveer 90 centimeter.
Hij leeft in kudden van 5 tot 25 stuks in de Sahara van Zuid-Marokko tot Senegal en voedt zich met gras en bladeren. Omdat het voedselaanbod op deze plaatsen schaars is, leeft de damagazelle een nomadisch bestaan. Kudden trekken steeds weer verder, op zoek naar plaatsen waar voldoende voedsel is.
Een van de ondersoorten van de damagazelle is de mhorrgazelle (Nanger dama "Mhorr").Dit is het grootste exemplaar van de ondersoorten. Tevens is dit ook een van de zeldzaamste dieren ter wereld. In 1968 is de mhorrgazelle officieel als uitgestorven verklaard. Daarna hebben verschillende dierentuinen door middel van fokprogramma's er voor gezorgd dat er nu weer een kleine populatie in het wild voorkomt.
Bronnen, noten en/of referentiesDe damagazelle (Nanger dama syn. Gazella dama) is de grootste soort gazelle die we kennen en tevens één van de minst talrijke.
Gazelka płocha[4], dawniej: mhor[5] (Nanger dama) – gatunek ssaka kopytnego z rodziny wołowatych (Bovidae), o rozmiarach znacznie większych od innych gatunków gazeli, zamieszkujący pustynne i suche stepowe obszary Afryki północnej, w pasie południowej części Sahary od Atlantyku po Sudan[6][5]. Prowadzi życie w małych stadach, które okresowo tworzą większe gromady[5]. Jest gatunkiem zagrożonym[2].
Gazelka płocha jest znacznie większa od innych gazeli[7]. Nogi są cienkie, szyja długa i szczupła. Rogi występują u osobników obu płci – u samców są nieco masywniejsze[8]. Umaszczenie dwukolorowe: białe i rdzawo-czerwone. Masa ciała osiąga 40–60 kg. Nieco mniejsze i smuklejsze są osobniki z podgatunku N. d. ruficollis (mają także bledsze wybarwienie sierści), zaś N. d. mhorr są największe wśród mhorów, a ich sierść jest ciemniejsza[7].
Gazelka płocha żyje w niewielkich stadach liczących 5–10 osobników, a okresowo, podczas sezonowych zmian tworzy większe gromady[5]. Ciąża – zazwyczaj pojedyncza – trwa około 6,5 miesiąca. Poród przypada zwykle na okres wzmożonego wypasu po porze deszczowej (lipiec–wrzesień). Młode pozostają pod opieką matki przez okres 6 miesięcy. Młode samice uzyskują dojrzałość płciową w wieku 9–12 miesięcy, a samce po ukończeniu 18–24 miesięcy. Długość życia – około 12 lat[8].
N. dama prowadzi dzienny tryb życia. Jest gatunkiem typowo koczowniczym, wędrującym w poszukiwaniu pożywienia. W porze deszczowej migruje w kierunku północnego krańca zasięgu występowania, by w porze suchej wracać w kierunku południowym. Jednak w porze rozrodu stado koczuje w jednym miejscu. Gazelka płocha, podobnie jak gerenuki, potrafi stawać na tylnych nogach, by łatwiej sięgnąć do liści rosnących wyżej[8].
W skład menu Nanger dama wchodzą akacje, kaparowate Maerua, parolistowate Balanites, wiechlinowate z rodzajów Panicum i Aristida, a także rośliny strączkowe i dzikie melony[7].
Gazelka płocha zamieszkuje tereny w pasie Sahelu od doliny Nilu na wschodzie, do północnego Senegalu, Mauretanii i południowego Maroka na zachodzie. W centralnej części Sahary mieszka tylko w rejonach, w których możliwa jest bogatsza wegetacja roślin. Takie małe izolowane enklawy spotykane są w Mali, środkowej i wschodniej części Nigru oraz w zachodniej części Czadu[7].
Gazelka płocha zamieszkuje pustynne i suche stepowe obszary Afryki północnej, w pasie południowej części Sahary od Atlantyku po Sudan[6][5]. Tereny dzieli z innymi gatunkami krętorogich: oryksem szablorogim i gazelą dorkas[7].
Jest gatunkiem krytycznie zagrożonym[2]. Populacje gazelki płochej liczą niespełna 300 osobników. Zagrożeniem dla istnienia gatunku są nadmierne polowania, susza i utrata siedlisk[7]. Do wrogów gazelki płochej zalicza się gepard, likaon, lew, lampart, hiena i pyton[8]. N. dama chroniony jest na podstawie Konwencji o międzynarodowym handlu dzikimi zwierzętami i roślinami gatunków zagrożonych wyginięciem oraz Konwencji o ochronie wędrownych gatunków dzikich zwierząt[7].
Gazelka płocha, dawniej: mhor (Nanger dama) – gatunek ssaka kopytnego z rodziny wołowatych (Bovidae), o rozmiarach znacznie większych od innych gatunków gazeli, zamieszkujący pustynne i suche stepowe obszary Afryki północnej, w pasie południowej części Sahary od Atlantyku po Sudan. Prowadzi życie w małych stadach, które okresowo tworzą większe gromady. Jest gatunkiem zagrożonym.
Damagasell eller dovhjortsgasell[2] (Gazella dama) som också kallas för ”Addra”, är en gasellart som man kan hitta i Sahara.
Arten tillhör undersläktet Nanger som ofta godkänns som släkte.[3]
Damagasellens päls är mörkt rödbrun och den har stora fält med vitt. Även huvudet är vitt. Hos populationer i västra delar av utbredningsområdet är kroppen huvudsakligen rödbrun medan östliga populationer i stort sedd är vita. Dessutom finns hos västliga individer en svart strimma i ansiktet som går från ögonen till munnen. Vuxna gaseller når en kroppslängd mellan 140 och 165 centimeter. Mankhöjden är runt 80 centimeter och den kan väga upp emot 75 kilogram. Deras horn kan bli ungefär 25 centimeter långa och spetsen avslutas med en liten krok. Hannarnas horn är alltid större än honornas.
Utbredningsområdet ligger i norra Afrika och sträcker sig från Marocko och Senegal till Sudan. Habitatet utgörs av torra öppna regioner som gräsland, halvöknar och öknar.
Under torrperioden emigrerar den söderut på jakt efter föda. När regnperioden kommer flyttar den norrut igen.
Damagasell lever i grupper med varierande antal individer beroende på årstiden. Under regntiden består gruppen ibland av flera hundra gaseller och under torra perioder finns flera grupper med 15 till 20 individer. En grupp består vanligen av en hanne, flera honor och deras ungdjur. Det förekommer även flockar som bara består av honor och av hannar som inte nått könsmognaden eller grupper med bara hannar. Under parningstiden jagar den dominanta hannen bort alla motståndare.
Som alla gaseller är denna art växtätare som främst äter blad och örter. Liksom giraffgasellen står den ibland bara på sina bakre extremiteter när den äter.
Parningstiden ligger mellan augusti och oktober. Efter dräktigheten som varar i 5 eller 6 månader föder honan vanligen bara ett ungdjur. Efter tre till fyra månader sluter honan att ge di och ungdjuret är könsmoget efter ett eller två år. I naturen blir dessa gaseller maximalt 12 år gamla och i fångenskap nästan 20 år.
Den är en starkt hotad art och man tror att över 80 procent av den vilda stammen har dödats under de senaste årtiondena. Jakten blev enklare efter införandet av bilar. Dessutom hotas arten genom omvandlingen av levnadsområdet till odlingsmark. Den enda stora populationen lever idag i Tchad, Niger och Mali. I Senegal var arten redan utdöd men har numera återinförts. Det antas att mindre grupper lever i Sudan och Algeriet. Hela beståndet uppskattas till 2500 individer och IUCN listar arten som akut hotad (critically endangered).[1] För att säkra beståndet avlas damagasell i olika djurparker.
Damagasell eller dovhjortsgasell (Gazella dama) som också kallas för ”Addra”, är en gasellart som man kan hitta i Sahara.
Arten tillhör undersläktet Nanger som ofta godkänns som släkte.
Addra ceylanı (Gazella dama) Afrika'da yaşayan, Sahel ve Sahra Çölü'ne özgü bir Ceylan türüdür. Aşırı avlanma ve yaşam alanının yok olmasından dolayı doğal nüfusu sadece Çad,Mali ve Nijer'de bulunmaktadır.
Nijer'in ulusal sembolü olan Addra Ceylanı; Dünya Korunma Birliği (IUCN) tarafından hazırlanan kırmızı listede, nesli kritk tehlikede olarak sınıflandırlmıştır.
Газель-дама населяє савани, степи, сухі і світлі ліси і навіть пустелі Центральної, Передньої і Середноьої Азії, а також Африки.
Газель-дама — це витончена, довгонога і легка антилопа з граційно піднятою головою, увінчаною чорними ліроподібними рогами, досить тонкими і довгими (35 см у самців і близько 20 см у самиць) з поперечними кільцеподібними потовщеннями. Але крихкість газелі-дами оманлива. Ці витривалі і сильні тварини легко долають величезні відстані і складні умови життя в пустелях і напівпустелях.
Газель-дама у холці заввишки до 120 см, довжина її тіла складає в середньому 165 см (хвіст невеликий — 25-35 см). Вага дорослої тварини близько 80 кг.
Основне забарвлення сірувато-пісочне або коричневе, боки світліші, а ноги, черево і цятка на горлі білого кольору. На голові, так званий лицьовий візерунок, що складається з переважаючого білого кольору і коричнюватих, як темних, так і світлих смуг.
Газель-дама вегетаріанка. Її улюблені місця харчування — чагарникова савана і відкритий низькотравний степ, де виростають різноманітні трави родини злакових. Але раціон газелі-дами тільки злаками не обмежується. Листя, трав'янисті рослини і молоді пагони чагарників входять в щоденне меню цієї антилопи.
Статева зрілість у газелі-дами настає до 2 років. Період спарювання — з листопада по січень, але в тропічних широтах чіткого періоду гону немає, і іноді самиця може вже через 4-5 місяців після народження дитинчати, знову почати виношувати. Вагітність триває 5,5 місяців. Хоча частіше самиця газелі-дами приносить одне дитинча на рік, багатоплідні вагітності (2-3 і вкрай рідко 4 дитинчати) теж бувають. Дитинча живиться материнським молоком до 5 місяців, а далі переходить на підніжний корм і веде самостійне життя.
Територія статевозрілого самця в діаметрі не перевищує 300 метрів. У період спарювання він ревно охороняє свою територію і гарем з 7-8 самиць, але в інший час газелі-дами пасуться невеликими групами, як правило, самки і самці окремо. Тільки в посушливі періоди газелі збираються у великі стада, що налічують сотні голів.
Linh dương sa mạc[4] (danh pháp hai phần: Nanger dama) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Pallas mô tả năm 1766.[2]
Linh dương sa mạc (danh pháp hai phần: Nanger dama) là một loài động vật có vú trong họ Bovidae, bộ Artiodactyla. Loài này được Pallas mô tả năm 1766.
Gazella dama Pallas, 1766
СинонимыГазель-дама, или сахарская газель[1] (лат. Gazella dama) — один из видов газелей.
Ареал — каменистая южная Сахара и кустарниковая саванна сахеля, от севера-востока Мали и юга Алжира до Дарфура. Изолированный ареал подвида Gazella dama mhori находится в Марокко на территории национального парка Сусс-Масса. В дикой природе вид в основном представлен подвидом Nanger dama dama.
Также вид разводят в Северной Америке и Европе[2].
Газель-дама — самая крупная газель, длина тела достигает 160—170 см, высота — 90-120 см и масса — 50-85 кг. Самцы заметно крупнее самок[3]. Хвост длиной 25—35 см[4]. Живут газели до 10-12 лет, в неволе до 18.
Газель-дама имеет жёлтый или красновато-коричневый окрас. Брюхо, ноги, голова белого цвета, как и пятно на горле. На морде имеются чёрные полосы. Рога с изгибом, у самцов около 35 см, у самок намного короче[5].
Выделяют обычно три подвида, реже больше.
蒼羚(學名:Nanger dama)[2],是羚羊亞科下的一種。早前是瞪羚屬(Gazella)的一種,但目前已改置於Nanger屬內。生活於非洲撒哈拉沙漠內,於旱季時會遷往南方找尋食物,雨季時則回到北方境內。偷獵及棲地的破壞使牠們的數目大幅減少,牧群數目也變得狹小。
主要為淡褐色,但頭部、臂部而至腹部並延伸至四肢均為白色,頸上有一白點。蒼羚有一亞種——Nanger dama mhorr,已經在野外滅絕。過去一個世紀,蒼羚的數目急劇減少了80%,因此在IUCN紅色名錄內列為極危物種,相信總種群數目少於2000頭。由於其所在的國家相當貧窮,對動物的保育不足,即使在國家公園內的個體也因監管不足而備受偷獵的威脅。目前在非洲及美國的動物園內有圈養。
蒼羚(學名:Nanger dama),是羚羊亞科下的一種。早前是瞪羚屬(Gazella)的一種,但目前已改置於Nanger屬內。生活於非洲撒哈拉沙漠內,於旱季時會遷往南方找尋食物,雨季時則回到北方境內。偷獵及棲地的破壞使牠們的數目大幅減少,牧群數目也變得狹小。
ダマガゼル(Gazella dama)は、ウシ科ガゼル属に分類される偶蹄類。
セネガル、チャド、ナイジェリア、ニジェール、ブルキナファソ、マリ共和国[1][2][3]
体長140-165センチメートル[2][3]。尾長25-35センチメートル[2][3]。肩高90-120センチメートル[2][3]。体重40-75キログラムとガゼル属最大種[2][3]。頸部は長い[1]。頭部の毛衣は白い[1][2]。顔に明瞭な暗色斑(顔側線)が入らない[2][3]。背面の毛衣は赤褐色だが[1]、地域や季節、個体によって変異がある[2][3]。尾の毛衣は白いが、先端が褐色の個体もいる[2][3]。
雌雄共に頭部には一度後方に湾曲し、先端が内側に湾曲するやや短い角がある[1][2][3]。角長オス16-43センチメートル[2][3]。角基部の断面は楕円形[2]。角の表面には12-14個の節がある[2][3]。四肢は長い[1]。
背面の褐色部と腹面の白色部の境目が明瞭[2]。大腿部に褐色部があるが、背面の褐色部と繋がらない[2]。
眼前部に黒い顔側線が入る[2]。大腿部に褐色部があり、背面の褐色部と繋がる[2]。
背面の褐色部と腹面の白色部の境目が不明瞭[2]。大腿部に褐色部がない[2]。
草原や藪地、砂漠、半砂漠地帯などに生息する[3]。1頭のオスと複数のメス、その幼獣からなる6-25頭の群れを形成し生活するが、かつては季節的な移動の際に数百頭単位の群れを形成することもあった[2][3]。またオスだけでも群れを形成する[3]。昼間は木陰などで休み、薄明薄暮時に採食を行う[3]。
繁殖形態は胎生。妊娠期間は約200日[3]。1回に1頭の幼獣を産む[3]。授乳期間は約6か月[3]。寿命は約10年[3]。
開発による生息地の破壊、旱魃、軍事紛争の際の食用もしくは娯楽としての狩猟、家畜との競合などにより生息数は激減している[3]。セネガルの個体群は1970年代に絶滅したが、再導入された[3]。
다마가젤(Dama Gazelle, 학명: Nanger dama)은 소과에 속하는 가젤 중 하나이다. 몸길이 약 150cm에 몸무게가 40~90kg 정도이고 목과 등은 약간 붉은빛을 띄는 갈색, 그 외의 몸 색깔은 흰색, 꼬리 끝은 검은색, 성숙한 가젤의 머리는 흰색이다. 가젤 중에서 가장 큰 가젤이다. 관목의 싹과 풀을 좋아하며, 게레눅처럼 물을 안 마시고도 오래 살 수 있다. 수명은 약 12년이며, 출산기간은 190일, 최대 600마리까지 무리를 이룬다. 사하라 사막과 수단에서 서식하며, 밀렵으로 수가 급격히 줄고 있어 큰 문제가 되고 있다.
다마가젤(Dama Gazelle, 학명: Nanger dama)은 소과에 속하는 가젤 중 하나이다. 몸길이 약 150cm에 몸무게가 40~90kg 정도이고 목과 등은 약간 붉은빛을 띄는 갈색, 그 외의 몸 색깔은 흰색, 꼬리 끝은 검은색, 성숙한 가젤의 머리는 흰색이다. 가젤 중에서 가장 큰 가젤이다. 관목의 싹과 풀을 좋아하며, 게레눅처럼 물을 안 마시고도 오래 살 수 있다. 수명은 약 12년이며, 출산기간은 190일, 최대 600마리까지 무리를 이룬다. 사하라 사막과 수단에서 서식하며, 밀렵으로 수가 급격히 줄고 있어 큰 문제가 되고 있다.